LIFE PROCESSES

GRADE 10

Neelmani Sethi

CLASS X
BIOLOGY
Nutrition: STEPS IN DIGESTION

●STEP 1- INGESTION
The digestion of food in human beings begins by ingestion in the mouth. Here the teeth
chew and masticate the food into smaller pieces. This is called mechanical digestion.
●STEP 2-
1- DIGESTION IN BUCCAL CAVITY-

The salivary glands pour saliva in the buccal cavity. Mucus in saliva moistens the food for
easy swallowing. The saliva contains enzyme salivary amylase or ptyalin,which breaks
down starch into simple sugar maltose.
salivary amylase
Starch maltose
The salivary amylase present in saliva begins the chemical digestion of carbohydrates by
breaking down some starch into maltose.

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2- DIGESTION IN STOMACH-
From oesophagus the food passes to the stomach. Here the food is
received,stored and mixed with gastric juices. The gastric glands present in
the wall of stomach generally contain 3 types of secretory cells.
1- PARIETAL CELLS secrete hydrochloric acid. Due to HCl,the gastric
juice is acidic in nature.it kills bacteria that may have entered along with
food.
2- MUCOUS CELLS produce mucus that protects the stomach lining from
action of hydrochloric acid.
3- CHIEF CELLS secrete pepsin to digest proteins as inactive
pepsinogen,which is activated when it comes in contact with HCl. Chief cells
also secrete rennin which helps in digestion of milk protein.
pepsin (acidic medium)
Pepsinogen pepsin
( inactive) (active)

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 bile
Fat emulsified fat
2- ACTION OF PANCREATIC JUICE- it is produced by pancreas.
There are 4 enzymes present in pancreatic juice namely
trypsin,chymotrypsin,amylase,and lipase.
trypsin
●Proteins polypeptides
chymotrypsin
●Specific proteins polypeptides
amylase
●Starch maltose
lipase
●Emulsified fats fatty acids
●3- Action of intestinal juice(SUCCUS
ENTERICUS)
It is secreted by the ileum part of small intestine.

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●3- DIGESTION IN SMALL INTESTINE-
The digestion and absorption of food takes place in the small
intestine. Here food mixes with bile juice,pancreatic juice and
intestinal juice(succus entericus).inner wall of small intestine is
provided with finger like projections called intestinal villi,that
greatly increases the surface area available for absorption of
digested food.
1- ACTION OF BILE- bile is a yellowish green watery fluid
produced in the liver .bile has no enzymes. It has bile pigments
and bile salts. The bile salts helps in breaking down oil droplets
into small globules,forming a milky emulsion called
emulsification to facilitate further digestion of fats.

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4- DIGESTION IN LARGE INTESTINE-
food is finally passed into large intestine. No digestion takes place here.it is
1.5 -1.8 metres long and is wider than small intestine. It absorbs water and
electrolytes. After absorption it forms and stores faeces. It has 3 parts
caecum,colon,rectum.
STEP 3- ABSORPTION OF FOOD-
The digested food is absorbed mainly in the small intestine,with the help of
villi. Villi are finger like projections and they greatly increase the surface
area for absorption.Each villus is supplied with blood vessels which take the
absorbed food to each and every cell of the body,where it is utilised for obtaining
energy,building up new tissues and the repair of old tissues.

STEP 4- ASSIMILATION OF DIGESTED FOOD-

The food materials which is absorbed is utilized in various ways to release
energy,growth of new tissues and repair of damaged tissues.

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●Step 5- EGESTION OF UNDIGESTED FOOD
Undigested food is passed to the large intestine. In the colon,
extra water is absorbed and remaining material becomes a semi
solid mass to form faeces. Faeces are stored temporarily in
rectum and egested out through the anus.

The exit of food from stomach is regulated by a sphincter muscle which

releases it in small amounts into the small intestine.

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AUTOTROPHIC NUTRITION

●The nutrition in which organisms prepare their own food from inorganic
raw materials like carbon dioxide and water is called autotrophic
nutrition.
●Green plants produce their food by the process of photosynthesis.
●Photosynthesis is the process of production of food from carbon dioxide
and water in the presence of sunlight and chlorophyll.
●Events of photosynthesis-
●Chlorophyll absorbs light energy.
●Light energy is converted to chemical energy.
●Water molecule splits into hydrogen and oxygen.
●Carbon dioxide reduces to carbohydrates.
●Green dots present in some cells of leaves are called chloroplasts which 8
●The carbon dioxide gas enters into the leaves through the stomata.
●Stomatal pores are surrounded by a pair of guard cells and guard cells regulate
opening and closing of stomata.
●Water can be lost through stomatal pores hence the pores are closed when not
needed for photosynthesis.
●When water flows into guard cells these swell causing the stomatal pores to open
and the pores close if the guard cells shrink.
●The raw materials such as water, nitrogen, phosphorus etc. used in
photosynthesis are also taken up by the plants from different sources.
●Water is absorbed by plants from the soil by the roots in terrestrial plants.
●Nitrogen, phosphorous, iron, magnesium is taken up from soil.
●Nitrogen is either taken in the form of inorganic nitrates or as organic
compounds prepared by bacteria from atmospheric nitrogen.
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●Nitrogen is used in the synthesis of proteins.
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RESPIRATION

WHAT IS RESPIRATION / CELLULAR RESPIRATION-

It is defined as the process of the release of the energy in the form of
ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) from Glucose molecules that are broken
down to CO2 and Water(glycolysis process).
It starts in cytoplasm and completes in the mitochondria.
The energy stored in ATP is used for carrying out biological functions
necessary for survival and maintenance of an organism .

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 TYPES OF RESPIRATION

●In the first step, each glucose (C6H12O6) molecule is broken down into
two molecules of pyruvate (C3H3O3)by the process of Glycolysis.
●This occurs in the cytoplasm and does not require the oxygen.
●Then the further breakdown of the pyruvate molecule depends upon the
availability of oxygen.
1. Aerobic respiration
2. Anaerobic respiration

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 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN AEROBIC
AND ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION
Aerobic Anaerobic

Takes place in the presence of oxygen Takes place in the absence of oxygen

Complete oxidation of food takes place Incomplete oxidation of food takes place

38 ATP molecules are produced by 2 ATP molecules are produced by oxidation

oxidation of 1 molecule of glucose of 1 molecule of glucose

End products formed are CO2 and H2O End products formed are Ethyl Alcohol and
CO2 (in yeast), lactic acid (in Humans)

Occurs in Cytoplasm and Mitochondria Takes place in the cytoplasm

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 RESPIRATION IN PLANTS

●Plants respire by taking in oxygen and giving out CO2. All the parts of
the plant like root, stem and leaf respire day and night in order to
survive.
● Further, the rate of respiration is high in the actively growing region of
plants while it is low in mature regions of the plant body.
● The transport of gases in plants is much lower than in animals. In
plants, gases move entirely by process of diffusion.
●The arrangement of cells in a leaf is such that there are many air spaces
in it that provide greater surface area for gaseous exchange.

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 RESPIRATION IN PLANTS CONTD…

●The gases enter and leave the plants through the stomata. In most
plants, stomata are closed during night while they are open during
daytime
●When water gets inside the guard cells, their turgor pressure(Turgor
pressure is the force within the cell that pushes the plasma membrane
against the cell wall).increases and they expand. As a result, the
stomatal pore opens.
●When guard cells lose water, the turgor pressure inside guard cells
decreases. This results in closing of the stomatal pore.
●Certain woody plants having hard and woody stems do not have
stomata. In such plants, the bark on stem has tiny pores called lenticels
for gaseous exchange.

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LENTICEL

CROSS SECTION OF LEAF

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 Gaseous exchange in animals

●Gaseous exchange in lower animals –

The four main types of respiratory organs found among animals are body
surface or skin, air tubes or tracheae, gills and lungs.
In lower organisms like Amoeba, sponges, Hydra and earthworm, there
are no specialized organs for respiration. In these organisms, gaseous
exchange occurs by means of diffusion through body surface via the cell
membrane.

● Cutaneous/Skin respiration

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GASEOUS EXCHANGE IN
HIGHER ORGANISMS

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●Respiration in aquatic organisms
Gills are the respiratory organs in aquatic organisms like prawns,
mussels, fish, and tadpoles. Gills are thin and moist membranous
structures that are richly supplied with blood capillaries. During
breathing, the fish takes in water through its mouth and sends it over the
gills. Gaseous exchange occurs across the gill surface where the
dissolved oxygen is absorbed by the blood and is transported to all the
cells of the body. The CO2 produced during respiration is carried back by
the blood capillaries and is expelled in the surrounding water.

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●Respiration in terrestrial organisms
Lungs are internal conical shaped structures that serve as respiratory
organs in organisms with terrestrial mode of life such as frogs, lizards,
birds and human beings. In frogs, exchange of gases occurs through both
lungs and skin.as frogs live in the water as well as on land.

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 COMPARISON BETWEEN
BREATHING AND RESPIRATION
(VERY IMP.)
Breathing Respiration

A physical process of intake of air and A biochemical process in which glucose is

giving out of air oxidized to CO2 and water , along with the
exchange of gases.

Exchange of gases takes place by Exchange of gases may take place by

mechanical process only mechanical process or by simple process of
diffusion

No energy is released in this process Energy is released in the form of ATP

Enzymes are not involved in the process Enzymes are involved in the process

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 FUNCTIONS OF DIFFERENT
STRUCTURES IN HUMAN
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Structure Description and Functions
Nasal cavity Cavity divided by shelves which warms, moistens and cleans the air breathed in,
foreign particles get caught in mucous and are pushed out by cilia towards the
throat
Pharynx (throat) Point where the breathing and alimentary pathways cross
Glottis Small hole through which air enters the larynx
Epiglottis(v.imp) Flap which covers the glottis during swallowing of food or drinking water etc.
thereby preventing food going down the wrong way
Larynx (voice box) Contains vocal cords which on vibrating make sound
Trachea (wind pipe) Tube through which air passes to and from the lungs, incomplete rings of cartilage
keep it permanently open
Bronchi Similar to trachea, carry air to and from the left and right lungs
Bronchioles Narrow, tree-like branches of bronchi through which gases diffuse to and from
alveoli
Alveoli Tiny air sacs across which gaseous exchange takes place are in close association
with capillaries and provide a large surface area for gaseous exchange 28
 THE BREATHING MECHANISM

●Breathing involves the movement of the rib cage and diaphragm. It

involves two steps:
●1. Inhalation or
inspiration
●2. Exhalation or
Expiration

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 INHALATION (BREATHING IN)

● It is always an active, energy requiring process.

● contraction of diaphragm muscles.
● forward (upward) and outward movement of the rib
cage.
●This action straightens and contracts the diaphragm
(due to its downward movement).
●This results in an increase in volume of thoracic
(chest) cavity.
●As the lungs expand, the air pressure in them reduces
and so air rushes into them from atmosphere through
the air passage.

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 EXHALATION (BREATHING OUT)

● It is a passive process
● relaxation of diaphragm muscles
● downward and inward movement of the rib cage.
● diaphragm relaxes and becomes dome shaped.
● decrease in the volume of thoracic (chest) cavity
● return of the lungs to their original size.
●As the lungs come to their original size, the air
pressure in them increases ( pressure and volume are
inversely proportional)
●leading to rushing out of air into the atmosphere
through the air passages.

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TRANSPORTATION
 TRANSPORTATION

●Transportation is the distribution of food and oxygen to all parts of the

body as well as the removal of body wastes is performed by a transport
system within the body of all living organisms.
●Hormones are also carried by a transport system in our body.
●In lower organisms,all the transport needs are met about by the process
of diffusion.
●In large multicellular organisms, the flow of extracellular fluid(ECF
denotes all body fluid outside the cells of any multicellular organisms)
in the body is called CIRCULATION and the organs concerned with
this transport constitute the CIRCULATORY SYSTEM OR
INTERNAL TRANSPORT SYSTEM.

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 TRANSPORTATION IN PLANTS

●In plants most of the cells do not have chloroplasts. Such cells obtain
carbohydrates from chlorophyll containing cells of the plants. Thus,
organic food prepared in the leaves by the process of photosynthesis has
to be transported to various parts of the plant.
●The internal transport in plants is done by SPECIALIZED
CONDUCTING TISSUES- XYLEM AND PHLOEM. The water and
minerals absorbed by the roots are transported through the XYLEM
TISSUE, while food prepared by the leaves is transported through
PHLOEM TISSUES.

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 TRANSPORT OF WATER AND
MINERALS FROM ROOTS TO UPPER
PARTS OF THE PLANT
●Tracheids and vessels are two types of xylem elements
that help in conducting water and minerals from roots to
upper parts of plant.
●XYLEM VESSELS-long,hollow chains of dead xylem
cells(called dead as they do not have nucleus present in
them). Water flows through xylem vessels.
●TRACHEIDS- long,thin,spindle-shaped tissues,and have
small pits in their thick walls.through these pits water
flows from one tracheid to another.

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 MECHANISM OF TRANSPORT OF
WATER AND MINERALS

1. In xylem tissue, vessels and tracheids of the roots,stems and leaves

are interconnected to form a continuous system of water conducting
channels reaching all parts of a plant.
2. At the roots,cells in contact with the soil actively takes up ions. This
creates a difference in the concentration of these ions between the
root and the soil.
3. Water therefore moves into the root from the soil to eliminate this
difference. Thus water is steadily moving into root xylem from
soil,creating a column of water that is pushed upwards.
4. The upward movement of water and minerals from roots to the
aerial parts of the plant against gravitational forces is called
ASCENT OF SAP.

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5. As the water moves upwards from roots to leaves,a lot of it
evaporates through the stomata present on the lower surface of the
leaves. This process of evaporation of water from leaves and other
aerial parts of the plant is called TRANSPIRATION.
6. The water which is lost through the stomata is replaced by water
from the xylem vessels in the leaf. As evaporation of water
molecules from leaf cells creates a suction which pulls water from
the xylem cells of roots.
7. During night,water is transported mostly by root pressure. During
the day, transpiration is the major force in movement of water
through the xylem.

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TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN A PLANT

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 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
TRACHEIDS AND XYLEM VESSELS

XYLEM VESSELS TRACHEIDS

1. These are elongated narrow 1. These are narrow tube like
tube like dead cells with hard dead cells with thick,hard
thick walls with large cell walls with large cell cavity.
cavity.
2. Present in all vascular plants.
2. Present in angiosperms.
3. Contain tapering end walls
3. Contain transverse end walls
4. Large and less abundant pits.
4. Small and abundant pits.
5. Lower efficiency in water
5. Highly efficient in water conduction
conduction
6. No perforated plates
6. Perforated plates

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 PHLOEM IN PLANTS

●The food which is prepared by the process of photosynthesis in the

leaves of a plant has to be transported to other parts like stem, roots,
branches etc. Therefore this food is transported to other parts of the
plant through a kind of tubes called phloem. The transport of food from
leaves to other parts of a plant is called translocation. The food made by
the leaves is in the form of simple sugar(sucrose)
●Phloem is present in all the parts of a plant.
● SIEVE TUBES-Phloem is a long tube made of many living cells joined
end to end. The living cells of phloem are called sieve tubes. Each sieve
tube cell has a companion cell.

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 TRANSPORT OF FOOD IN PLANTS
BY PHLOEM

●The transport of food is necessary because every part of a plant needs

food for:
•Energy
•Building its parts
•Maintaining its life
●Other substance like hormones made in the tips of roots and shoots are
also transported through phloem tubes.

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 MECHANISM OF TRANSPORT OF
FOOD BY PHLOEM

●The translocation in phloem is achieved by utilising energy. Materials

like SUCROSE is transferred into phloem tissue using energy from
ATP. This increases the OSMOTIC PRESSURE() of the tissue causing
water to move into it. This pressure moves the materials in the phloem
to tissues which have less pressure.

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 TRANSPORTATION OF MATERIALS
AND FLUIDS IN HUMAN
BEINGS(V.IMP)
●HUMAN BLOOD-Blood is a connective tissue.
●Blood has 2 components-
1- PLASMA
2- CELLULAR ELEMENTS- it is of 3 types-
●1-RBCs- red blood cells
●2- WHITE BLOOD Cells(WBCs) They destroy foreign substances.
They are responsible for immunity. Also help in formation of antibodies.
●3- BLOOD PLATELETS- these cells play major role in blood clotting.
If any leakage occurs in the blood vessels, platelets cells circulate
around body and plug these leaks by helping to clot the blood at these
points of injury.

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 FUNCTIONS OF BLOOD-

1. Transport of nutrients
2. Transport of respiratory gases
3. Transport of waste products
4. Transport of body secretions
5. Regulation of body temperature
6. Defense against infection
7. Maintenance of Ph
8. Water balance
9. Prevention of blood loss

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DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ARTERIES
AND VEINS (VERY IMP)

CHARACTERISTIC ARTERIES VEINS

DIRECTION OF Carry blood from heart Carry blood from
BLOOD FLOW to various body parts different body parts to
the heart
NATURE OF BLOOD Carry oxygenated Carry deoxygenated
blood(EXCEPT THE blood(EXCEPT THE
PULMONARY PULMONARY VEIN)
ARTERY)
FLOW OF BLOOD Blood flows with high Blood flows with low
speed and under high speed and under low
pressure pressure
VALVES absent present

WALL the wall is thick and the wall is thin and less 50
 BLOOD VESSELS-
ARTERIES,CAPILLARIES,VEINS

●Blood vessels are the channels or conduits through which blood is

distributed to body tissues. The vessels make up two closed systems of
tubes that begin and end at the heart.
●Arteries-
1. Arteries are the blood vessels that carry blood from the heart to the
various parts of the body.
2. All arteries carry the oxygenated blood except PULMONARY
ARTERY which carry deoxygenated blood. It has thick and elastic
muscular walls.
3. The pressure of the blood that emerges from the heart is very high
which helps in carrying blood to all parts of the body. The arterial
walls are thick to sustain the high pressure of the blood.
●

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●VEINS-
1. Veins are blood vessels that carry blood from different parts of the
body to the heart. All veins(except PULMONARY VEINS) carry
deoxygenated blood.
2. The walls of veins are thinner as compared to the arterial wall as the
pressure of the blood that emerges from different parts is not high.
3. Veins are provided with VALVES which prevent the backflow of
blood. These valves are formed from folds of the inner walls of the
veins. Forward pressure of the blood forces the valve to open and
the blood flows towards the heart. However, backflow of blood
causes the valve to close.

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●CAPILLARIES-
1. These are microscopic vessels that carry blood from arterioles to
small veins or venules and are found abundantly in those tissues or
organs where metabolism is fast.
2. They can dilate or contract which increases or decreases the supply
of blood to the various parts of the body.
3. Their walls are thin to facilitate the exchange of food
materials,gases and waste between blood and the tissues.

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Lymph:/tissue fluid Lymph is similar to blood but RBCs are absent in lymph. Lymph is
formed from the fluid which leaks from blood capillaries and goes to the intercellular
spaces in the tissues. This fluid is collected through lymph vessels and finally returns to
the blood capillaries. Lymph also plays an important role in the immune
system.Lymph carries digested and absorbed fat from intestine and drains excess
fluid from extracellular space back into the blood.

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HEART IN HUMAN BEINGS- OUR
PUMP

●LOCATION- between lungs in centre of thoracic cavity with its lower

end inclined towards left.
●EXTERNAL STRUCTURE OF HEART- Human heart is 4
chambered organ,so that no mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated
blood can occur.
●INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF HEART- there are 4 chambers- 2
auricles and 2 ventricles
●CHAMBERS OF HEART-
1- AURICLES- THE RECEIVING UPPER 2 CHAMBERS: are thin
walled chambers.
VENTRICLES-THE LOWER TWO DISCHARGING
CHAMBERS-:They are thick walled chambers because they have to
pump blood into various organs.

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STEPS OF CIRCULATION OF
BLOOD/CARDIAC CYCLE

1. Oxygen rich blood from lungs comes to the thin walled

upper chamber of the heart on the left,the left atrium.
2. The left atrium relaxes when it is collecting this blood. It
then contracts,while the next chamber,the left
ventricle,relaxes,so that the blood is transferred to it.
3. When the left ventricle contracts in its turn,the blood is
pumped out of the heart. Deoxygenated blood comes from
the body to the upper chamber on the right the right
atrium as it relaxes.
4. As right atrium contracts the corresponding lower
chamber,the right ventricle,dilates. This transfers blood to
the right ventricle,which in turn pumps it to the lungs for
oxygenation. Ventricles thus have to pump blood into
various organs.

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 DOUBLE CIRCULATION

1. Double circulation means, in a single cycle blood goes twice in the

heart. The process helps in separating oxygenated and
deoxygenated blood to maintain a constant body temperature.
2. Such a separation allows a highly efficient supply of oxygen to the
body cells which is necessary for producing a lot of energy. This
energy is useful in case of human beings and birds that have high
energy need because they are warm blooded animals,and they
constantly require energy to maintain their body temperature.
(very imp)
3. Other animals like fish have single circulation, where blood
completes a circuit through the entire animal only once.

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 DOUBLE CIRCULATION

●The double circulatory system of blood includes

●Pulmonary circulation
●Systemic circulation
●Pulmonary circulation:
●The right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood into the lungs where it is oxygenated.
The oxygenated blood is brought back to the left atrium, from there it is pumped into
the left ventricle and finally blood goes into the aorta for systemic circulation.
●Systemic circulation:
●The oxygenated blood is pumped to various parts of the body from the left ventricle.
The deoxygenated blood from different parts of the body passes through vena cava to
reach right atrium. The right atrium transfers the blood into right ventricle.

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 BLOOD PRESSURE

1. It is the pressure exerted by the blood against the walls of the

vessels. It is generally measured in terms of how high it can
push a column of mercury.
2. The pressure of blood inside the artery during VENTRICULAR
SYSTOLE (CONTRACTION) is called SYSTOLIC PRESSURE.
3. The pressure in artery during VENTRICULAR
DIASTOLE(RELAXATION)is called DIASTOLIC
PRESSURE.
4. Thus a healthy human is said to have a normal blood pressure
of 120/80 mm Hg. The instrument used to measure BP is
sphygmomanometer.
5. High BP is called HYPERTENSION(140/90 mm Hg or higher)
and is caused by the constriction of arterioles,which results in
increased resistance to blood flow. It can lead to the rupture of an
artery and internal bleeding.

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 EXCRETION

Life processes
 Removal of harmful waste from the body is called excretion.
Many wastes are produced during various metabolic activities.
These need to be removed in time because their accumulation in
the body can be harmful.
Human Excretory System
1. The human excretory system is composed of a pair of
kidneys. A tube; called ureter; comes out of each kidney and
goes to the urinary bladder.
2. Urine is collected in the urinary bladder, from where it is
expelled out through urethra as and when required.
3. Kidney: Kidney is a bean-shaped organ which lies near the
vertebral column in the abdominal cavity. The kidney is
composed of many filtering units; called nephrons. Nephron
is called the functional unit of kidney.

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STRUCTURE OF A
NEPHRON

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 HOW IS URINE PRODUCED?

●The purpose of making urine is to filter out waste products from the blood. each
kidney has large numbers of the filtration units called NEPHRONS packed close
together.
●Nephron:
1. It is composed of a tangled mass of tubes and a filtering part; called
glomerulus. Glomerulus is a network of blood capillaries to which renal
artery is attached.
2. Glomerulus is enclosed in a capsule like portion; called Bowman’s capsule.
The Bowman’s capsule extends into a fine tube which is highly coiled.
3. Tubes from various nephrons converge into collecting duct. The urine
forming in each kidney enters a long tube the ureter which connects the
kidneys to the urinary bladder.
4. Urine is stored in the urinary bladder until the pressure of the expanded
bladder leads to the urge to pass it out through the urethra.
5. The bladder is muscular so it is nervous control ie we can control our urge to 69
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 Compare the functioning of alveoli in the lungs and nephrons in the kidneys
with respect to their structure and functioning.
Solution:

Alveoli Nephrons

Structure Structure

(i) Alveoli are tiny balloon-like structures (i) Nephrons are tubular structures present
present inside the lungs. inside the kidneys.
(ii) The walls of the alveoli are one cell thick (ii) Nephrons are made of glomerulus,
and it contains an extensive network of Bowman’s capsule, and a long renal tube.
blood capillaries.
Function Function

(i) The exchange of O2 and CO2 takes place (i) The blood enters the kidneys through
between the blood of the capillaries that the renal artery. The blood is entered here
surround the alveoli and the gases present and the nitrogenous waste in the form of
in the alveoli. urine is collected by collecting duct.
(ii) Alveoli are the site of gaseous exchange. (ii) Nephrons are the basic filtration unit.
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AND THEN DRAW THE DIAGRAM OF BOTH ALVEOLI AND NEPHRONS
 ARTIFICIAL KIDNEY/
HAEMODIALYSIS

●Dialysis is an artificial way to eliminate waste and excess fluid from the body.”
●If the kidneys are not functioning properly, waste starts accumulating in the blood.
This results in coma and even death.
●To cure this, the patient is subjected to dialysis. Dialysis maintains the body balance
in the following ways:
●It controls blood pressure.
●It removes excess water and metabolic wastes from the body.
●Prevents chemicals such as potassium, bicarbonate and sodium from reaching
hazardous levels.
●Dialysis is used for people with a critical kidney disorder – grave kidney damage,
previously severe renal failure. It is required when the kidney loses 90% of its
efficiency and has a glomerular filtration rate of less than 15. This treatment may
continue for months or years since most kidney failures are irreversible.

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