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Geomotry Notes

The document provides comprehensive notes on geometry, covering fundamental concepts such as points, lines, angles, and various types of shapes including triangles, polygons, quadrilaterals, and circles. It also includes essential theorems, formulas for area and volume, and principles of coordinate geometry. Additionally, it discusses logic and proof techniques relevant to geometric reasoning.

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15 views2 pages

Geomotry Notes

The document provides comprehensive notes on geometry, covering fundamental concepts such as points, lines, angles, and various types of shapes including triangles, polygons, quadrilaterals, and circles. It also includes essential theorems, formulas for area and volume, and principles of coordinate geometry. Additionally, it discusses logic and proof techniques relevant to geometric reasoning.

Uploaded by

wildsloth4266
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as TXT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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## 📐 **Geometry Notes**

### **1. Basics of Geometry**


- **Point:** A location (no size).
- **Line:** Infinite set of points in a straight path.
- **Plane:** Flat surface extending in all directions.
- **Segment:** Part of a line with two endpoints.
- **Ray:** A line with one endpoint that extends infinitely in one direction.
- **Angle:** Formed by two rays with a common endpoint (vertex).

**Types of Angles:**
- Acute (< 90°), Right (= 90°), Obtuse (> 90°), Straight (= 180°)

---

### **2. Logic and Proof**


- **Conditional Statement:** If p, then q.
- **Converse, Inverse, Contrapositive:** Variations of conditionals.
- **Deductive Reasoning:** Using facts, definitions, logic.
- **Two-column Proof:** Step-by-step logical argument.

---

### **3. Parallel and Perpendicular Lines**


- **Parallel Lines:** Never intersect, same slope.
- **Perpendicular Lines:** Intersect at 90°, slopes are negative reciprocals.
- **Angle Relationships:**
- Corresponding, Alternate Interior, Alternate Exterior, Consecutive Interior.

---

### **4. Triangles**


- **Triangle Sum Theorem:** All angles = 180°
- **Types by sides:** Equilateral, Isosceles, Scalene.
- **Types by angles:** Acute, Right, Obtuse.
- **Pythagorean Theorem:** \( a^2 + b^2 = c^2 \) (right triangles).
- **Congruence Postulates:** SSS, SAS, ASA, AAS, HL.
- **Triangle Inequality Theorem:** Sum of any two sides > third side.

---

### **5. Polygons**


- **Sum of Interior Angles:** \( (n - 2) \times 180^\circ \)
- **Regular Polygon:** All sides and angles equal.
- **Exterior Angles:** Always sum to \( 360^\circ \).

---

### **6. Quadrilaterals**


- **Types:**
- Parallelogram, Rectangle, Rhombus, Square, Trapezoid.
- **Properties:**
- Opposite sides/angles equal (parallelograms).
- Diagonals bisect each other (parallelograms).
- Diagonals are congruent (rectangles).
- Diagonals are perpendicular (rhombus).

---

### **7. Circles**


- **Parts:**
- Radius, Diameter, Chord, Tangent, Secant, Arc.
- **Formulas:**
- Circumference: \( C = 2\pi r \)
- Area: \( A = \pi r^2 \)
- **Central Angle = Arc**
- **Inscribed Angle = ½ Arc**

---

### **8. Transformations**


- **Types:**
- Translation (slide), Reflection (flip), Rotation (turn), Dilation (resize).
- **Congruent Figures:** Same shape and size.
- **Similar Figures:** Same shape, proportional size.

---

### **9. Area and Volume**


- **Area Formulas:**
- Rectangle: \( A = l \times w \)
- Triangle: \( A = \frac{1}{2} b h \)
- Trapezoid: \( A = \frac{1}{2} (b_1 + b_2) h \)
- Circle: \( A = \pi r^2 \)

- **Surface Area / Volume (3D):**


- Prism Volume: \( V = B \times h \)
- Cylinder: \( V = \pi r^2 h \)
- Pyramid: \( V = \frac{1}{3} B h \)
- Sphere: \( V = \frac{4}{3} \pi r^3 \)

---

### **10. Coordinate Geometry**


- **Distance Formula:**
\( \sqrt{(x_2 - x_1)^2 + (y_2 - y_1)^2} \)
- **Midpoint Formula:**
\( \left( \frac{x_1 + x_2}{2}, \frac{y_1 + y_2}{2} \right) \)
- **Slope Formula:**
\( m = \frac{y_2 - y_1}{x_2 - x_1} \)

---

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