Assignment.

(20 %) presntation
1. write a note on the application of the following sensors and transducers in
medical equipments with some examples that are supported with circuit
diagrams, explain how the circuit works.

A) thermistor (PTC,NTC)

Thermistors are available in two types: those with Negative Temperature Coefficients
(NTC Thermistors) and those with Positive Temperature Coefficients (PTC
Thermistors). An NTC Thermistor's resistance decreases as its temperature increases.
A PTC Thermistor's resistance increases as its temperature increases.

B) Thermocouple
A thermocouple is a device for measuring temperature. It comprises two dissimilar
metallic wires joined together to form a junction. When the junction is heated or
cooled, a small voltage is generated in the electrical circuit of the thermocouple which
can be measured, and this corresponds to temperature.
C) photodiode and phototransistors.

The working principle of a phototransistor is similar to a photodiode including an

amplifying transistor. The light falls on the base terminal of a phototransistor then it
will induce a little current then the current amplified through the action of a normal
transistor, which results in an extensively large.
D) vd. LVDT
An LVDT measures displacement by associating a specific signal value for any given
position of the core. This association of a signal value to a position occurs through
electromagnetic coupling of an AC excitation signal on the primary winding to the
core and back to the secondary windings.

E) peizo electric transducer.

Piezoelectric Transducer works with the principle of piezoelectricity. The faces of

piezoelectric material, usual quartz, is coated with a thin layer of conducting material
such as silver. When stress has applied the ions in the material move towards one of
the conducting surface while moving away from the other.
F) strain guage

The first thing to understand when discussing strain gauges is what they measure.
Now that the process of strain measurements has been established, the next step when
using strain gauges is getting useful data.The strain gauge must be connected to an
electrical circuit that is capable of accurately responding to the minute changes in
resistance associated with strain.

2. write a note on the characterstics of sensors.

Classification of sensors may also be based on various specifications or characteristics
of the sensor, namely sensitivity, accuracy, response time, frequency response,
hysteresis, resolution, temperature, weight, conduction material etc. Transducer type
is another approach to scan for a specific sensor.
3. write a note on types/classification of sensors and transducer
Sensors and transducers are input and output devices respectively that can be
incorporated into an electronic circuit or system allowing it to measure or change its
surrounding environment.

Common Types of Sensors/Detectors/Transducers

1.Vision and Imaging Sensors
2.Temperature Sensors
3.Radiation Sensors
4. Pressure Sensors
5. Proximity Sensors
6. Proximity Sensors
7. The Potentiometer As a Position Sensor
4. write a note on the following sensors application and their types.
A) flow sensors
They are commonly used in HVAC systems, medical devices, chemical factories, and
septic systems. Flow sensors are able to detect leaks, blockages, pipe bursts, and
changes in liquid concentration due to contamination or pollution.
The different types of flow sensors generally fall into one of three categories
Positive displacement flow sensors.
Mass flow sensors.
Velocity flow sensors.
B) chemical sensors
Chemical Sensor - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
Chemical sensors based on low dimensional nanostructured materials show high
sensitivity and fast speed of response to various vapors and gases and have important
applications in environmental monitoring
According to the working principle, the chemical sensor can be classified into many
types such as optical, electrochemical, mass, magnetic, and thermal.

C) pressure sensors
There are seven main types of pressure sensors: Aneroid barometer pressure sensors,
manometer pressure sensors, bourdon tube pressure sensors, vacuum (Pirani) pressure
sensors, sealed pressure sensors, piezoelectric pressure sensors, and strain gauge
pressure sensors.

 Applications of pressure sensors

 Automotive monitoring solution for hydropower plants.
 Used in pressure transmitters in seed generating systems.
 It comes in handy in electrogenic low meters applied in wastewater and oil fields.
 Used as a pressure sensor and a transmitter for special gas pressure measurement.
D) liquid and gas thermometrs
There is a range of thermometers available for home use, including digital, ear, strip
and infrared thermometers. Some thermometers are more suited for specific age
groups and situations.

What is the application of gas thermometer?

A gas thermometer is used as a standard thermometer for measurement of
temperature. When the gas container of the thermometer is immersed in water at its
triple point 273.16K, the pressure in the gas thermometer reads 3.0×104 N/m2.

QUIZ

1) Write the general biomedical instrumentation system components

Biomedical instrumentation focuses on the development of methods and devices for
the treatment of diseases. It is an emerging field of biomedical engineering that
bridges the gap between medicine and engineering.

The main components are : (1) Subject (Human being) (2) Stimulus (3) Transducers
(4) Signal conditioning equipment (5) Display equipment (6) Recording data
processing unit (7) Control Device.

2) explain the working principle of

a. piezoelectric transducer
The definition of a Piezoelectric transducer is an electrical transducer which can
convert any form of physical quantity into an electrical signal, which can be used for
measurement. An electrical transducer which uses properties of piezoelectric
materials for conversion of physical quantities into electrical signals is known as
a piezoelectric transducer.
Depending on how a piezoelectric material is cut, three main modes of operation can
be distinguished they are transverse, longitudinal, and shear.

Transverse effect.
Longitudinal effect.
Shear effect.
b. bimetallic strip thermometers
A bimetallic thermometer works by using two basic properties of metal: The thermal
expansion property of the metal. The coefficient of thermal expansion of different
metals is different for the same temperature.

c. Thermocouple
When two wires composed of dissimilar metals are joined at both ends and one of the
ends is heated, there is a continuous current which flows in the thermoelectric circuit.
If this circuit is broken at the center, the net open circuit voltage (the Seebeck voltage)
is a function of the junction temperature and the composition of the two metals.
Which means that when the junction of the two metals is heated, or cooled, a voltage
is produced that can be correlated back to the temperature.

3. write some components/circuits of signal conditioning elements

Signal conditioning can include amplification, filtering, converting, range matching,

isolation and any other processes required to make sensor output suitable for
processing after conditioning.

In the world of electric sensors, we need different types of signal conditioning circuits
in order to properly condition signals coming out from those sensors. Today common
types of signal conditioners are: Voltage and high-voltage signal conditioners. Current
signal conditioners.

4. write some components/circuits of signal processing elements

This sub-category contains twelve discrete components: Accumulator, Integrator, Unit

Delay, Delay, Transport Delay, Rate Limiter, Differentiation, FIR Filter, Discrete
Transfer Function, Discrete State Space, Hysteresis Function, and Low Pass Filter.

5. write a note on types of filters

Filters can be placed in one of two categories: passive or active. Passive filters
include only passive components—resistors, capacitors, and conductors. In contrast,
active filters use active components, such as op-amps, in addition to resistors and
capacitors, but not conductors.

6. draw the electrical diagram of

A. instrumentation amplifier

B. Differential amplifiers
6. write a not on inverting amplifiers and non inverting amplifiers.

Inverting Operational Amplifier

In the inverting operational amplifier circuit, the signal is applied at the inverting
input and the non-inverting input is connected to the ground. In this type of amplifier,
the output is 180⁰ out of phase to the input, i.e. when positive signal is applied to
circuit, the output of the circuit will be negative. By assuming the Op-Amp is ideal,
then the concept of virtual short can be applied at the input terminals of the Op-Amp.
So that voltage at the inverting terminal is equal to the voltage at non-inverting

terminal.

Applying KCL at inverting node of Op-Amp

0−VinR1+0−VoutR2=00−VinR1+0−VoutR2=0

VoltageGain(Av)=VoutVin=−R2R1VoltageGain(Av)=VoutVin=−R2R1

Non-Inverting Operational Amplifier

When the signal is applied at the non-inverting input, the resulting circuit is known as
Non-Inverting Op-Amp. In this amplifier the output is exactly in phase with the input
i.e. when a positive voltage is applied to the circuit, the output will also be positive.
By assuming the Op-Amp is ideal, then concept of virtual short can be applied i.e. the
voltage at the inverting and non-inverting terminal is equal.

Assignment
1. write the difference between electricity and geomagnetism.

Electricity is the physical phenomenon caused by the accumulation or movement of

electric charges. Magnetism is a physical phenomenon which is caused by the
movement of charges and results in the attraction and repulsion between objects.

2. describe the difference between generator and motor.

The major difference between Motor and Generator is that a motor converts electrical
energy into mechanical energy, whereas the generator does the exact opposite. The
motor uses electricity whereas the generator produces electricity.

Motor is a device that converts electric energy into mechanical energy i.e., When you
supply power to motor, it's shaft rotates. Whereas Generator is a device that converts
mechanical energy into electric energy i.e., when you rotate the shaft of generator at
particular speed, it produces electricity.

3.write speed control mechanisms for

A. single phase DC motor.

Thus, the speed of a DC motor can control in three ways:

 By varying the flux, and by varying the current through field winding
 By varying the armature voltage, and the armature resistance
 Through the supply voltage

1. Flux Control Method

Due to the field winding, the magnetic flux varies in order to vary the speed of the
motor.

2. Armature Control Method

The controlling of armature resistance controls the voltage drop across the armature.
3. Voltage Control Method

Both the above mentioned methods cannot provide speed control in the desirable range.

B. single phase AC motor.

Speed of Single phase motor can be controlled in different ways:

1. Reducing voltage will reduce the speed within a range. Fan speeds are controlled
this way.
2. Change number of poles by altering winding connections.
3. Change frequency of supply. Variable Voltage Variable Frequency control works
on this basis, where voltage is altered with frequency to maintain high torque. If
voltage is not changed, it can handle smaller load as frequency goes up.

4. write a note on working principle,construction and area of

applications for the following motor types,

A. stepper motor

A) A stepper motor is an electromechanical device it converts electrical power into

mechanical power. Also, it is a brush less, synchronous electric motor that can divide
a full rotation into an expansive number of steps.

The construction of a stepper motor is fairly related to a DC motor. It includes a

permanent magnet like Rotor which is in the middle & it will turn once force acts on
it.

The stepper motor working principle is Electro-Magnetism. It includes a rotor

which is made with a permanent magnet whereas a stator is with electromagnets.

Applications of stepper motor?

Commercially, stepper motors are used in floppy disk drives, flatbed scanners,
computer printers, plotters, slot machines, image scanners, compact disc drives,
intelligent lighting, camera lenses, CNC machines, and 3D printers.
 B. universal motor

Working Principle of Universal Motor

Electric current passes through each segment of the Commutator in the same direction
to produce an electromagnetic flux. The current carrying armature conductor
experiences a mechanical force or torque due to the magnetic field around it. This
causes the rotor to spin.
What is the universal motor application?

Regarding universal motor applications, we can mention the primary uses, and they
are mechanical vacuum cleaners, power tools, and vacuum cleaners. Also, there are
higher rating universal motors used in portable drills, blenders, etc. Universal motors
are also found in various kitchen appliances such as vacuum cleaners, drinks, and
food mixers, domestic sewing machines, etc. Moreover, Poly Higher rating universal
motors are used in handheld drills, blenders, etc.

C. brushles DC motor.

Brushless DC motors (BLDC) have been a much focused area for numerous
motor manufacturers as these motors are increasingly the preferred choice in
many applications, especially in the field of motor control technology.

Working Principle and Operation of BLDC Motor

BLDC motor works on the principle similar to that of a conventional DC motor, i.e.,
the Lorentz force law which states that whenever a current carrying conductor placed
in a magnetic field it experiences a force.

Applications of Brushless DC Motors (BLDC)

Brushless DC Motors (BLDC) are used for a wide variety of application

requirements such as varying loads, constant loads and positioning applications in the
fields of industrial control, automotive, aviation, automation systems, health care
equipments, etc. Some specific applications of BLDC motors are

 Computer hard drives and DVD/CD players

 Electric vehicles, hybrid vehicles, and electric bicycles
 Industrial robots, CNC machine tools, and simple belt driven systems
 Washing machines, compressors and dryers
 Fans, pumps and blowers

5.Draw the power circuit and Control circuit of the following three
phase starting methods.

A. DOL(direct online starter)

B. Star-Delta starter