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Sensors_Lect10

The document outlines the components and principles of biomedical instrumentation, including the measurement of various physiological parameters and the constraints faced in biomedical measurements. It discusses different types of sensors, signal conditioning, and inherent noise reduction techniques. Additionally, it covers specific sensor types like resistive, inductive, capacitive, and piezo-electric sensors, as well as thermoelectric sensors and fiber optic sensors.

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es22btech11012
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3 views28 pages

Sensors_Lect10

The document outlines the components and principles of biomedical instrumentation, including the measurement of various physiological parameters and the constraints faced in biomedical measurements. It discusses different types of sensors, signal conditioning, and inherent noise reduction techniques. Additionally, it covers specific sensor types like resistive, inductive, capacitive, and piezo-electric sensors, as well as thermoelectric sensors and fiber optic sensors.

Uploaded by

es22btech11012
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Biomedical Instrumentation: Reference Texts

Generalized Instrumentation system

• Measurand:
– Physical quantity measured by the instrument
• Sensor:
– A device that converts measurand to electric signal
• Signal Conditioning:
– Amplification, filtering, etc
• Analysis and Display:
– Digitizing, analysis of electric signals. Output Result
• Auxiliary Elements:
– Calibration

Ref. Medical Instrumentation: Application and Design, 4thEd.. John Webster, Ed., Wiley and Sons, 2009.
Examples of Medical and Physiological Parameters and Their
Ranges

Parameter Measurement Frequency range


range (Hz)
Electromyography 0.1‐5 mV DC‐10,000
ElectricalActivity of
the Muscles
Partial Pressure of 30‐100 mm Hg DC‐2
Oxygen
PO2,in Blood
Pneumotachography 0‐600 L/min DC‐40
Flow of Gases in
Respiratory System
Body Temperature 32‐40°C DC‐0.1
Generalized instrumentation system

Ref. Medical Instrumentation: Application and Design, 4thEd.. John Webster, Ed., Wiley and Sons, 2009.
Simplified Biomedical sensing circuit

Sensor Analyzing and


Display

Signal Conditioning Digitizing


Constraints of Biomedical Measurement

• Low magnitude of biological signals


• Noise
• Access constraint
– Invasive measurement Vs. non-invasive
measurement.
• Stochastic physical quantity
• Safety issues
– Limitation of external applied signal
– Electrical safety
Simplified ECG system

Signal Source; ECG


Noise:
External: AC 50 Hz
Internal: Muscle
potentials, motion
artifacts etc
Inherent noise reduction techniques

Compensation techniques: Signal conditioning Noise filtering


Negative feedback Eg HF noise
x  xd  H f y Subtraction of noise

xd Θ Gd y  Gd x  n

Hf
Definitions

Transducer: A device converting energy from one form to another

Sensor: Converts a physical parameter to any electrical O/P

Actuator: Converts electrical signal to a physical O/P


DISPLACEMENT SENSORS

Resistive
Inductive
Capacitive
Piezo-electric
Resistive Sensors

Voltage Proportional to displacement


When a fine wire strained within its elastic limit, wire’s resistance changes

Diameter
Length
Resistivity
L
Resistance of the strain gauge R
A

Differential change in resistance dL d


dR   A2 LdA  L
A A

Ratio of resistance change R L A 


  
R L A 

If μ is the Poison ratio, then R L 


 (1  2  ) 
R L 
R / R  / 
Gauge factor G G  (1  2 ) 
L / L L / L
BRIDGE CIRCUITS

Wheatstone bridge

Vout = VA - VB = i2R3 - i1R4


i1 = Vs / ( R1 + R4 )
i2 = Vs / ( R3 + R2 )
Vout / Vs = R3 / ( R3 + R2 ) - R4 / ( R1 + R4 )
Inductive sensors
Capacitive sensors

Sensitivity
Piezo-electric sensors
Temperature sensors

Thermoelectric sensors
Thermistors
Thermoelectricity

Thermocouple is based on the discovery that


electromotive force (emf) exists across a
junction of two dissimilar metals. There are
two effects. The first effect is solely due to
the contact of two unlike metals and the
junction temperature (Seebeck). The second
is due to the temperature gradients along the
each single conductor (Kelvin). The
thermocouple circuit has two dissimilar metal
with two junctions. One junction is in water
and ice bath at zero temperature. The other
junction is for measuring temperature. The
difference of the emf between the two
junctions is nonlinear.
ΔV = S * ΔT
Thermistors

Thermistors are semiconductors


made of ceramic materials that are
thermal resistors with a high
negative temperature coefficient. Its
resistance is high.
Fiber optic sensors
Total Internal Reflection

Critical angle c = Sin -1 {n2/n1}


Guiding light!

Optical fiber
Fiber optic sensors

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