V.ANAND (M.SC, B.

ED)
BIOLOGY
LIFE PROCESS

prince kumar
 [Date]

LIFE PROCESS
 The basic function performed by living organism to maintain their life on this earth.
 These include., nutrition, respiration, transportation, excretion.

Nutrition: -
 The process of intake of nutrition by an organism as well as utilization of the nutrition
by organism.
 Nutrition includes., carbohydrates, protein, fat, minerals, vitamins and water.

Modes of nutrition: -
There are two types of nutrition:
1) Autotrophic nutrition
 The process by which organisms synthesize its own food from simpler
inorganic substances like carbon-dioxide and water present in the
surrounding environment is called autotrophic nutrition.
Example: - green plants, some bacteria, and algae.
2) Heterotrophic nutrition
 Organisms that cannot synthesize its own food from simple inorganic
substances obtain its food from other organism this process is called
heterotrophic nutrition.
Example: - animal, fungi, humans.

Nutrition in plants: -
 The process in which green plants take in inorganic substance like carbon
dioxide and water and convert them into food like glucose in the presence of
sunlight and chlorophyll.
 Oxygen gas is released during photosynthesis.

Chlorophyll
6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy + (photosynthesis)
C6H12O6 + 6O2

1
Condition necessary for photosynthesis: -
1) Sunlight
2) Chlorophyll
3) Carbon dioxide
4) Water

Steps of photosynthesis: -
1) Absorption of light energy by chlorophyll.
2) Conversion of light energy to chemical energy. splitting of water molecules into
Hydrogen and Oxygen.
3) Reduction of carbon dioxide by hydrogen to form carbohydrates like glucose.

Raw materials required for photosynthesis: -

1) Carbon dioxide
 The green plant takes carbon dioxide from air through stomata.
2) Water
 Water required for photosynthesis is absorbed by roots from the soil.

Stomata: -
 Tiny hole present on the surface of the leaf.
 It is responsible for exchanging of gas.
 It is surrounded by a pair of guard cell, which controls opening and closing of
the stomata.
 Water flow into guard cell Stomata open
 Water flow out from guard cell Stomata close

2
Nutrition in animal: -
1) Heterotrophic nutrition
a) Saprotrophic nutrition
 That nutrition in which an organism obtains its food from decaying
organisms matter of dead plants, dead animals. e.g., fungi like bread
molds, mushrooms, and yest.
b) Parasitic nutrition
 That nutrition in an organism derives its food from the body of another
living organism (Host) without killing it. e.g., plant like cuscuta
(Amarbel) and animal like plasmodium and round worm and leeches.
c) Holozoic nutrition
 That nutrition in which an organism takes the complex organism food
material into its body by the process of ingestion. The ingested food is
digested and then absorbed into the body cells of the organisms.

Nutrition in Amoeba: -
1) Ingestion
 Amoeba ingest food by using its pseudopodia. Pseudopodia fuse over
food particles forming food vacuole.
2) Digestion
 Various enzyme form cytoplasm enters into food vacuole and break
down complex substance into simpler substance.
3) Absorption
 The simple soluble food is absorbed by cytoplasm of amoeba through
the process of diffusion.
4) Assimilation
 A part of food absorbed in amoeba cell is used to obtain energy through
respiration.
5) Egestion
 The remaining undigested food id moved to the surface of the cell
through out.

3
Nutrition in paramecium: -
1) Paramecium is also a unicellular organism. The cell has a definite shape and food is
taken in as a specific spot by the movement of cilia which cover the entire surface of
the cell.

2) All the process of digestion is similar as in amoeba.

Nutrition in Human Beings: -

 Mouth
a) The food is ingested through mouth.
b) Teeth crushes and break down food into smaller pieces.
c) The process of digestion starts from mouth.
d) Salivary gland secrets saliva, which contain an enzyme called salivary amylase,
which digest the starch present in food into sugar.
Starch Salivary amylase sugar
(carbohydrates)

 Esophagus / Food pipe

 The wall of esophagus shows peristaltic movement. Contraction and
Relaxation of muscle which pushes the food forward into the stomach.
 Stomach
a) The gland present in the wall of stomach secrets gastric juice.
b) Gastric juice contains hydrochloric acid (HCL), enzyme pepsin, and mucus.
 HCL: - HCL create an acidic medium which facilates the action of enzyme
pepsin.
 Pepsin: - It is a protein digesting enzyme.
 Mucus: - It protects the inner lining of the stomach from the action of acid.
NOTE: - The exit of food into small intestine regulated by splinter muscle.
 Small intestine
 small intestine is the site for complete digestion of food like
carbohydrates, protein and fats.

4
  small intestine receives secretion of two glands.
I. Liver II. Pancreas
l. liver
 Liver secrets bile juice.
 Bile performs two functions:
l. makes the acidic food coming from stomach alkaline, so that
pancreatic enzyme can act in it.
ll. bile breaks the fat present in the food into small globules
(emulsified fat), so that enzyme can act on it and digest them.
ll. pancreas
 Pancreas secrets pancreatic juice which secrets digestive enzyme:
l. Trypsin
 It digests protein.

ll. lipase
 Break down emulsified fat.
The wall of the small intestine contains gland which secrets intestinal juice. Intestinal
juice contains enzyme which converts:
Protein Amino acid
Complex carbohydrates Glucose
Fat fatty acid + glycerol

Villi: -
Small finger like projection which increase the surface area for absorption and are
richly supplied with blood vessels which takes absorbed food to each and every cell
of the body.
The inner surface of small intestine has millions of villi which absorbs nutrients from
digested food.

5
 Large intestine
 Unabsorbed food reaches to large intestine where more villi absorb
water.
 The last part of the large intestine is called as ‘Rectum’. It stores
undigested food for some time.
 Anus
 Rest of the undigested food is removed via anus in the form of faces.
 The exit of faces is regulated by anal sprinted.

The human digestive system

6
 RESPIRATION
 The process of releasing energy from food is called Respiration.
 The process of respiration takes place inside the cell of the body.

How energy is released during respiration is store: -

 The energy released during respiration is store in the form
of ATP.
I. Energy release during respiration is used to make ATP molds form
ADP and inorganic phosphate.
ATP Adenosine tri-phosphate
ADP Adenosine di-phosphate

ADP + PHOSPHATE + ENERGY ATP

(LOW ENERGY) (FROM RESPIRATION) (HIGH ENERGY)

NOTE: - The energy is stored in the cell in the form of ATP.

II. When the cell need energy then ATP can be broken down using
water to release energy.
ATP ADP + PHOSPHATE + ENERGY
(FOR USE IN CELL)

NOTE: -
 The energy released by ATP is used to carry out all the endothermic reaction takes
place in the cell.
 ADP can be converted to ATP by absorbing energy produced during respiration and
ATP can be converted back to ADP releasing energy to be used by the cell again and
again.
III. The energy equivalent to 30.5 KJ / mole is released in this
process.
Types of respiration: -
1. Aerobic respiration
 The respiration which uses oxygen is called aerobic respiration.
 Glucose is completely broken down into carbon dioxide and water in the
presence of oxygen.

7
 GLYCOLYSIS OXYGEN
Glucose Pyruvate 6CO2 + 6H2O + 38 ATP
(1MOLECULE) (IN CYTOPLASM) (2 MOLECULE) (MITROCHONDRIA)

2. Anerobic respiration
 The respiration which takes place without oxygen is called anerobic
respiration.
 Microorganism like ‘yest’ breaks down glucose into ethanol and carbon dioxide
and release energy.
GLYCOLYSIS ABSENCE OF OXYGEN
Glucose Pyruvate Ethanol + CO2 + 2ATP
(6 MOLECULE) (IN CYTOPLASM) (3 MOLECULE) (IN YEAST)

IN CASE OF MUSCLES: -
GLYCOLYSIS ABSENCE OF OXYGEN
Glucose Pyruvate 2 lactic acid + 2 ATP
(1 MOLECULE) (IN CYTOPLASM) (2 MOLECULE) (MUSCLES TISSUE)

NOTE: - The accumulation of lactic acid in muscles causes muscles cramp.

Respiration in plant: -
 Respiration in leaves through stomata
 Respiration in green stem through stomata
 Respiration in woody stem through lenticel
1. During the day CO2 generated during respiration is used up for photosynthesis.
Hence, there is no CO2 release instead of oxygen release is the major event at this
time.
2. At night, when there is no photosynthesis occurring CO 2 elimination is the major
exchange activity is going on.

Transport in plant: -
 Plants have two transport system:
1. Transport of water and minerals: - conducted by xylem (xylem vessel and xylem
tracheids.)
2. Transport of food: - conducted by phloem (primarily by sieve tubes helped by
companion cell.)
 Transport of water and mineral

Root pressure Transpiration

8
Root pressure: -

 At the root cell in contact with the soil activity take up ions.
 This creates a difference between in concentration of ions
between the roots and the soil.
 Water moves into the root from the soil to eliminate this
difference which result in steady movement of water.
 Root pressure occurs mostly at night and can transport
water over short distance only.
Transpiration: -
 The loss of water in the form of water vapor from aerial
part of the plant is known as transpiration.
 Evaporation of water molecule from stomata creates a
suction which pulls water from the xylem cell of roots.
 It also helps in temperature regulation.
 Transpiration mostly occurs during the day and can
transport water over highest point of the plant body.
 Transport of food

Translocation
 Translocation in phloem is achieved by utilizing energy.
 Materials like sucrose is transferred into phloem tissue using energy from ATP.
 This increases the osmotic pressure of the tissue causing water into it, this pressure
moves the material in the phloem tissue which have less pressure.
 This allows the phloem to move material according to plants need.
Example: - In the spring, sugar store in root, or stem tissue would be transported to
the buds which lead energy to grow.

Difference between the transport of material in xylem and phloem.

Xylem Phloem
1. Transport of water and minerals 1. Transport of food
2. Transport occurs in upward direction 2. transport occurs in up/down ward direction
3. Transport occurs due to the suction 3. food is transported by utilizing energy from
force produced due to evaporation of ATP.
water in the form of water vapor.

9
Excretion in plant: -
 Plants excretes in surroundings.
 Gaseous waste through stomata / lenticles
 Solid waste through shedding of leaves
 Liquid waste in the form of Gum and Resins.

Human Respiratory System

The main organ of human respiratory system is Nasal passage (nasal cavity),
Trachea, Bronchi, Lungs, and Diaphragm.
Nostrils: - Air is taken in the body through nostrils.
The air passing through the nostrils is filtered by fine hair that line the passage.
The passage is also lined with mucus.

Pharynx: - The path throat between the mouth and windpipe is called pharynx.
From nostril air enters into pharynx and then go into the trachea (or windpipe.)

Larynx: - The upper end of trachea has a voice box called larynx.

Trachea: - Trachea is a tube which is commonly called as windpipe.

It is composed of ring of cartilage which prevent the collapse of trachea in the
absence of air.

Bronchi: - The trachea divide into two smaller tube called bronchi.
The two bronchi are connected with two lungs.

Lungs: - The lungs lie in the chest cavity which is separated from abdominal cavity by a
muscular partition diaphragm.
The lungs are enclosed in the ribcage made of bones called ribs.

Bronchioles: - Each bronchus divide into smaller tubes called bronchioles.

Alveoli: - These are air sacs at the end of bronchioles.
Its wall is very thin and they are surrounded by thin blood capillaries.
Gaseous exchange takes place inside the alveoli.
Millions of alveoli in the lungs provide large area for the exchange of gases.

10
Mechanism of breathing: -
Breathing: - Inhalation of oxygen and exhalation of carbon dioxide is called breathing.
I. Inhalation: - As we inhale, Ribs lift and diaphragm moves
downward and the chest cavity becomes larger because of air is
sucked into the lungs and fill the expanded alveoli.
 The oxygen in alveolar air is taken up by the alveolar blood
vessels to be transported to all cell of the body.
 The oxygen is carried in the blood by the respiratory
pigment hemoglobin which has a very high affinity for
oxygen.
 The pigment is present in the red blood (corpuscles.)
 The oxygen reaches the cell where the process of
respiration takes place producing carbon dioxide.
 The carbon dioxide diffuses into the blood which carry it to
the lungs in dissolve form.
II. Exhalation: - As we exhale, Ribs relax causing the diaphragm to
move upward, this decreases the space in our chest cavity
pushing the air out of the lungs.
Q. what advantages over an aquatic organism does a terrestrial organism have with
regard to obtaining oxygen for respiration?
Ans. Since, the amount of dissolved oxygen is fairly low compare to the amount of oxygen
in the air. The rate of breathing in aquatic organism is much faster than that of terrestrial
organism.
Human Circulatory System
1. Blood
 Blood is fluid connective tissue.
 Blood is a red because it contains a red pigment called Hemoglobin.
 Blood consists of four things: -
I. Plasma
 It is the fluid medium in which cell are suspended.
 Plasma is a colorless liquid which consist mainly of water
with many substances dissolved in it.
 Plasma contains about 90% of water.
 Plasma also contains dissolve substance such as protein,
digested food, common salt, waste products (like carbon
dioxide and urea.)

11
 II. Red blood cell (RBCs)
 Red blood cell carry oxygen from the lungs to all the cell of
the body.
 When we donate blood to save the life of a person, then
the loss of blood from our body, can be made up very
quickly within a day.
III. White blood cell (WBCs)
 It protests from the diseases by fighting infections.
IV. Platelets
 The help in clotting of blood in case of injury.

Functions of Blood: -
The important functions of blood in our body are as follow:
1. Blood carry oxygen from the lungs to different parts of the body.
2. Blood carry carbon dioxide from the body cell to the lungs for breathing out.
3. Blood carry digested food from the small intestine to all the parts of the body.
4. Blood carry hormone from the endocrine gland to different organs of the body.
5. Blood carry waste product called urea from the liver to kidney for excretion in urine.
6. Blood protects the blood from the diseases.
Transport in humans: -
 The human blood circulatory system consists of heart (the organ which pump and
receives the blood) and the blood vessels (tube) through which the blood flow in the
body.
 There are three types of blood vessels.
I. Arteries
 Carry blood from heart to all the parts of the body.
II. Veins
 carry blood from all the parts of the body back to the heart.
 Veins are thin blood vessels.

12
 III. Capillaries
 The capillaries are thin walled and extremely narrow tube
(blood vessels) which connect arteries to veins.
 The exchange of materials such as oxygen (O2) and carbon
dioxide (CO2) food between blood and cell takes place
through capillaries.

Human Heart: -
 Heart is a roughly triangular in shape.
 It is made of special muscles called Cardiac muscles.
 The size of our heart is about the same as our clenched fist.
 Human heart has four chambers:
I. The upper two chamber of the heart is called atrium.
II. The lower two chamber of the heart is called ventricle.

Left atrium is connected to the left ventricle through valves V1.

Right atrium is connected to the right ventricle through valves V2.

 These chambers are separated by a partition called septum.
 Valves present inside the heart prevents the backflow of blood.

Diagram to show the inside structure of human heart

13
Blood circulation: -
 The heart beats (or beating of heart) circulate the blood in the human body.
 When the muscles of all the four chambers of the heart are relaxed, the pulmonary
vein brings the oxygenated blood from the lungs into the left atrium of the heart.
 The muscle of left ventricle contract and the blood is pushed through aorta (largest
artery) to the whole body (except lungs). The oxygenated blood reaches the cell of
different body organs where the process of respiration takes place. Due to this
oxygenated blood converts into deoxygenated blood.
 Deoxygenated blood reaches the right atrium through vein cava (largest vein).
 When the right atrium contracts, deoxygenated blood pushed into right ventricle.
 When the right ventricle contracts, the deoxygenated blood is pumped into the lungs
through the pulmonary artery.
In lungs, the deoxygenated blood becomes oxygenated. This oxygenated blood is
again sent to left atrium by pulmonary vein for circulation in the body.

Blood circulation in human body

Double circulation: -
 In human circulatory system, the circulation of from heart to lungs and back to the
heart is called pulmonary circulation and the circulation of blood from heart to rest of
the body and back to heart is called systematic circulation.
 In such circulatory system in which blood travels twice through the heart in one
complete cycle Is called double circulation. EX: - Humans.
NOTE: - warm blooded animal (human and bird) (4 chamber of heart).
Cold blooded animal (amphibians and reptiles) (3 chamber of heart).
Single circulation: -
 Fishes have 2 chamber of heart and thus shows single circulation.

14
Lymphatic system: -
 Lymphatic system contains lymph which is another type of fluid involved in
transportation.
 lymph is colorless and contains less protein than blood.
 Lymphatic system carries digested and absorbed fat from intestine and drains excess
fluid from cellular space back into the blood.
 Lymphatic system plays role in the immunity of the body.

Excretion
 The process of removal of toxic wastes from the body of an organism is called
excretion.

Human excretion system: -

I. Kidney
Kidney is bean shaped organ.
We have a pair of kidneys.
Function of kidney is to clean our body by filtering it to remove
unwanted substances present in it.
II. Ureter
The ureter is a long tube which collects urine from kidney.
III. Urinary bladder
Urine is stored in the urinary bladder.
IV. Urethra
The collected urine is passed out from the body through
urethra.

Human kidney

Human excretory system

15
Nephron: -
 Nephron is the filtration unit of kidney.
 Nephron has a cup shaped structure at its upper end called bowman’s capsule.
 The bowman’s capsule contains a bundle of blood capillaries called glomerulus.
 Glomerulus filters the blood passing through it.
 Small molecules like urea, uric acid, extra glucose, amino acid, salt and water are
filtered out and reaches the tubular part of nephron.
 In the tubular part of nephron, selective reabsorption of useful substances such as
glucose, amino acid, salt and water takes place.
 The remaining liquid from various nephrons form urine which is collected in the
collecting duct.
 From collecting duct, urine is passed into urethra from ureter, urine passes into
urinary bladder where it is stored for some time and ultimately passed out of the
body through urethra.

Structure of nephron

Q. Name the nitrogenous waste that is removed from the body in our kidney?
Ans. Urea

16
17