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Build these projects:

• Sound effects
generator
• Tone burster
• Chirp generator 1
• Gated oscillator
i
• Pulse generator
• Frequency meter
• LED flasher
• Audio amplifier
• Sound meter
• Bargraph
• Percussion synthesizer
• Photophone
• Light sensitive circuits
• And many more Forrest M. Mims III
 Cl RCllIT CY MBOLS

Fixed vARi AEL£ fixed polarized

P-EOSTCP Resistor C APAe\toR CAPAcToR

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LED CELL RES ISTOR TR ANSISTOR
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WIRES WIRES SUPPLY

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/normally normally
SPST CPDT OPEN CLOSED
Switch -vjitcH PUSH 6uTToaj PuSH8urrooJ

RELAY TRANSFORMER SPEAkER SPEAkER

METER LAMP EATTERY op-amp

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I W J- ‘U IjO. II Ul 1 UR fVfc. MIMS H[

—i—>~ ALL_ RIGHTS RESERVED

PRiKITED AM THE LIMITED STATES OF AM£gJ CA

; i s ;
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 ABOUT THE: ENGIMEER^TXLL
m MI-NOTEBOOK COLLECTION
Each book in tHus 1
THREE OR FOUR ENGINEER'S MINI-NOTEBOOKS.
Each Book includes both standard circuits
Am5 CIRCUITS DESIGNED BY FORREST M. WIMSHC.
EACH Circuit WAS Built Amo TESTED AT LEAST
twice.. the circuits uj£AE also Built FRom
THE. FINAL BOOK TO P/nD ERRORS.

variations in components And construction

METHODS NVAY CAUSE YOUR RESULTS TO DiPFE£
FROM THOSE DESCRIBED HERE. THEREFORE
the Author and rad\oshAck are not
RESPONSIBLE FOR THE Su ITABiLITY OP THE
Circuits FOR Any APPLICATION. FOR EXAMPLE,
THE CIRCUITS IN THIS BOOK SHOULD NOT BE USED
FOR MEDICAL APPL/cAT70nS; SAFETY DEVICES,
TRAFFIC CONTROLLERS OR Any OTHER USE
THAT Ma6HT SOMEHOWJ RESULT IN) DAM46E
to Property or jn^vRy to Vou or others.
IT is YouR RESPONSIBILITY TO DETERMINE
IF COMMERCIAL USE SALE OR MANUFACTURE
OF ANY DEVICE gASED ON /NFDRM4T70AJ IN
THIS Book INFRINGES Any PATENT v COPYRIGHT
OR OTHER. Rl 6 HT.

FOR MORE INFORMATION

Due to the many inquiries received by the
Author and Radioshack, it is not possible
TO PROVIDE CUSTOM CIRCUIT DESIGNS AajD
TECHNICAL ADVICE. YOU CAN L64RN MORE
ABOUT ELECTRONICS FRoM OTHER Boo KSlJ
AVAILABLE FROM RADIO SHACK AND PROM
RADioshack lab kits. Electronics
M6AeiN£S ARE ALSO A GOOD SOURC£.Lo£~~i
INFORMATION..VARIOU5 6l6CTR0kjICS SITES..
ON THE INTERNET And world WIDE. VvEE
ARE Also very helpful.
z
 i t —j—j——4—I—1—4-—i—1—I—j—j—!—i—i—j—j— — — — i‘— —
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i
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1. 555 i lNAt.R IC PRQTEfTF>
!

OVhRV EW 8
mi
L RLUl ASSEMKLY PS S
w __
555 .sppriFir ATrr>M st r t T 9

L KCLj TS
*
BASIC MOMO STABLE LC
-L BASIC ASTA0LE : Uj . 1 1
BOO MCE FREE L SWITCH If ^>
.i TOUCH A CTl V AT £ D 1 Suu 1TC H ti
JJri M£R PLUS RELAV 13
.L CASCADED TI MER ...i 19
.i.]1M T E R V A LOME TER i j_ J.1
a. Missimg Pulse detector
JI [ 13
juti
EVENil FAILURE alarm 17 \
FREQuEMCV DIVIDER J. i.i.... is ■
VO LTA6E-COKJTROLLED OSCILLATOR 19
.....Jim...
i
Pulse gemerator 2.0
L FRE&UEMCV meter. 2.1
audio oscillator/metromome 11
TOV 0R6 AM 2.3
GATED OSC/LLATOR 19
CHIRP GEMERAtoR - .!■«#
IS ~.--y

stepped-tone 6EMERATOR Ha
.L 3 -STATE TOME GENFRATrtP LI
.i tome Burst gemerator ta
SOUMD effects gemerator 19
_l.Led fiashek.i ] • 39-
PoujEr Pet lamp dimmer SI
L L| 6hi j dark L detecto r ...— 3Z
-_L AM FRA RED J SECURITY ALAGM 33
AkjALOG LVGHTujAUF TRAajSuittFR 39
amalog lightwave RECEIVER Is
DCl- DC CO MV £ R T £ R

-*
1
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OVERVIEW -J--f--{...
I i i f.4-j! I
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—

tiiissa

CIRCUIT ASSEMBLY

'33°! QUAD COMPARATOR

.38A AUDIO AMPLIFIER
moimiim.i. .1 r

IrU 31JOr5fft jtlBfii aijwal

TRANS IMPEDANCE AMPLl
SINGLE-SUPPLY ANVPU FI
I__L.|.AJJ DIO AMPLI FIE ft [j
1.4. .1..SUMMING AMPLI FIER.
1.Li.i.DIFFERENCE AMPLIFIER
,._L~—.DUAL-SUPPLY. INTEG.RAXO
SINGLE-SUPPLY .INTEGRA
.- DUAL-SUPPLY blFFERENTl
SINGLE-SUPPLY DIFFEREi
...!... PE AIL. DETECT Q Ri : ; :
. . INVERTING CLIPPER. ._
.-4-44.NON-INVERTING CUPPEI
i i i

~i—1—h
-+4.mono [WLi LI
—I—f I [ I I I
i ii
 j 5 j ] r . I r r

_i—i—1—i—i—1—l—L—i——4-—~ ——t
I | I I | f i f ! I I

) .j—j—j—i—1—j—i—|—j—\—-j-
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C.IRC U
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-BASIC COMPARATOR.1.1.1.1..J444S8. - 5<?

BASIC. WINDOW COMPARATOR—i-i-i—LLfejD. “ & 1
. (0.2L1
EARGRAPR VOLTMETER ..j—J.I. .L.L. J \ 6? 3
LIGHT-ACTIVATED RELAYS ioH
LIGHT-ACTIVATED ALERTER ..1.44-4- GS
DARK-ACTIVATED ALERTER G5
LlGHTbSENElTlVE OSCLLjLATOR.S ,...4-4-1-.- (c la
HIGH -SENSITIVITY LIGHT METER —I—l—L I 4- U1
SOUhlD r LEVEL NAETER|--..!—LJ-l-l-J .L G8
JSOUND - ACTIVATED RELAY 44--....L <*9
PIEZO ELEMENT DRIVERS 70 -L—L,
per cuss idm synthesizer.L1J...L 11
T~T
LOW- PP.SS FILTER
i4Mt.-P-4ssi.FT . .. |{4.1L .
i4xtRl.1.4.44...—14-4.L
I i I i i n /> r- i i -t* i— r-<

HIGH “PASS FILTER Mi 55 L

AO-Hz NOTCW FILTERS;.Li .J ~iH -4—-
TUMAfeLE. EMslfePASS. FILTER. 75
MINI-COLOR ORGAN 7b - "7 7
SQUARE WAVE GENERATOR.... ..76
SINE WAVE OSCILLATORL j j L4- .7 9
FUNCTI 0N SENE.R ATOR _____i_L.BJOi
I j r j j j j __ j j__ j j \ 4_!_|_j_|_ j_I_4 i |
j_L_[_L_[_L_...
:a™mCAlXH5IE ^—j—I—I——I—j—j.—T~-i-

r—i—-j—|—-j——j—j—f——44
'i T n i 4 . a a p i .4* i m k
.jTtyE OPERATIONAL ... AMPUPIER WAS DEVELOPED
+H~
FOR USE ; IN AnALOS-. COMPUTERSlink.THE.L41
a^HOS. EARLY.OP-AMPS USED VACUUM TUBES
And. WERE LAREE JW S12E AND CONSUMED.L.
considerable Po wer. 4. im. 19l7 . Fairchild
1 ;
1
SEMICONDUCTOR INTRODUCED THE frlRST LI. j
L.mL

integrated..circuit Xcp-amp,4xdday’s -lie. :

iOP-AMPS -ARE FAR SUPERIOR TD..iTKiElA. 4 :--

«

VACUUM TUBE PREDECESSORS. AND THEY —r*

are much smaller And can be purchased

For as little as444&PLLAr or two.

_i_L

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5

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4_
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—^ OPTOELECTRONICS .
;
»

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(
f—1 OPTICAL SPECTRUM
1
» i
COMPONENTS
i ]
— SIMPLE i LENSES
1
- POSITIVE LENS
NEGATIVE: LENS
t it FILTERS
T 1
LIGHT SHIELDS
i
OPTICAL FIBERS
*

4 IL— SOURCES
J.L I INCANDESCENT LAMPS
GAS-DISCHARGE LAMPS
LIGHT*EMITTING DIODES
LIGHT SOURCE SPECTRA
t
1
T
:
—4.

1
HOW TO USE LED*i
SAMPLE LED CIRCUIT _L
1
»
I
LOGIC CIRCUIT LED DRIVERS
T~~'

AC /DC POLARITY INDICATOR

VOLTAGE-LEVEL INDICATOR
iilnirtfiyn LED BRIGHTNESS CONTROL
»

LOGIC PROBE
HOW TO USE iTRV-COLOR LEDs
HOW TO USE FLASHER LEDs
BASIC... LED FLASHERS
■
dual led flasher..
J
?
i|-li hiii- i ,rr _ POWER ! FLASHER
SINGLE LED FLASHER
i
DUAL LED FLASHER
Li 1NC ANDES CENT LL AM P FLASHER
NEON LAMP FLASHER
!
1 1
1
-

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......... L
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—1 — -~- j- — - 1 —An « '« -iAi— A - M- - - - i ■ . : . .—-j---

LIGHT SEMSO-.R^-fLflX 4^i|

PHOTO RESISTORS ITEXltlllt ZM

.....i.. CE4^4£^i-4-L4-j~i.1- 1 1 T
. 99 .

1 ! PUOTQT^NjSliGTOp^ 1 95
SENSOR SPECTRAL4MSPONSE 95
j 1 ~toms4 inKiVrj tfetEjCtoiss 9G
1 PKOTORESISTORS
—-»—*•!>»-* VI * ■ 9(e ■#! ■iili»%|l 1 1 ■■ | — J——*- —-« 4 ♦.

JJ.MLjkfe.. IcfeiHZ 91
PHOTOTRANSISTORS 91
„.i ! SIMPLE
*■ ftft LIGHT LMETERS j. L
• V**' Ms MM • . s . 98
- >> VV. • B. 4— ^ *w • 4 4 - f- Ss . S SS S'S ss S- *y—1 ... - . ... ... - .^ ^

ULTRA- SIMPLE LIGHT METER 19

j i jSOLAR battern charger! Li loo
SOLAR-POWERED CIRCUITS 101
..1 ..j.L1GHT-SENSITIVE, QSCtLLATORS 1 ol- 103
Light-activated relans f ON
! i DARK- ACT WAT ED RE LAN Si L 1 1 10s
dark-activated led flashers 10^
LIGHTS DARK-ACTIVATED ALERTER 101

L GUTWM/E COMMUN CM 0NC 108

IT T & iji n>AUE ^ ZqLrq

. nM j 1 l 108
OPTICAL FIBER LINKS 108
FREE- SPACE LINKS lo9
LIGHTWAVE TONE TRANSMITTERS 110
-4 1 felMlt lUGHTyJAVE RECE1VERS 111
1 T H E PHOTOPHON B 1 11 1 12- 113 .—

h A^A LIGHTWAVE TRANSMilTilfeB 119 _

A NVi-AllG HTWAVE RECEIVER: 115

.j T BREAK- BEAhAlUE TECT1 ON SNisTE M 3
. ip U3
^ftft ift ftftft - B sMss s - - . V - . -ft. . 4*. - - *.B **'• " ft- . .—

LOPrOELECTR 0M1G Ll QGIC . lift

BUFFERS
. j ] Inverters. I I
. zzzrnx its
HR
.. AMD. CIRCUITS 1
i_j il i | j 119
OR CIRCUITS i 1 i-i i i 1 L L 114;
' ft fa; f 1 J^"K' #■»» 1 SBH a. |M_- 1 T IT ■■ 1 -

SOURCE/ SENSOR PMRS [itijjp

, L j jNtTi^RATFD [SOURCE / ifiNSORS Till

— . DRTOCDDPLER. CIRCUITS .l_. lit- 129
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OVLRV EW
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THE 555 TImER is ONE OF THE MOST POPULAR

AND VERSATILE INTEGRATED CIRCUITS. IT iNCQU*>£S
Z.I TRANSISTORS J 2 DIODES AND \1o RESISTORS.
THE SSb is A DUAL version OP THE S5S\.
BOTH THE 55 S And SSb ARE AvA/LA66£ IN
; LOUJ-POIAJER versions, the sss has two]
principle operating modes :

MONO STABLE MODE 3 IN -THIS MODE THE 555

Functions as a "one-shot. " applications
include timers, missing pulse detection,
Bounce free sln itches, touch suwtches;£tc.

ASTABLE mode- THE 55S CAN OPERATE AS

U.I an oscillator, uses include led and lamp
FLASHERS, PULSE GENERATION, LOGIC CLOCKS*
TONE GENERATION, SECURITY ALARMS ETC.

CIRCUIT ASSEMBLY Tlra’W .

Build test versions of your circuits on A
SOLERLESS BREADBOARD BEFORE MAKING THEM
Permanent* in monostable circuits, where
false triggering might cause problems,
tie PIN S TO GROUND WTH A O .I,*F CAPACI TOR.
IP POWER leads ARE long, OR if A CIRCUIT
SEEMS TO tUALfuHCTlOti. PLACE A 0.1 ^if
CAPACITOR ACROSS PINS 6 AnD 1. A l/nf
CAPACITOR MAV ALSO 8E /NECESSARY. BE SURE
to Experiment ujith values op timing
resistors and capacitors, the basic
555 CiRcu\TS EyPLA/n THE ROLE OP THESE
COMPONENTS. REMEMBER THAT YOU CAN
USE A 5SG TO REPLACE “RUO 555$. SOME
louj Power versions of the 555 may
REQUIRE REWSioms td Some OF THE.L.i.j.1.
CIRCUITS IN THIS SECTION*
8
 L_
o
cn
ln
on
1 cn
cn
1CT-

FUMCT 10 W 55 5 (1) 5SC? a)

GRoumd 7
1
T R\£oER 6
out put
RESET
CONTROL V
THRESHOLD
*
DlSCHARGt
Vcc

5 S5 SPECIFICATIOM^
SUPPLY VOLTA6E (Vice) U4~ 4 v
SUPPLY CuRReuT CUcc = +S\/) 3> TO (c \m (\
SUPPLY CURRENT d)k^4±tSJ|d 10 TO IS Ha A
OUTPUT CURRENT (MAXIMUM) 2oo ^ A
Power D\ssiPAtic>n) (pQO tw W

OPERAT\n*<£ TEMPERATURE. 0 TO 70° C

1 VALUES SKovaJM APPLY no ME5SS.

 BASIC MONOSTABLE CIRCUIT l

Vcc 05 to +15V) MAKE Reset

Ano trigger
1 INPUT MDMEN- _1,
F— * 8■ ■■ 1 ---1 ‘ tar\lt low

RESET TIMING. CVCL£

O THERvaMsE.

TRIGGER

MOWO STABLE

C2- l OUT
.oi/(F

CHARGE

A NEGATIVE TRV6GER Pulse 2 TURNS

OFF A TRANSISTOR T> SHORTS Cl
TD GROUND. THE <X>T( MI6H AS
Cl CHARGES THROUGH £ CHARGE
ON Cl IS 3p Vcc, THf
GRounD. THE output
100...

iC vuSEC K\SEC SE
TIME DELAY Ct)
 BASIC STABLE CIRCUIT

Output Puises
—

_1
oc
cdo 5

s r Z
CHARGE on Cl

_
Cl _ + 1
ri —
-7L
i 1 t ■ FREQUENCY
j
HERE Pins Z
K—~ CIRCUIT WILL
J
EACH TIMING
AS AN OSCILLATOR.
R'l EuT DISCHARGES
range
OSClUATION
FREQUENCY

FREQUENCY
 RELAY

I .r
a
R1 relay
l
'
10K LS to q1 v -L*
t
2 50 TO
500 -Pc')
SI
.L

IuiwuwJ

6 SI MOME.MTAP.ILY
RELAY ACTUATED
DUR1M6 THE EUT\RE RL AMD Cl
COKi TP-OL TIM DELAY CE PREVEMTS
FALSE X-TRl 66 ABSORBS VOLT
<S6 M 6 RATED RELAY COIL WHEN) f
IS SWITCHED CAUTIOM WH
COMMECT IM 6 £D DEVICES
RELAY X. COMM

TYPICAL
TRIGGER THeiR

IMPOT starts timer

TAEM STARTS timer
INTERVM-OMETER

+ 12 V

F# iy 10
R3
lOOK
it 55b

D1
lN<UH

D1
IMUH

RELAY
( S TO 9 V,
250 TO

IE
TIMER 1 1*5 CONNECTED AS ASTA0LE
OSCILLATOR VuHICH OSCULATES AT A FREQUENCY
DET ERMINE.0 E>Y R1 AMD Cl. TIMER Z IS A
OME-SHOT THAT DRIVES A RELAY VIA PI.
TIMER 1 TRIGGERS TIMER Z OVC£ PER CYCLE
F&R l TO S SECONDS.

timer. 1
CP'h 5)

TIMER:.Z t t
C relayV RELAT PULLED In L. RELA'f PULLED M
MISSING PULSE DETECTOR

+S TO +15 v

i. I In 12.2. 1 Cl SET
time. delay.

Sell .01 b 1 Jil

.01 ynF
01
lH3>°lO<o

SET TIME DELAY TT>

SLIGHTLY EXCEED
TIME BETWEEN THE
incoming pulses.

INCOMING PULSES CONTINUALLY RESET

THE TIMING CYCLE. A MISSING PULSE
Allows the timing cycle to be
COMPLETED, CHANGING THE OUTPUT STATE.

SIGNAL
IN

OUT

CHARGE
ON
Cl
EVENT FMLURE ALARM
+ Hv
I

R1 RZ 555
htk 1M 1
3.

PIEZ.C
eozzer

5L cz
1
jQl
Iznssol
E Cl 4 $.4
\ _ +• control oelhy
J i a
c
Cl*. 2.Z/aF to pUE

.—- ■ -

-rt
\AJHEN POWER IS APPLIED Cl BEGINS TO
CHARGE THROUGH R2.. UNLESS SI IS
CLOSED BEFORE THE 5SS TIMING CYCLE
IS COMPLETED, THE BUZZER WILL Sol/nD.
SI CfcN EE ANY EXTERNAL SWITCH.
-.t~
SI
OPENED'.
closed; m u

threshold
CHARGE
ON
Cl 4—4-

17 i—t.

-i—4
; i
FREQUENCY DIVIDER

+ 5 TO + lSV THIS ciRCuit ALSO

SQUARES SLOWLY 4
R\SlNG I nPuT PULSES.

555 rLnjui_r

.OOl nF
10 uf cz for typical input j
AMO OUTPUT WAVE¬
FORMS SHOWN) ,
OUTPUT FREQUENCY =
7t IMPuT frequency,

IM THIS CIRCUIT THE 5SS IS CO MfOECTED

as a m&nosta&lE MULTIVIBRATOR. OrOC£
A TIMING CYCLE IS initiated BY Am inPuti
pulse ^ subsequent lMpuT PULSES HAVE NO
effect UNTIL cycle IS COMPLETED. SHOWN
0ELOMJ ARE typical INPUT AND OUTPUT WAVE-;
FORMS (Cl'O.ly.iFj Rl VARIED IN l/ALuE).

- rLummnmiiii
VOLTAGE CONTROLLED OSCILLATOR

10OK

IMPuT
(cowl ROO
VOLTAGE

USE to PRovi&E VAR\PsU£ IKJPUT

WHEN TEST IMG CIRCUIT

A PREQOEMCY
WOC TAGE
IMPUT

MORE V<
SRounjD

MPuT
VOLTAGE

TOME
FREQUENCY
 8

555

USE. FREQUENCY
''Cl I_ TASLE TD SELECT
(.001- L^F) R1 AMO Cl. OK TO
CONNECT PlfO 3 Tt>
FREQUENCY METER
OW FACING PAGE,

use digital logic clock Pulse

GENERATOR, SIGNAL GENERATOR t ETC.

FREQUENCY TA6CE (FREQUENCES im Wz)

■ ~r t
r i .

Cl (Mf R.1- loK Rl-looid RliilM

.OOZ2. H 70 52.0
*0033 30, H ^ O
.00^7 2,1„ SZ z
... 0 04>8 10. 30 o
11, Z
. 015 7^ Z1 o
4 O VL H, AS At
.033 53 o
ItiHV z. 35 1
. 0 eg, L_XJ
T; 73
7
11 1.1 1.VI
.IS 8o^
L . VL 5SO
 FREQUENCY METER
+ 5 TO +15 V

h.'k 5 55

i i i
r f T
Ok to add
AMPLIFIER
i
t

1
x.. THIS ULTRA" SAMPLE MEASURES AUDIO
CIRCUIT
i
FREQUENCE ALS.
S\GfOALS. INPUT AL S
S\6MAL SHOULD
1.
i. RAM6£ FROM 2..Si Tt>
TO 5 VOLT S. TESTIMG.
FOR TE5
.J COMMECT PuLS£ GENERATOR
GEM FACIM6
4**“" ■
PAGE DIRECTLY TO PPIM Z (OMIT ClV
j AMO fcETERM'ME FREQUENCY RAN5GE.
1
T

A note non-c»k.ear
' >r RESPONSE AT
|
,4v„_
7
IKHx.
/S•

1
I
•- “RS-lOK
V
RS= 2.2 K
T !."f
f
!
*

|-

—-t—r
■ i
;"T
FREQUENCY. (KHx)
 R3 \S OPTIONAL
VOLUMIE COWTP-OC
RES IS’roR. use
10 JL Tl> 10O0JL.

THIS CIRCUIT WILL FUNCTION \AJ VTH EITHER

or Both output devices, the speaker
GIVES MORE volume, But USES MORE
CURRENT. USE R3 TO REDUCE l/OLUME.
HERE ii E TYPICAL FREQUENCIES for
various settings of Rl*.

OSCILLATOR (c^.Ol^F) METRONOME (Cl'l/uF)

Rl Ifrequency CHz Rl 1 FREQUENCY (Hz)

n 1
HIO HO L6<
110 as H TC
too T1 uc
HI 10 1D<
11 .38
10 NOTE*. YouR \l/ALUES ma>1 VARY
H.n
21 PIEZO GIVES UoTE^SE 4SOUND.
1
ORGAN!

FREQUENCIES

J
a il
SlK!l

£8
~
1.7 *>u»
u
F

OOb, 8
OOH1
GATED OSCILLATOR
+ 5TO +15 V

THIS CIRCUIT VAJ\LL ALLOW VC u TO SWITCH i

THE TOK'P. GENERATED by the 55S SY
HEAms of An> External losic signal,
the tri amgolar svm&ol is amy external
LOGIC GATE. OK TO SWITCH THE TOME
OK) An) D OFR Ev/ COmMECTIMG GATE Of
Q1 TO +V OR GROUND THROUGH 1M RESISTOR.
Rl And Cl comtpol tone frequency.
Q1 CAM EE CommECTED as A SWITCH A6L£
CATE ELSEWHERE in CIRCUIT.

IN TONE caution: qi cam ee

destroyed sy static
Low OFF ELECTRICITY* Dc> mot
touch Exposed leads.
KlGH OM Follow Hamdling
PRECAUTIONS OM PACKAGE.
THIS CIRCUIT applies brief Pulses of
current to A Piezo buzzer. (Radio smack
mi-0U5 OR. SIMILAR). THIS CAuses TH£
BUZZER TO EMIT ATTENTION - GETTING
CHIRPS. THE CIRCUIT MAKES A GOOD
UJRRNING DEVICE.

Rl CONTROLS RATE OF CHIRPS. USE lOOK

FIXED RESISTOR FOR ABOUT Z>3 CHIRPS
PER SECOND. Cl controls DURATION OF
chirps. For long duration pulses Cujhich
become tone Bursts) increase cs to
Qi ZZ^uF OR MORE. REDUCE VOLUME BY
inserting loo - 10,000Si RESISTOR
between Pin E and P\ezo Buzzer,
try using CAS photoresistor for Rl.
 R1
500 K*
% an
1
500K
R2
1

IK
1 2

FREQUENCY falls
AS HZ HEOOceO-) PRODUCES
PLUCKED

ADJUSTED
Stepped output
progressively •smaller
IS REDUCED
GRAPH SHOWN) HER
\L FOR VALUES
typical") OK TO CHAfJGE

FREQUEM C'i.OUT
 C3>
y 4f4

55k

R.(c
27 o

Bit
SPKR.

EXPERIMENT \AJ»TH.r. VALUES

OF feu Cl, PM AMD C2.. 4.-
51 (center off):
1 ~ TOME &U R. ST jfcjliui_IUUUl_
z - BTEADV tone. JliniiM^

5t\ajO — tomE m^UL^LPJUUUUlJHlM

•t—I-—-i

—r—i—th—i—i—I—{—1—1—-}—b
 SPKR

; ]

"*"T
; '

r..

..
t

iirrlrrr-i

_L
1

THE FIRST 555 OSC/UATEE

L. FREQuE^CV DETERMINED BY
ITS OUTPUT CHARGES CE 1
THE SECOND 555 OSC/CCATES
FREQUENCY DETE R. MINED EV
7
THE VOLTACE AT PI #0 5 (
CHARGE
-\-r"**f THE YAluES
f-i.. AND CETHiM U/AKBCE
t
I
;.

"T
CHARGE
5

T*.—
t

1 i
i : i
r
t
t
i
<
T ~ l. i

j (
TOME
j 1
<
%
|

l l
i
l
»
j |
J l

-
LED FLASHER

RH
270

R2
1.k L
<anmn
2 oi x:—'
2N2ZZ2
LED ^
Cl
H1/a£
1

FH1S CIRCUIT WILL DRIVE EOTh VIS I £-5

light anjo infrared - emitting diodes.
UCE RED GREEN OR YELLOW LED TO
MARE A VISt&LE LIGHT FLASHER. USE
NBAR-INFRARED EMITTER TD M ARE
Powerful transmitter-. connect
solar CELL , PHOTODIODE OR PHOTO TRAN SIS TfcR
TO AMPLIFIER TD RECEIVE SIGNAL .

RATE (Uzs CONNECT PIEZO BUZZER

ACROSS LED FOR
lOO k .2 LI6HT/S0UND DARKROOM
H7 K J* timer.
.22 R 14
10 R 2.1 REDUCE Cl For
&4 k 3.L faster Pulse Rates,
2-2 K AJL ESPECIALLY WHEN
1.0 R 8.3 infrared emitter is
USED. SEE u GETTING
Started id Electronics
(RADIO SWALK , pp.CL-^),
POWER FET LAMP DIMMER
+9 v
some. VERSIONS
MAY OPERATE
ftl WHEW 555 15
100 POWERED BY
.... \

U 2

555
RS
IK (o
R.H Gn^-^
Z 10 K

* SEE BELOW.
.0H7^F

THIS CIRCUIT IS A LINEAR LAMP DIMMER.

IN OPERATION, THE 555 SWITCHES Q1
ON ANO OFF AT A RATE DETERMINED
ST R14 R2. AsJD Cl. WHEN Qt IS ON,
LI IS ALSO ON). THE SWITCHING RATE
\S SO PAST LI APPEARS TO GLOW
continuously. increasing the switching
RATE INCREASES THE APPARENT
8R\GHTnESS Of LI.

Q1 MUST &E PROPERLY RATED. POR EXAM RLE,

a pirn' g-volt flashlight lamp consumes
0.5 AMPERE OR 3 WATTS. THEREFORE USE
AN XRFS11 OR SIMILAR POWER FEfu.
ATTACH A TO-22.0 HEATSINK TO DISSIPATE
EXCESS HEAT.
LIGHT/DARK DETECTOR

PROTORE S1STOR „

55S

R2>
10 K
i l si
—O5)

OK TO ALTER
ftl * Cl TO
Bil CHANGE. THE
SPKR FREQUENT
OF THE TOME.

IaJHEM SI is ik) Position V THE SPEAKER

EMITS A TOME iMREN LI6HT STRIKES THE
PROTORESISTOR. WHEN Si IS IN POSITION
u0" THE SPEAKER EMITS A TOME l/JHEN THE
PHOTO RESIS TOR IS MOT ILLU Ml N AT £0.

POS 1TIOM*.

LIGHT

DARK

TOME OM

TOME OFF
 INFRARED SECURITY ALARM

+ 5to +1SV

Jt
I

»
i
?

2M.LD Ql
FROM EXTERNAL QZ
Ll&HT. ^ V lui^oio ■it
4 1

CZ
■OH 1m P

1 »

C3 555
01 a'P

Alar m soumds whel)

o m THE. ImSERT IS MOLDED
FROM EETVJtC. M LED
OnFRARED eh(tter.) AMD
- piezo tozzm
T—j ™f.—|—I—j—j Ql. Ncdhokl doors etc.
~4—*-—4- 13
ANALOG LIGHTWAVE TRANSMITTER

f9v Ri CAN CE ifcfe

SENSOR HAVING
l/ARIAELE RESISTANCE,
1 O _L WHEN Rjt 15 A
CADMIUM SUIFIDC
— r-~ r—
(C«4S) PHOTORESISTS,
u
35=- THE FREQUENCY of
THE S\6N AL IBISES |
WITH LIGHT LEVEL.

11
1
LENS' infrared
SEAM

TH\5 CiRCuiT PULSES AN INFRARED- EMITTING

DIODE at a FREQUENCY DETERMINED 0V R1
AND CL... TW
THE RECEIVER ON THE FACING PAGE
;s and
RECEIVES Af Amplifies the infrared signal,
•T THENn Co
converts rue sigmac’s fregency
'NTD A\ CURRENT
cuf WHICH is DISPLAYED C>N A
0*1 mA.V ME
METER.. USE LENSES td increase
RANGE.. FOR FULL DETAILS, SEE "THE FORREST
M| MS CIRCUIT SCRAPBOOK" CMf£RAlN-HILL , 19&2>).
_ 1
TEST RECEIVER CIRCUIT GAVE
NON-LINEAR response
WHEU 7R An$m ITT&R,
frequency EXCEEDED
1.1 kHz. J^c

CALIBRATE RECEIVER
meter with R9.

0
ANALOG LIGHTWAVE RECEIVER
CIRCUIT S16MALS PROM
RANC^'TTER f. Pf\6e

Photo 1 cities
TRANHSTOR : it

TWO
PLACE
IMS 3.,

DIRECTLY ACROSS

R :5
»
\ ^-calibrate

MurUMj

2
DC - DC CONVERTER

SIWvj Cv,m) CAUTMOfO*. HUSH

" VOLTAGE!
D1 \
fcl ' 1MHOOH \
HIM

55 5

vlz.o v wi/ooiN)s
" U>. I V WIMDIM6

Ti: MINIATURE G-3 v: 12.D V PovAJER tRAMsFOR m£R.

(OK TO USE C.3 V C£AH£fc"W OP 12.*>V:12.CW uwir.)

THIS CIRCUIT APPLIES PULS/UlMC CURRENT

TO A TP-AMSFoRMER UUimP/AJ<S- TH£ I/oPuT
VOLT ACE then Eoosted ey THE
TRANS For mein's second WIWDIMCS.
WINDIMCS. USE to
use
POWER NEON LAMPS f PLASMA DISPLAY, ETC.
Caution: do not touch output leads 1 (R3 0LEED5
CHARGE from cz . JbUHEf 0 V, IS REMOVED.)

H?DK- i M
•T1. _AAA_. NJEON
F- -TT LAMP
\ .w
'‘■'InnI V •2 SO V FLASHER
_J T

. O'
,i__1 .4 —i _
) to 3iD. z<0 5P GO
v
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ii ! i 1 *
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t
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THE6AU0 IS iU &ENT OF
\JO LTA6E. Kion
IS GROUNDED.
AMPLIFIES THE
|M Put AN)D cSRoufJD (
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R..— epcic-r r>R l/Ce\ ! AND AkJ
-i(DP-AMP. Form... A closed FFEDRACl^ LOOP. WHENI 1
-J? r- i c n k.jiTTPh. TUP OP-1^MP IS SAlD TO BE IN ITS
nppM LnftP MobP. TUP OP -AMP THEN EXHIBITS MAX- i -
imiika gain. Rut its output THEN SWINGS from
1 j
FULL OM to full off or viceLuersa for very .
» i •
cMai 1 C uAmcpc in imPuT VOLTAGE. THEREFORE.. «
j !
rue
1 ' • i TIdomi
wr | u ilzvfpLMans i< i NOT PRACTICAL FOR
Ll WEAR. AMPLIFICATION. INSTEAD THIS MODE IS i 1
jdFD TO INDICATE. UJHEf0 THE VOLTAGE AT ONE
; i
.—H
mput Differs from thatIat the other. In
t
THIS MODE THE OP-AMP IE CALLED!. A COMPAR- —*.—
•
A*ToR Since 1 lit boMPA RES ONE I^JPvT VOLTAGE ! -
i
i
>--*-*•*
UliiTU THE OTHER. . 1_1 __,1..,,.- i _ _J_ _4

| _ I > 1 .|.1.—V.--- _—
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t!i>
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PfM/FRING OP-AMPS „ 4~ 4*_n i

.1.L J • L .Li _1_1.i.1—1-J_i J J— .

- —r —t- — | r r 1 1 •
ViOCT AC>-AMP< AMD DP -AMP CIRCUITS REfsLU IR£
| A i DUAL poi ap\T\ poujer supply, here i S A
|— <imD/C
l * 3A f Wl- DUAL POLARlTY.. SUPPLY MADE FROM TWO J

LQ. j
3- VOLT ratteries : j
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L—«*. — 9 VOLTS 9 VOLTS •
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Important: the leads f-ROM THE SUPPLY TO THE •

OP-AMP Suau/.b RP SHORT AmD DIRECT. IF THEY

EXCEED ABOUT L» INCHES. THE OP-AMP\s
-j- — SO PPLY
Pins must be bypassed by connect-
1 N G i
..xj-aLam-A...
-
A oi^F capacitor between each |

POWER supply Pin and ground, otherwise t

THE OP--AmP MAY OSCILLATE 1 OR FAIL TO > ... ».; ....4— t .

OPERATE properly, always use fresh Batteries : Lij .—

Ratu mi )ct <nP pay the SAME VOLTAGE. be T

v
C TUP R^tTCPV —r CZ/P< ARE
r—~—r
CLP
>
AM TAnd Ll_
TIGHT. NEVER APPLY An InPut SIGNAL WHEN
tup
V .
D/muPo cupPZ Y
*-».■■■ -4-- «• "*«*•
is <ui iTCUED OFF. :
F
U-—

i 1^ 1 i > ;

tj_i{ >i j\i |»l 1| i_|— \—I—

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L»_- __. .SPECIF IT ATlOMsl SOME OF WHICH ABF <3\ v£iKJ
— 0M. TH£ 1 FOLLOW 1MG PAGES THOSE
MPA Nll M fi IS MOT oEvious ARE:

IMPutI OFFSET VO LTAGE — EUC NJ WITH MO MPdiT

VOLTA 6 £ AM OP' amp
Gives A VERY SMALL
MW« OUTPUT VOLTAGE. THE OFFSET voLtAgf 1 ) S....JTIk|.AT....
WHICH . uuHEkj APPLfPb TO OME! J Ml>UT. PAUSES i
T
.JTH£ OUTPUT TT> RE AT i 6 VOLT S. i | j
. -j—
-L~
I
COM.MOM ; MO0£ REJECTION) RATIO " THlbL...1S,. A..
__ measure of thic ARizlitv of am 0 p-Amp To!
REJECT A S\GK)AL Simultaneously APPLIET L
—*"T1'

TO BOTH ihJPur s.

BAKJDWl DTK - THE F REQUEMCY R AN<ȣ over UlHlC'W

Am O.P-AMP W1U Pun)C.TIOM THE FR_F ouEMCV
AT WHlOU THE L ;aikj falls , td 1 1 5 -m f
UKHTV gain PRE^UPOCV. i >

•
SLEW, RATE*- the rate.1 o F C H A N <SE I/m THf »
Oli)T POT lop AM opL Amp IM -*vot r s Pp
r.« e -
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YOUi. CAM usu allsi SURSTlTurE DIFFEEFmT "*■ 'j

Op-AMPS |K1 A circuit. For ft ami p; F like -- ~ ~ —
t
aLihsq dual, op -AMP lK)i A JClRCuiT
1
THAT
T-

REQUIRES TWO 7HL Op-AMPS. RE SURF TO

KEEP TRACK. OF PlM ! OlFF FftF MCF S . For
-t-fW-IV'.L——v

VERT HIGH Ikj PUT RESKTAM cf

A MD LOW
— operatimg curr&mt . USE CMO s OP- AbAPS, |
USE A HIGH-IMPEDANCE iVOLTMFTER TD
pi— -Amp
MOKJITOR: TUF OUTPUT ■
OF yAkl S OP-* * THAt
ISAMPLIFYING A d,c. LvoltagE. 1
F A Cl Rctl>r r -

Fails 1 ttj ujoBIc ft £ moi/F k i Pi IT"

—-WTGLiAL
< CM? ST
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f
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1
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HIGHLY POPULAR NULL '' 8 UNUSED
GENERAL, i PURPOSE
[Tv. 3 +V r-~.

SIMPLE. TO OSE, 4. / I —*
*Z3n/ *— l| out
Reliable, And
INEXPENSIVE., it
IS USUALLY OK TO SJ OFFSET
SUBSTITUTE NEWER NULL
op amps for the ih:

MAXIMUM RATINGS _

........

SUPPLY VOLTAGE il8 V —

POWER DISSIPATION 500 vv\ W

differential in Put voltage *■50 V ,
Input voltage Cnote l) *12 V
OUTPUT SHORT CIRCUIT TIME INDEFINITE
OPERATIN 6 TEMPERATURE 0°CL TO 10° C■* (.. .

SHOULD NOT
SUPPLY VOLT

CHARACTERISTICS
INPUT OFFSET VOLTA
IlnPut RESISTANCE
VOLTAGE 6 AIN
common-mode reject RATIO
bandwidth
SLEW RATE
SUPPLY CURRENT
Power consumption

NOTE Z\ VALUES SHOV PlCAL

MINIMUM TO TYPICAL
 1—j -j *—J MKlJ —^ —1 —j ■——4 -- i—
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 COMPARATOR

THE.33.9
CONTAINS out z

iM&EPEMDENTt OUT 1 OUT.9

COMPARATORS,
■MAKING IT AN
ECONOMICAL
APPROACH to 1M
comparator
ClRCQiiT.S»i.. IT + IN1

PRokll * IN 3
single;. polarity
power supper. -HNZ

MAXIMUM RATINGS
Supply], voltage +3faV OR*18V
Power dissipation
differential input VOLTAGE
IMPyTL V0LTA(3EL
OUTPUT SHORT CIR
OPERATING TEM.PE

note i: OUTPUT TO GROUND...

DO MOTJ SHORT OUTPUT TO + V SINCE CHIP
WILL O'

CHARACTERISTICS (note z)

Input; offset *■ ZO >w\/l

VOLTAGE
SUPPLY 1
OUTPUT SINK CURRENT lo TO l(o A

NOTE Z : VALUES SHOWN ARE MINIMUM

TYPICAL.
 Aumo AMPLIFIER

SIMPLE .—TQ-I... ij)SjE..|

AvU DIO.i amplifier ♦gain GAIN
WITH GAIN OF
2.0. OPERATES
FROM, SINGLE
J^ksttiy , Amy)
CO NMECll iLOyUFi
CAPACITOR BETWEEN)
PINS it.AND 8 FOR

MAXIMUM RATINGS
—p~
SUPPLY VOLTAGE.^.
DISSIPATION
INPUT VOLTAGE
ZL OPERATING TEMPER

1
SUPPLY RANGE
STANDBY
output... Power
VOLTAGE 4<SAIN
SAtpttuii d|tb
total HARMONKU.-Q:
IK) PUT RESISTANCE. W-...

tmmmsM

8 ~T
SPKR
VOLUME
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I 1
l-i- —*- MX
 inverting AMPLIFIER
input is
lNJ\/E.XTEt>
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Gft

EXAMPLE:L-IF El 1O0O OKM.S

El i lO.Ooo OMi , THEM G fi
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»ST COMMON
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BURD ■mis SIMPLE CIRCUlTj. 4 PLA sti c

BREADBOARD TO LB N 4- Basics THELlJ
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CIRCUIT \>UOR<S E THIS :

R1 THEM COWT

Viw CVOLTS)
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Ckksh)

THIS IS AMONG THE MOST VERSATIU

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IS S.S VOLTS AND Vf • i V w f--j r—
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OME OR EorH P voltages

SUPPLIED 6V A DIVIDER :
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Build {0^440 rcuit on a bread board to

learn basics of the. WINDOW comparator.
USE VOLTMETER to set (Ri) AND
Vr&p low (rs). (connect Probes across Pin 2
of Xhsa And (sroond • Adjust Rl. Repeat
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JULi.TO.V4RV..y.uU J , I |. I 1 1. 111
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THIS IIS.A VAJIM DOW COM PA RATO

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PHOTOTRANSISTOR
VERY RESFfcN

PROTO TRANSISTOR

zn zzzz

C RADIO SHACK

ILLUMINATE TO ACT) V ATE RECAT

PHOTORESISTOR
illuminate
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Rq keeps.;, q OFF UN)TIL. 7>
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DARK ACTIVATED ALERTER

f
look M.7K <i-

IDE.MTV CA4- *T0 ABOVE. CIRC

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ler vj ith Red
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PHOTOCELL

II6MT

15 K
AAA
CO kinjECT

SPEAKER
A toPUFlEfc

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TO In)CREASE TOkiE
FREQUENCY AMD
CaS 1 TT>REDUCE*
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BALANCE

AAA

PIEZO
 S E HOT\V tTY X16Eft METE R

CIRCUIT IS
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TOO MUCH LIGHT
WILL " SLAM'
NEEDLE.; OF AM
AM^L06 METER

t
Stlr MET e.
loxA

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SOUND>- LEVEL METER

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C\RCUIX4*S AM EFFECTIVE
R.R.1 CONTROLS THE GA
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A MULTIMETER. SET TO READ
WAS TESTED luiTH A PlEZO
rED A £>.S KHz. TOME JAT A Sound
of 190^6. when the Buz
lomTHE MICROPHONE Amd R1 was
AXIMUM GAIN, THE M EtEr[.Li-L-4

NORMAL SPEECH GAVE

FLUCtu ATI SIGNAL UP TO
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VARIABLE FREQUENCY

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THIS C!
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Co/4
TROLLED BY

f*OR iMANUAC And... 0 Rum.

coMtROL REMOVE SOUNDS CAN
BE PRODUCED
And place switch

6 ROUND
—— —
r
Cl»
100 k T\001 J
u A/

VOLU MVE

Sound level

——i
UNTIL: !; OR l
clvcks per second
ARE EMITTED b(yJ
THE SPEAKER.
NO\4-M>JUst-.R3
jujiTkiSPEARER
E NUTS A.|TDNE4
BACK OFF UNTIL
tone tost
control
PITCH.
 VOLTS

Cutoff
FREQvEMCY
107 TIMES
maximum
output,

ztt RC

Gf\ InJ = IZH/R3

(about i.sr)

TWIS \S AKi EQUAL COMPONENT SALLEKi

FILTER RS SHOULD 6E .SBQkiRjk.
BELouj IS RESPONSE OF FILTER. WHE
WAS U It VOLT VUAvE

%loo SL ‘ Si -'1 ■
A 1 R.PD fc 2 1.1
- -"5 300 Hz :
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C.UTOF• F s
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MAXI MU M
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GAIN M./RS
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THIS \RCU\T \S.[ IbEwTICAL TO THE EQUAL

COMPONENT SAUENJ-KE^ FILTER ON FAC l MG
PAGE L EXCGPT :R1. AnD RE.AnD-Lcl AkJD CE
HAVE BEEN INTERCHANGED. 4_.EELow.4-15
RESPONSE WHEN IKJPUTL WAS A i- VOLT SlwE WAVE

H.IOOSL

CALCULATED

frequence
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RESULTS For.
|
TEST iVERSlONS j

of Roth filters.
UsiPirr WAS 1-Volt 00

PEAR-TO PEAK SI ME \a;Av;6

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ADJUST

TUNiEL

THIS Filter can> be.

;wed BV R2. tc Pass
*M\AJ ;F&Ejau6»CY BAnAlJ BETWEEN) A FEW
HUMDRED..Hz AkiD about 2tOoO Hz
DETECT PRESEMCE ro/u = !m A Sl£/uAL
Actual Response IA>4t 444 WfMEi*
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t J
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insert L Phone PLUG CONNECTED T T1 PART
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IS;.ACTUAL

YELLOW

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BR\£RTn£SS^.I NCR) creen
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TO A.tV Aw D
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J AMD rypicAL results

□:l PREO.OE.WCY
,oo: L. 11— i H80 Mi RI-rz-pi.Replaced by
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Jd 1. iss- P, n
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7 P«T Ui
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OUTPUT,
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J
J

BELOW

Adjust R5
.l4>.TUiJ„.i\RCUlT
OSCULATES.

3, A n t> qh Form, i
- tee Filter ult.li.Ekll-
COM Sj£CT£ D
HE FEED 6 AC K An] OP-AmP
SEWER ATE. S A
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TVPICAL RESULTS PREauEjOCV

CIRCUIT
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WAVE

Circuit.I SHOWN
operates IK Hz
use in f
TO VARY THE

t
> F13 rT
£ 100 K

100K
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transmitter on a tripod For best results.
Doubling t\*e diameter of the] Rccciuer
LENS WILL APPROX 1MAT6LV DOUBLE _1_l-
MAXimum Range. .For more Idetails, see
"A PRACTICAL.INTRODUCTION TO L/GMTUjA l/JE
COMMUNICATIONS " (FORREST MIMS* SAMS . J.982).
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 The first RadioShack Engineer's Mini-Notebook was "555 Timer 1C Circuits."
This little book was an immediate success, and it was soon followed by "Op Amp
Projects" and "Optoelectronics." This volume of the Engineer's Mini-Notebook
Collection includes all three of these best-selling Engineer's Mini-Notebooks.
More than two dozen 555 timer circuits are featured in this volume, including
tone generators, LED flashers,
sound-effects circuits and a touch
switch. Also included are more
than 50 operational amplifier
circuits, many with simple formulas
to help modify them for special
circuits of your own design. Finally,
a wide range of optoelectronic
circuits and projects are featured,
including many LED circuits and
various lightwave communication
systems.

Forrest M. Mims III has written dozens of books for RadioShack. He personally builds
every circuit in his best-selling Engineer's Mini-Notebook series. He then uses a 0.7mm
mechanical pencil to create pages for the finished book.
Building tiny instruments for model rockets, travel aids for the blind and high-power
lasers is how Forrest got his start in electronics. When he's not writing RadioShack books,
he writes magazine articles and teaches experimental science at the University of the Nations
in Hawaii.
Forrest also does scientific studies of sunlight, the atmosphere, mosquitoes and bacteria
using instruments he designs and makes. A simple instrument he developed to measure the
ozone layer earned him a prestigious Rolex Award. NASA has sent Forrest and his instruments
to several of the Western states and twice to Brazil to measure the effects of smoke from
giant fires.
Forrest is a member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, the National
Science Teachers Association and several scientific societies. He lives in Texas with his wife
Minnie and their youngest daughter Sarah.

Printed in USA