Laboratory Report Submission Form

TO: DR. AHMAD AZAHARI BIN HAMZAH Code: CLB 11003 (Fluid mechanics)

Name ID Number

1) NOOR LIYANA BINTI AHMAD FUAD 1) 55225123015

2) HUMAIRA BALQIS BINTI MOHD A PIPI 2) 55222123035

3) NORSYAZWINA BINTI MOHAMAD SAIFUL ANUAR 3) 55222123172

4) NURUL IZZATI BINTI MOHD NIZAM 4) 55225123020

Title of experiment: SERIES AND PARALLEL PUMP Date of experiment: 26 MARCH 2024

Received by: Date Due: 2 APRIL 2024

Note: If late with good reason or medical note must be submitted to the lecturer, otherwise the
mark will be reduced by 5% of

the total (depend on lecturer)

VERY POOR 2 GOOD VERY GOOD EXCELLENT

CRITERIA POOR 3 4 5
1

1.0 OBJECTIVES State the objectives of the

experiment or report (in point form). 1 2 3 4 5
(TOTAL PERCENTAGE, 5%)

2.0 SUMMARY (1 PAGE ONLY) (TOTAL

PERCENTAGE, 10%)
Brief review on the objectives of the experiment,
2 4 6 8 10
main experimental results and discussions deemed
significant and conclusions obtained from the
work.

3.0 INTRODUCTION & THEORY (1-2 PAGES ONLY)

(TOTAL PERCENTAGE,15%)
1. State the background to the experiment
conducted. 3 6 9 12 15
2. Summary of theories including formulations
related to the experimental work.

4.0 DISCUSSIONS AND TUTORIAL) (TOTAL 4 8 12 16 20

PERCENTAGE, 20%)
1. Data are presented as deemed suitable with
complete label and units
2. Explanations of the referred table and figure are
presented after the table and figure
5.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
(TOTAL PERCENTAGE, 15%)
1. Summary of the results to relate the findings or
results with the theory applicable to the
3 6 9 12 15
experimental
2. Suggest improvements in apparatus or
measurement procedure, or experimental
procedures for future

6.0 REFERENCES (TOTAL PERCENTAGE, 5%) 1 2 3 4 5

7.0 RESULTS AND CALCULATIONS (TOTAL

PERCENTAGE, 30%)

Data and calculations are presented as deemed

suitable with complete units

TOTAL PERCENTAGE (100%)

Date of Submission: 2 APRIL 2024

Group: GROUP 3

Section: L01- P1

Subject & Code: CLB11003 FLUID MECHANICS

Experiment title: DRAG COEFFICIENT

Lecture Name: DR. AHMAD AZAHARI BIN HAMZAH

Student Slip

Date of Submission:

Group:

Section:

Experiment title:
1.0 Objectives:

• To demonstrate the principle operating characteristics of centrifugal pump in

series, parallel or single pump operation.
• To determine the pump characteristic curves of pump in series and parallel
configuration and single operation.
• To determine the pump power.

2.0 Summary:

A pump can be used to transfer liquid, like in a cross-country pipeline, raise liquid,
like in a hydraulic brake, or move liquid under pressure, like in a well or the top of a
tall building. Pumps move or circulate a wide range of fluids, including oil, in
chemical plants and refineries.

3.0 Introduction & Theory:

Centrifugal pumps are among the most often used pumps for moving liquids because
they can transform mechanical energy from a motor into fluid motion energy. The
flow rates and pressure heads of two identical pumps operating in parallel and series
as well as one pump operating alone are monitored and recorded in this experiment.
Two pumps can be operated independently in parallel or series thanks to a pipe
system connecting them. The flow rate is constant but the pressure head doubles when
identical pumps are connected in sequence. When high pressure is needed yet a single
pump's flow rate is adequate, this is helpful. However, when multiple pumps are
operating in parallel, the flow increases and the pressure head produced is comparable
to that of a single pump.Pumps can be divided into two general categories: dynamic
and positive displacement. In this experiment, only horizontal single-stage centrifugal
pumps (P1) and (P2) in various configurations single, parallel, and serial are used.

2.1 Horizontal Single Stage Centrifugal Pump

The housing, also known as the casing, and the impeller, which is made up of several
curved blades and is attached to the rotating driveshaft, are the two main parts of
centrifugal pumps.
The fluid is sucked into the housing's center opening, also known as the eye, as the
prime mover turns the driveshaft, which produces extremely low pressure in the
center opening. Along the impeller and into the casing, the fluid is forced radially.
Pressure and velocity rise as the fluid approaches the impeller's outer tip as energy is
added to it by revolving blades.After entering the volute-shaped housing, the fluid's
velocity decreases due to an increase in flow area. After it, there is a drop in kinetic
energy and an increase in pressure.

As the fluid travels around the outside of the housing and discharge hole, the volute-
shaped housing also continuously increases the flow area in the direction of the flow
to create a consistent velocity.
Even though centrifugal pumps offer steady, smooth flow, when external resistance
increases, their flow rate output—also known as discharge—decreases. In reality,
pump output flow can be entirely stopped even when the pump is operating at design
speed by closing a system valve, which creates theoretically infinite external system
resistance. In this scenario, the pump is not harmed unless the no-flow state persists
for a long time and leads to an excessive buildup of fluid temperature. As a result,
pressure relief valves are not required. The fluid pressure is maintained at a level that
corresponds to the established centrifugal force by the rotational speed, while the
impeller blade tips shear through the liquid.
2.2 Pump Head versus Flow rate Curves for Centrifugal Pumps

Pump head versus flow rate graphs for a centrifugal pump . The dashed curve
represents a more viscous fluid, like oil, whereas the solid curve represents the rate
for water. Because there is no flow and an external system valve is closed, the greatest
head that a centrifugal pump may produce is known as the pump shutdown head. The
flow rate rises at the expense of a lower pump head when the external system
resistance falls.
2.3 Centrifugal pump connected in Parallel

Increased flow rates can be achieved by connecting two pumps in parallel.

The flow rates of each pump at the same head are added to obtain the effective two-
pump performance curve. When two pumps are linked in parallel, the operating points
move from point A to point B, resulting in a slightly higher head and an increased
flow rate as needed.

2.4 Centrifugal pump connected in series

Two pumps connected in series can produce a higher head than a single pump. The
head of each pump is added at the same flow rate to generate the effective two-pump
performance curve. As can be seen, the operational point moves from A to B,
resulting in increased head and flow as needed. Although the pumps are identical,
they don't have to be.

Theory

A single pump may be insufficient to produce the performance required. Combining

two pumps increases the pumping capacity of the system. Two pumps may be
connected in series, so that water passes first through one pump and then through the
second.

When two pumps operate in series, the flow rate

is the same as for a single pump but the total head is increased. The combined
pump head-capacity curve is found by adding the heads of the single pump
 curves at the same capacity Pumps are devices that transfer mechanical energy from a
prime mover into fluid energy to produce the flow of liquids. There are two broad
classifications of pumps: positive displacement and dynamic.

4.0 Results & Calculations:

Table 1: Single Pump

Poutflow Volume, Time, t Volumetri Psuction PDelivery
(bar) V (L) (min) c (bar) (bar)
Flowrate,
Q (L/min)
0.0 10 0.2760 36.2319 0.05 0.00
0.5 10 0.2354 42.4809 0.05 0.20
1.0 10 0.2595 38.5356 0.05 0.40
1.5 10 0.2860 34.9650 0.05 0.90
2.0 10 0.3532 28.3126 0.05 1.40
2.5 10 0.3981 25.1193 0.05 1.80
3.0 10 0.5092 19.6386 0.05 2.30

Table 2: Series Configuration of Two Pumps

Poutflow Volume, Time, t Volumetric Pump 1 Pump 2
(bar) V (L) (min) Flowrate, Q Psuction PDelivery Psuction PDelivery
(L/min) (bar) (bar) (bar) (bar)
0.0 10 0.2004 49.9001 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.5 10 0.1806 55.3710 0.10 0.00 1.20 0.30
1.0 10 0.2252 44.4050 0.10 0.20 1.20 0.90
1.5 10 0.2487 40.2091 0.10 0.30 1.40 1.40
2.0 10 0.2636 37.9363 0.10 0.60 1.60 1.90
2.5 10 0.2829 35.3482 0.10 0.80 1.80 2.40
3.0 10 0.3019 33.1236 0.10 1.00 2.00 2.80

Table 3: Parallel Configuration of Two Pumps

Poutflow Volume, Time, t Volumetric Pump 1 Pump 2
(bar) V (L) (min) Flowrate, Q Psuction PDelivery Psuction PDelivery
(L/min) (bar) (bar) (bar) (bar)
0.0 10 0.0730 136.9863 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.5 10 0.0810 123.4568 0.10 0.20 1.20 0.30
1.0 10 0.1012 98.8142 0.10 0.40 1.20 0.80
1.5 10 0.1214 82.3723 0.10 0.80 1.20 1.40
2.0 10 0.1477 67.7048 0.10 1.40 1.20 1.90
2.5 10 0.1688 59.2417 0.10 1.80 1.20 2.40
3.0 10 0.2401 41.6493 0.10 2.30 1.20 2.80
Graph 1: Single Pump
Graph 2: Series Configuration of Two Pumps
Graph 3: Parallel Configuration of Two Pumps
Graph 4: Graph for All Pumps

2. Total power P, P=DP x Q

Table 4: Total Power of Pump for Single Pump
Volumetric Flowrate, Q DP Total Power of Pump, P
36.2319 -0.05 -1.8116
42.4809 0.15 6.3721
38.5356 0.35 13.4875
34.9650 0.85 29.7203
28.3126 1.35 38.2220
25.1193 1.75 43.9588
19.6386 2.25 44.1869

Table 5: Total Power of Pump for Series Configuration

Volumetric Flowrate, Q DP Total Power of Pump, P
49.9001 0.00 0.0000
55.3710 0.20 11.0742
44.4050 0.80 35.5240
40.2091 1.30 52.2718
37.9363 1.80 68.2853
35.3482 2.30 81.3009
33.1236 2.70 89.4337

Table 6: Total Power of Pump for Parallel Configuration

Volumetric Flowrate, Q DP Total Power of Pump, P
136.9863 0.00 0.0000
123.4568 0.40 49.3827
98.8142 0.90 88.9328
82.3723 1.40 115.3212
67.7048 1.90 128.6391
59.2417 2.40 142.1801
41.6493 2.90 120.7830
5.0 Discussion & Tutorials:

Tutorial

1. Sketch pumps in series configuration

2. Sketch pumps in parallel configuration

3. Briefly describe the operational principal of centrifugal pump.

A centrifugal pump works by using a rotating impeller to create a centrifugal force.

This force pushes the fluid towards the outer edges of the pump, creating a low-
 pressure area at the centre. As a result, the fluid is drawn into the pump through the
suction inlet. The impeller is like a spinning wheel with curved blades.
When it rotates, it imparts kinetic energy to the fluid. This kinetic energy causes
the fluid to move in a circular motion, away from the centre of the impeller. As
the fluid moves outward, it experiences a centrifugal force due to its inertia and
the curved shape of the impeller blades. This centrifugal force pushes the fluid
towards the outer edges of the pump, creating a low-pressure area at the centre
and drawing more fluid into the pump through the suction inlet. It's like a swirling
motion that helps move the fluid.

4. Explain why it is usually not wise to arrange two dissimilar pumps in series or in
parallel.

When pumps are arranged in series, they work together to increase the total head
or pressure. However, dissimilar pumps may have different performance
characteristics, such as different flow rates, efficiencies, or pressure capabilities.
The issue arises because the total head and flow rate of the series arrangement are
determined by the least efficient pump in the series. This means that if one pump
is less efficient or has a lower flow rate, it will limit the overall performance of
the system. The more efficient pump will end up working at a reduced capacity,
which is not an efficient use of resources.

Similarly, when pumps are arranged in parallel, they work together to increase the
total flow rate. However, dissimilar pumps can lead to uneven flow distribution.
Each pump has its own performance curve, and if the pumps have different
characteristics, such as different flow rates or pressure capabilities, it can result in
imbalances. One pump may end up doing most of the work while the other
operates at a lower capacity. This can lead to inefficiencies, increased wear and
tear on the pumps, and potential issues with system stability.

To ensure optimal operation, it is generally recommended to use pumps that are

similar in design and performance characteristics when arranging them in series or
parallel. This helps to maintain balance, efficiency, and overall system
performance.

6.0 Conclusions & Recommendations:

CONCLUSION
Through those three experiments, we were able to determine the characteristics of both
parallel and series pump configurations. The link between each individual pump and the
pumps in series or parallel configuration is clearly displayed by the pressure difference
against volume output graph. The series arrangement of pumps in series configuration
produced a significant increase in the system pressure while maintaining a steady flow
rate. Based on the fact that the pump in the parallel configuration achieved the maximum
water volume output, we may assume that it has the highest pressure in the pipe system.
Applications such water distribution systems that require high flow rates benefit from this
arrangement. In order to maximise the benefits of each type of pump arrangement, we
have to carefully employ the appropriate pump indifferent condition configuration.
Hence, the experiment's goal has been fulfilled.
However, a number of errors can cause results that are not as reliable as predicted. Such
as a systematic error caused by incorrect pump maintenance might change our results.
Next, it could be the result of parallax error, which causes the stop watch reading to be
inaccurate and the time taken to gather the same volume of water at a rate of 10 l/s to be
either too fast or too slow. Centrifugal pumps are an effective rival for many applications
since they are the most often utilised option for fluid movement and are found in a wide
range of industries.
Overall, the experiment gave important information about how different pump
configurations might be adjusted to meet particular operational needs. Based on the
intended result—whether it be higher pressure or greater flow rate—the results indicate
that series and parallel pump designs each have specific advantages.

RECOMMENDATIONS
The experiment's findings recommend employing series and parallel pumps in particular
applications because of their specific advantages. Since the series arrangement greatly
raises the system's pressure while keeping a constant flow rate, series pumps are suitable
for high pressure applications like hydraulic lifts or pressure washing systems. In
contrast, as they increase flow rate while maintaining stable pressure, parallel pumps are
most appropriate for applications that require high flow rates, including water supply
networks or irrigation systems.
Energy-efficient pump models and configurations that are matched to the particular
operating requirements of the application should be given priority in order to maximise
efficiency and produce long-term cost savings. Optimising the system design is essential
involving the consideration of suitable pipe lengths, diameters, and pump capacities that
fit with the required pressure and flow rate. The longevity and efficiency of the pumps
can be increased by setting up routine maintenance schedules and monitoring procedures,
which allow for quick identification of prospective issues and reduce expensive
downtime.
It is advisable to conduct further research on the efficacy over time of parallel and series
pump structures in various operating environments. Researching substitute pump
technology and advanced control methods may result in improved system effectiveness as
well as efficiency. Additionally, carrying out thorough cost-benefit evaluations for
multiple setups might help with decision-making for certain uses. Operators can
efficiently meet a wide range of operational requirements by maximising the use of
parallel and series pumps by according to these recommendations.

7.0 References:
1. Ansori, F., & Widodo, E. (2018). Analysis on centrifugal pump performance
in single, serial, and parallel. Journal of Energy, Mechanical, Material, and
Manufacturing Engineering, 3(2), 79-86.
https://ejournal.umm.ac.id/index.php/JEMMME/article/view/6958

2. Chen, S., Yu, M., Kan, J., Li, J., Zhang, Z., Xie, X., & Wang, X. (2019). A
dual-chamber serial–parallel piezoelectric pump with an integrated sensor
for flow rate measurement. Sensors, 19(6), 1447.
https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/6/1447