Guiuan National High School

Guiuan Eastern Samar

PLANT AND ANIMAL ORGANSYSTEMS AND THEIR

FUNCTIONS:SENSORY AND MOTOR MECHANISMS

By: Group 6

Angelica O. Ayon

Regine Ayhon

Jade Kevin Romanca

Andy Añano

Joram Carbon

Mark Jotham Cayubit

Danilyn Zytel Dagsa

Genesis Arhonn Marquito

Plant Sensory and Motor Mechanism

Plants have sophisticated systems to detect and respond to light, gravity,

temperature, and physical touch. Receptors sense envionmental factors and relay
the information to effector system oflen through intermediate chemical messengers-
to bring about plant responses

Plant movement in response to environmental stimuli

A plant may respond to such an external stimulus by directorial growth -that the
direction of growth depends on the direction of the stimulus. Such a directional
growth response called a tropism results in a change in the position of a plant part
tropisms are irreversible and may be positive of negative, depending on whether the
plant grows toward the stimuls (a postive tropism) or away from it (a negative
tropism).

A. Phototropism
Phototropic responses involves the bending of growing stem and other plant parts
toward sources of light.

B. Gravitropism
When a potted plant is tipped over, the shoot bends and grows upward. The same
thing happens when a storm pushes over plants in a field.

C. Thigmotropism
Thigmotropism is a name derived from the Greek root thigma, meaning "touch." A
thigmotropism is a response of a plant or plant part to contact with the touch of an
object, animal, plant, or even the wind.

D. Other Tropisms
The tropisms just discussed are among the best known, but others have been
recognized. They include:
—electrotropism (responses to electricity):
—chemotropism (response to chemicals):
—traumotropism (response to wounding):
—thermotropism (response to temperature):
—aerotropism (response to oxygen):
—skototropism (response to dark); and
—geomagnetotropism (response to magnetic fields)

Signal transduction pathways link signal reception to response

A hormone or other kind of stimulus interacting with a specific receptor protein
can trigger the sequential activation of relay proteins and also the production of
second messengers that participate in the pathway
Steps in Information Processing
1. Receptor cell perceives external stimulus and transduces information to an
internal signal. the
2. A hormone (cell-cell signal) released by the receptor cell travels throughout the
body.
3. Receptor cells receive the hormonal (cell-cell) signal, transduce it to an internal
signal, and change activity.

Growth, development, and responses to stimuli

Class Action Example

Promoters Cause faster growth Auxins

Cytokinins

Gibberellins

Brassinosteroids

Inhibitors Reduce growth Ethylene

Abscisic aciid

Jasmonic acid

ANIMAL SENSORY AND MOTOR MECHANISM

In general, whether a stimulus originates in the outside world or inside the body
information must be received, transmitted to the central nervous system, integrated,
and then transmitted to effecton, muscles or glands that catry auf some action, the
actual response.
In most animals sensory recepton detect information about changes in the
internal or external environment. These receptors consist of specialized neuron
endings or specialized cells in close contact with neurons.

Sensory pathway to the brain

1. Reception — detection of stimuli by sensory receptors

2. Transduction — conversion of physical/chemical stimulus energy into change in
membrane potential of sensory receptor
3. Transmission — After energy has been transduce into receptor potential some
sensory cells whose axon extend into CNS generate transmission of action potentials
(nerve impulses) to CNS. Integrations the processing of
sensory information.
4. Perception — brain's construction of stimuli (color, smells, sounds, tastes).

Classification of receptors by the type of energy they transduce

Typeof Receptors Type of energy Examples

transduced

Thermoreceptors Heat Temperature receptors

in blood- sucking
insects and ticks: pit
organs in pit vipers:
nerve endings and
receptors in skin and
fangues of many
animals.

Electroreceptors and Electrical receptors Electrical current in

electromagnetic sense differences in water used to
receptors electrical potential: navigate by many
electromagnetic fishes and some
receptors detect amphibian species:
magnetic fields magnetic field used
for orientation and
migration

Nocireceptors (Pain Mechanical physical Neuron endings in

receptors) force such as strong skin and other
fouch, pressure, tissues.
heat, temperature
extremes damaging
chemicals
Mechanoreceptors Mechanical; Tactile
change shape as receptors (free
result of being nerve endings.
pushed or pulled Merkel discs,
Meissner
corpuscles, Ruffini
corpuscles
Pacinian
corpuscles);
respond to touch
and pressure

Proprioceptors:
respond to
movement and
body position
Muscle spindles:
respond to muscle
contraction Gargi
tendon organs
rrespond to
stretch of a
tendon Joint
recepton:
respond to
movement in
ligaments

Statocysts in
invertebrates:
have hair cells
that respond to
gravity lateral line
organs in fish:
detect vibrations
in the water
respond to waves
and currents

Vestibular
apparatus Hair
cells in saccule
and uticle:
respond to
Chemorecepto Specific Taste buds:
rs chemical olfactory
compounds epithelium

Photoreceptor Light Eyespots:

s ommatidia
in
compound
eye of
arthropods:
rods and
cones in
retina of
vertebrates

Overview of vertebrate skeletal muscle that carry out movement

Vertebrate skeletal muscle, which moves bones and body, has a hierarchy of
smaller and smaller units.
Within a typical skeletal muscle is a bundle of long fibers running parallel to the
length of the muscle. Each fiber is a single cell with multiple nuclei (each nucleus is
derived from one of the embryonic cells that fused to form the muscle cell). Inside a
muscle cell lies a longitudinal bundle of myofibrils, which contain the thin and thick
filaments. The myofibrils in muscle fibers are made up of repeating sections called
sarcomeres, which are the basic contractile units of skeletal muscle.

The sliding-filament model of muscle contraction

The most widely accepted theory explaining how muscle fibers contract is called the
sliding-filament theory. According to this theory, myosin filaments use energy from
ATP to walk along the actin filaments with their cross bridges. This pulls the actin
filaments closer together.
The movement of the actin filaments also pulls the 2 lines closer together, thus
shortening the sarcomere. When all of the sarcomeres in a muscle fiber shorten, the
fiber contracts, A muscle fiber either contracts fuly or it doesn't contract at all. The
number of fibers that contract determines the strength of the muscular force. When
more fibers contract at the some time the force is greater.