Build projects

to detect:
• Rain drops
• Temperature
• Earthquakes
• Haze
• Pressure
• Solar radiation
• Motion

And more

orrest M. Mims III

 Cl RCUIT CV MBOLS

FIXED VARi A^LE: Fixed polarized

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Rectified/ ZENER PNP N PM

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21““ O
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ME TE R LAM P 6ATTERY op-amp

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MiMSm

First printins-2ooo

CO PYR.IGHT ©19%, M<?8 ■1000 sv FORRtSTArt. M(MSJU

, RESERVED . .Li I
 ABOUT THE ENGINEER'S
MINI-NOTE BOOK COLLECTION
E AC H BOOK I/M THIS COLLECTION INCLUDES
THREE OR FOu R. ENGINEERS MlAJl“ NOTEBOOKS.
EACH BOOK INCLUDES EotH STANDARD CIRCUITS
AnD CIRCUITS DESIGNED g>Y FORREST m. mimshi.
EACH Circuit ujM Bujlt And TESTED AT LEAST
tvuicE-. the circuits iu£RE ALGO Built FROM
the Final. Zook to P/nD Errors.

variations in components And construction

METHODS MAY CAUSE YOUR RESULTS TO D'FFEB
FR.OMV THOSE DESCRIBED HERE. THEREFORE
the Author and radioshAgk. are not
responsible for the suitability op the
CIRCUITS FOR Any application, for example,
the CIRCUITS IN THIS Sook SHOULD AJOT BE USED
FOR MEDICAL APPL/CAT?OnS, SAFETY DEVICES ,
traffic controllers or Any other use
that Might somehowj Result im damage
to Property or injury to You or others.
IT IS YouR responsibility to determine
IF COMMERCIAL USE, sale or MANUFACTURE
OF Any DEUICE BASED on /n Fo^maho/v /aj
THIS Book INFRINGES Any PATENT 1 coRvA/GHT
OR OTHER. Right.

FOR MORE IMPORTATION!

Due TO the MANY INQUIRIES RECELU6D 6Y THE
Author and Radioshack, it is mot possible
to Provide CUSTOM circuit DESIGNS AnD
TECHNICAL advice. YOU CAN LE4RN more
about electronics FRom other Books
AVAILABLE FROM RADIO SHACK AnD FROM
Radios mac k. lab kits, electronics
MAGAZINES are also a good solace of
information, various Electronics sites
Ok) the internet AhD WORLD WIDE. VvEE
ARE Also very helpful.
2
 I

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GO-MO GO SENSORS
4.{.M&alog semsors

SENIORS Aisnsr^^
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-j. MyLtl j-lMg.fr k^fr^Ml 1 I
tactile P-eeoaAck switch
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PIEZOELECTRIC VIBRATION SENSOR

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PENDULUM QUA,DR&Nf femriTTcj1
SWITCU-TYPE ALARM SYSTEMS
{-4 OPE-M- circuit alarms .i.4 1 ~|
C LO S Et>-jaR<tu ixi- ALAR K X
|.uiari^tiYiewir ; security, alarm 2h

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ANAIDG PRESSURE SENSOR 10-11
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STRAIN SENSORS 31
STRA\M SE.NSOR APPLICATIONS 33
4—j —II
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!
TJ
i STRAIN SFNSOR P.ELAV 3H
;
i

<;tr&iN SFnsoi? TONE GENERATOR 3H

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STRAIN sensor amplifier IS

—* MAGAIFT r EIFLD SENSOR 1(o

magnEtxc Field switch 37

magnetic field amplifier 37

VlhFH
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-
SFNSORS
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38
VIDEO MONITOR TONiE GENERATOR 39
VIDEO MONITOR RBLAT CIRCUITS HO' HI
T. VlOEo MONITOR SENSOR PROGRAM.> H1-H3

LIGHTNING SENSOR HM-HS —

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—— INFRARFD SENSOR H (b —
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infrared switch .4 k
i infrared amplifier H7

POLARIZED LIGHT H8
POL ARTZED LIGHT SENSOR H9
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INTEGRATED LIGHT SENSORS SO
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: IR. REMOTE CONTROL SENSOR
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Light activated relav 51
APTIFM 1 FV/FI SFNSDRC> 5Z
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VARIABLE TONE LEVEL SENSOR 51
• SVJITCHED tone level sensor 51
l
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H. MAG MET SEMSOR PROJECTS

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.MAGNETIC FIELDS Em
1. MA6.NE.TAC POLES f4—
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U LAk H b MAGNET C F ELD 5S

[^.-L|.„.L..kAR.,tlAjs...[. 6£.0 GRAPiuLlPQCfiS 5L
EftijLTUlS MAGNETIC. POLES* * £(o
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..j. 51
N E.T \ C . 2ACTERL A |_4 M

. ArrLILAl IONS FOR MAGNETS 58

.... IVlAGNt1 CONE GU RAT ONS 59 i j

_i_j_L J. TEiKPORA RV MA6NETS _ icQ i *
PElRMAN ENT MAGNETS LQ nr
—1—1—LL.Jjdiki.6l... A NLP cAran£ For magnet?i i,- LI

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-J.J- 1.J.Msj C. H A LLi SENS 0 fij dl Rc lmtt 1 i *70
1.HALL SEMSOR OUTPUT VOLTAGE 9i j
l_1_1_i_L.HAUL sEmSorI + / oGir c i rcuit pi i
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INTEGRATED DIGITAL HALL SENSOR 91

HALL SIELsArULAMPLlplER *73

Integra ted linear hall senior. 73> j

HALL SENSOR SPECIFICATIONS 79

Basic IgA dss meter. 7H

Power hall sensor ns

HALL LAMP DRu/ER 4~ 75

HALL SENSOR OPERATING TIPS 7G

WALL SENSOR MAGmET SEPARATION 77

Flux concentrators 77

BEST magnet ARRANGEMENTS 78

HEAD-ON OPERATION 78

SLIDE-S'/ OPERATION 78

push - Push operation 79

Push - Pull operation 79

-4—
INTERFACING DIGITAL SENSORS i. 80

LED . intERPACE QO

transistor interface 80

TTL LOG lL.Ll.bi

£RFACE 81

CMOS LOG 1C INTERFACE 81

APPLICATION CIRCUITS
FERROUS METAL INDICATOR 82.

HALL SENSOR RELAY 81

4-4 LEUEL INDICATOR SH ti
(MAGNET POSITION DETECTOR. 85
Dual-output rAll sensors 8<®
Field strength ear graph 87

WALL SEfOSOR DIRECTION INDICATOR 88

ULTRA-SENSITIVE MAGnET SWITCH. 89
magnet music 90
MUSICAL PENDULUM 91
DAMPED OSCILLAT/N G TONE-i 91
Pressure- sen s j tive tone 91
Super -sensitive F/Eld sensor 92.
SUPER-SENSmuE FiElD SWITCH;.. 93
G/ANT COMPASS MAGNETOMETER 99i
HALL SEMSOR NORTH ComPA£5 95
SPEC/AL/ZED HALL SENS ORS 9G
A3H21 Direct(oM SEmSoR 9G
_: ArS GlO GEAR TOOTH SENSOR 9G

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SOLAR ENERGY MILESTONES ib-m

100

MEim rhibpirkfam —Hr too

100
l-L-.pkfifi. COiMSTAMT TABLE 101

SUNLIGHT AND ATMOSPHERE

...~ ~ ^ . . I.— - ioi
Mmqmfi'' l [Til MM 10H
MOW $OLAR CELLS \AJ0R1< 10H
solar, cell £pp»ency 1 OB
SILICON SOLAR CELL RATINGS 10<*
SILICON SOLAR CELL VOLTAGE 1 Ole
increasin g solar cell vo.ltAge 10<o
SILICON SOLAR CELL CURRENT 107
increasing solar cell current 107
soldering leads td SOLAR CELLS 108
MOUNTING SOLAR CELLS 110
advantages of mounted cells 110
INSTALLING CELLS IN AN ENCLOSURE no
.MOUNTING SOLAR CELLS CM A PANEL in

SOLAR CELL CONCENTRATORS liz

14.PARABOLIC REFLECTOR HZ
i. FRESmEL LEWS 4.41113)
1—1.TROUGH. CONCENTRATOR j 113

|.L Box CONCENTRATOR .FT.'jl ?3[

SOLAR CELL BATTERY CBARGEREji im

storage battery precautions 11H
SOLAR CELL BATTERY CHARTER 114>
^9M|ITOftlH4.A SOLAR.CHARGER.1_

ICE A SOLAR CELL INTO SPACE iia

i—4—f—4-

~|--1—4—i- H—*--I-- ■r—i—1~ J_i_L_J_4_4_ 4—4—.

-I.. i I j IN
SOLAR POWERED MOTORS.t U4 xzz.
BAS\C SOLAR POWERED MOTOR.
J.|.UikiUgft ] I 1- XXL
sr^f mp-Hm
4-r.SOLAR MOTOR W»TH BATTERY BACKUP .I43

solar Actuate d :i^CTQRsr:uit 129

Povaj ER PET A c tu AtqR M) i I | 1 129
TRANSISTOR actuator. . 129
4-4.POVJ £R FET ACTUATOR .i-i.l-i-i. 125
OP AMP-PowER PEt actuator J.ZS

SOLAR CELL LIGHT METERS

44 ~~

lZ(o
i L Ll GHT METER; (jJO LT A6E TYPE) XVo
UGHTMETER (.CURRENT TYPE) XZU>
4 SOLAR, cell radiometer 127

SUMUGHT ACTUATED) 128

LIGHT ACTU/VTED RELttjaljlf: 129

BREAK- BEAM bETECObKl itthtt 130
5TEADY-STATE BREAK-BEAM SV5TeML.4 131
Puls6.0 break-seam system 132.
Pulsed break-beam transmitter; 132
pulsed break-beam receiveru.1.133
IjSDM POWERED TONE GENERATORS! 139
solar Powered pie.-z.o gnawed 139
SOLAR POWERED DUAL CSATE OSCILLATOR 139
SOLAR PowERED S5S OSCILLATOR 135
solar powered clickers 135

ti ght ddNT r olleh^tome 13 (*

1.l-UCWT controlled sss oscillator 13L
GAIN LICMT ComtAoLLED TONE 137

IR REMOTE COMTROLTESTERSt Ibs

Piezo and magnetic testers 138
TRAns\stor remote CONTROL TESTER L 4 139
.I — OP AmP remote, control tester!-].14. 139

SOLAR POWERED MIGHT LIGHT mo

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ELECTRONIC SENSORS DET£C“ r._PRESSURE M£/A'rr
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ARP AMnNO THE SENSOR APPi/ .lb AT j ri MS 1 0 TUl *"*4>
(mwmi Mini- note Boo k . Vou can make SOME SENSORS-7 »
And many sensors and sensin £ SV5TFM ■ w.f ~ < —,—^
are Available from. radio shack store s !
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VALUES ARE UNAVAILABLE . YOU CAN USUALLY
T
SUBSTITUTE-VALUES [. UJiTH IN 10 TO 20 % DF
.THE SPECIFIED 4.V/ACUE.L i
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F*****'H '—-j-
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■ — 3, ALWAYS BUiLD A TEST VERSIONJ Of " A ■ T
j

CIRCUIT ON A SOLDERLESS BREAD BOAR r I

BEFORE MAKING A PERMANENT V ERS IOM.
this Lull allow you to make MDD/Tlr ATi DNS
— TO} f THE1 j CIRCUIT.
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SAFETY FIRST —

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1. POWER SENSoR CIRCUITS AIITV\*—-M RAttFRIFS 4.— 4*
—„.L-_l.j.»—..j-. .} j . -j. . j ,j. i
2. DO'IT- YOURS El f sensor ‘ IRCU IT. ADf N/DT I
— Appropriate, for medical app/utatoms’ ng
WH.£Nl HUMjAhU.4.£fc jojgj SM£JTY IS AT Rv s,k . -■*—

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AM;. ELECT ROMVC SEMSOR RES fiDM 05 TO AN)
EXTERNAL STIMULUS SUCH AS LIGA^T.
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TORE. KOST SEMSORS CAM g£ PLACED IN)
ONE. OF TWO CATEGORIES.* Simple go-mo go
SEmSORE that act KuCH lire am OM-OFF
SWITCH AND AMALOC3 SEN50RS WHOSE
OUTPUT IS PROPORTION)AL TO THE STIMULUS*

MAGNETIC REED SWITCH PEmduluka

(KAAGMET SEMS6R) (VIRRATIOM SENSOR)

Soke GO-MO GO SEMSORS INCLUbE AN)

AmALOG SEmSOR AMD A CIRCUIT THAT
SWITCHES Ont (OR OFF) WHEM THE AMPLITUDE
OF WHAT VS 8EIMG SEMS^D EXCEEDS
(OR FALLS BELOW) A ceRTAIM C£|/EL.
OfTEM THE PO|mT~ At WHVCH THtEi CIRCUIT,
SWITCHES CAM 6E ADJUSTED gV ADD/MGU
OR.LCHAMGIMG „THE VALUE OF Am EXTERt .
MAL Resistor or by a dic/tal sujitchX-
ARRAV
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MATCH

MANYanalog sensors A CIRCUIT

TO PREPARE- THE SIGNAL FOR AM OUTPUT
iisiDvcATOR- AM ESPECIALLY USEFUL CIRCUIT jS
TAE OPERATIONAL- AMPLIFIER (oP AMP*). THE
OP AMP CAW transform the TINY CuRREMT
FRoM A PHOTODIODE INTO A V/OLTAGE THAT IS
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PHOTODIODE
OUT
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' V-' — AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS

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TRANSFORMS I.THE SIGNAC FROKM^fci SEOSoR
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UNDERSTAND. OnE APPROACH IS TO CHANGE
THE S\6NAL INTO A STRING OF PuLSES
whose frequency is pro Portionac to the
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IS THEN PROGRAMMED TO COU/OT TH4__ PocS£S
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FREQUENCY
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SIGNAL FREQU6NCY

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A STANDARD SWITCH WHEN
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thus) SWITCHESTRY THESE SWITCHES

MULTI LAYER SWITCH

PouJERED Circuits ONLY

A” OVERHEAD TRANSPARENCY FILM WITH

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cemented or taped to
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WHISKER SWITCH; APPU

ROBOTICS

HMDOSTRY PAM G WHISKER. OjVER CONVEYOR g£L1

TO Detect CARTONS AND OBJECTS. PASSING gV

RES|fLfRiCH-;DRAG WHISKER OVER. Soil OR 6RAGS

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PHYSICS OF LEVER SWITCHES

THE WHISKER SWITCH RELSiiUXSL BE Low
S A SECOND CLASS LEVER FRom. Postage scale
and Ruler, TAPED to
APPLIED PIVOT SWitch LEVERj RULER
FORCE WAS PRESSED A6AINST
SCALE PLAT FORK.

(cw\)| FORCE (Sr.

PUFF SW1TC
il
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OR jSiM.jp/ft gfr IjNjfq.aJtuSE
switches are expensive and hard to FUND ■i-i
Sot Vou cam eas\ly make them, of THE
VARIOUS KINDS X HAVE MADE THE TYPE J
HERE IS THE MOST RELIABLE.

PRVNJClPLE of OPERATION*

BLOW EXPANDABLE
HERE BLADDER

Switch

MOI STuRE IM VOuR BREATH WILL CO AO DEM

INSIDE THE TUBE AMD CAUSE A SWITCH MEC
TO CORRODE OR STICK. THIS METHOD KEEPS
MOISTURE AWAV FROM THE Switch. BEL
- |

A.| DEMONSTRATION SWITCH WHICH CAAJ Form

}
THE BASIS OF A WORKING f -j.

|
A&UARVUM. ^_
TU BING SMALL MEDIUM

2
PERIODICALLY BALLOON
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ARRANGE MEMT ALLOWS YO

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m.

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IN TACK. OK TO ATTACH
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TO.PHomE
TO OPEN SWITCH plug cove.R

SWITCH
ruis SWITCH CLOSES WHEN A
steel Air Gum shot CBS) Rolls
AGAINST THE TERMInALSIIN a
1/&-INCH PHONE PLu6,.INVERT
Phone plug to open switch

Prototvpe = D ZINC-PLATED
-S' v^^vi gg COATED WITH A
LATER OF PROTECTIVE LACQUER
which Does mot conduct
ELECTRIC ITT. THEREFORE X
PLACED 8B IN SMALL HOLE SORED
IM WOOD, MELTED SOLDER OVER.
it amd Pushed bb from hole with
SOLDERING I RDM. C%> g WAS HOT1,)
MUSIC WIRE VIBRATION SENSOR
Music wire, (available from. Kosgv and craft
SToRES) IS STIFF STEtL WIRE THAT SPRINGS
BACK TO ITS ORIGINAL POSITION AFTER BEING
Sent gently. music wire can be used td
MAKE MANY KINDS OF TILT AMD VIBRATION
switches that work in various Positions
CAUTION*. USE DO-iT-youRSElf SENSOR LIKE THIS
only for battery-powered applications!

Music RISKING
wire WEIGHT

COPPER CLADDING

BUZZER. LIGHT OR ALARM

SCREW
REDUCE SENSITIUITY
By moving weight
WASHER CLOSER TO CLIP OR
6V INCREASING GAP
SOLDER BETWEEN W'RE END
AND COPPER FOIL.

lead fishing
WEIGHT __

circuit Board
( NO COPPER)

WASHER

HARDWARE
 VIBRATION SENSOR
CERTA.IM CRYSTALS

BRIGHT

SETUP &ELOUJ IS A SEISMIC SENSOR.

VERSION X MADE DETECTED TRAINS
-E £l.L> kM'i AujAW
>S FROM THE PIEZO
ANALOG . VOLT METER.
WILL CAUSEJTHE MEEDL
VOLT OR SO % THE. UJEl
FISHUJS VJEVGHT OR A VOLT BAT
• ■ • »*\ ;
ruler
A
SRICK ir. M- 7 J .-

\
fM 1 Piezo elememt
(.HALF OVER EDGE
Ruler Bottom BRlC

HEIGHT (.MOVE
CLOSER TO 6RICRTO
REDUCE sensitivity
PENDULUM SWITCH
PENDULUM SVU ITCHES ARE IDEAL FOR
DETECTING TILT AND VISRATION. T>t£V ARE
USED IN SECuRvTT SVSTEMS AnD SEISMIC
sensors. Pendulum switches are
EASILY MADE PROM. READILY Al/AlLAgLE
MATERIALS. HERE'S OnE VOU CAM MANE.

SOLDER lug

WRAPPING
WIRE

WASHER

CHASSIS

OPTIONAL
SECOND
SENSOR
AmD PZ2. r-~ N DECK
piezo electro e. r -"jL' ‘'I1
SuZZERS. OPtiOnAc
damping
LEAD PISHING Fluid
WEIGHT (mineral oil')

Swasher- use tinned washer, solder a

WIRE TO WASHER. CEMENT WASHER OVER HOLE
DRILLED IN THE SENSOR DECK.

CHASSIS IS PLASTIC OR METAL ENCLOSURE.

Sensor deck, is circuit §oard material
(without COPPER PoilV Second SENS OR DECK
HAS WASHER WITH LARGER HOLE THAN
WASHER i/O UPPER DEC k. TH/S PROVIDES A
second Signal As tilt or vieratioaj /5
INCREASED.
2.0
PENDULUM QUADRANT
REPLACE 1UE SIMPLE GO-MO 60 WASHER.
Slouch on the Facing page with a
CIRCULAR. ARRAY OF FOUR OR MORE SE6MENTS
AMD You CAM MAKE A SlViiTCA WHICH IMDt4-~
cates ithe direction of tilt or werat/oaO.

TOMECWz')

I izoo

select
VALUES DIRECTION
OF TUT
CONTROLS
table TONE.
ABOVE
TO PENDULU

USE * 18
OR LARGER DIFFERENT
COPPER VALUE FOR
EACH C
TO GET
M TONES

HOLES...
CONDUCTIVE SECURE
SEGMEaT*
WIRES
 i ^

f—

SWITC TYPE ALARM >

_,.,.A

many se.cvjR.rr/ alarm systems, use

OM-OFF (SPST^ SWITCHES to DETECT OPEN
Doors AmD windows or viSRATtoM* MAGajEl
SVO ITCHES ^ KBrAL FOIL (WHICH SREARS .......
-j-
*

VUKEo a window IS 8£oREn') Aiub V/lBRATiON

SENSORS ARE OFTEN USED. T

_L

TYPICAL MAGMET SWITCH

SWITCH TO Ac ARM. DooR
L ,, IM( _ [
•

.™1

nwaaii

_L
f

i,.
r

LwiM,

BASIC OPEN CIRCUIT ALARM

PAnvC, ALARM

Alarm, (bell , siren^ suzzer

Activated when a switch
THIS CIRCUIT .LS EASILY DEFEA
Cutting A WIRE..
 i i
; 1i
— —i...,_ _
!
r ^ | _J
r
1
—

-4“ IMPROVED C PEN circutr A\L.A>RNV -1

_ u_J_ 1 Ji ITT.
* i

— 1»
- — RESET A/ ARM.
—.L.,.— ^ <iWlTcH
_1_ SM _ 4
MM<{
i.j£y
__r _§ J
njoRmal ly _ - J -_-4

0 pe-N c
V V—
c E NlSoR.
f+1
f— *—
i •
SWITCHE' > < * m f•V
i V
* / /
T \ ie VY *
r
1 S Li 7i 3 q \j r
»« ■/
Soo.IL — -
1
Kfl 1TAIs RE.Li\v s -—

fV r 'V '/i
y qv
-
N<>R K ally OPF— r
i_ L
UJHEN A SENSOR SWITCH iS CLOSED IHE —«

until me
the circuit
switch \

CLOSED-CIRC LI IT ALARM
THVS CIRCUIT MONITORS THE ALARM
SENSOR SWITCHES CONTINUOUSLY
THE ALARM IS ACTIVATED IF
A SWITCH WIRE VS Cut.
THE RE LAV DRAWS CURRENT
CONTI NO0USLV. ^

RELAY

NORMAUY- 500-11

PRESS Sfi
ACTIVATE
(INTELLIGENT SWITCH

WHEN alarh

WHICH

IOORnaAlLV '
OHNA. WHEN
coRP.es pond if
THE OUTPUT.
ABOVE, IP T
IS OPEN, -n
WHICH Of T
OPEKi. WITH
the output
2j AMD 3 AJ

IMPORTANT TIPS
MlAJCS A^D
 Readout

RELAW (5volt,500Ji.')

RESISTANCE
INDICATED
BY METER
4 R1L
REVEALS
PRESS AND RELE ——-1 I2v WHICH
S8 TO ACTWATE Sou ITCH
1p 2
normally
pushbutton switch ohm
METER
ITCH

OPERATION

WILL SOUND

2. IF ALAR.K SOUNDS , TOGGLE

READOUT POSITION) TO SILENCE
Switch on ohk meter and
Resistance.* if resistance i
ohms, THE BATTERY IS Too h
 OR WATER
w-closed SWITCH KEPT
/\ SugST^Cc THAT MELTS
OR Dissolves ujhen
THE ScuiTCH OPEMS

:tion) op B.tRTHDAY CAMPLE |n

DITCH 'AJliLC OP£.M ; LUHCaJ
IP CLOTHES P/H BuftKJS AuaHY

WATER SOLUBLE
I ,<5ap4X.L-.

%imib

Pl/J-7 closed PAPER CUP

C MORMAL)
SENSOR GAP")

SlMlP i

(ACTUATED)
Com/j£ctiow
IajIRE

SCREW
 1— -j.

1 1
ri
~1
1
_j :

!j 1<
j- -1 —1i
1
1

.u;.
ACTIVATE A 444vNiigJE4
GR 8022Eft Um£N A DOOR,.}..
4
\m \ w t> o w oa ma -ioJUis I
OPENED* THE i/ERsion
iSAoWis)4..BEa4*Js4-WORMAUY j_„...
CP£fO. THlSlUtAMS iXREL.L-
SUMTCH CAM BE BYPASSED'.
BY CuTriM-fii-iiTi t£Alj54...
Fpr LHft8^ukic4oie4>.
OPERATION USE-; THE SWITCH
ON facing P&St Amo
ADJUST SCREW SO THAT IT
TOUCHES the. paper :czltpj„.
when the Pull strip 15
\M PLACE. AjTHKSfc&fc Pull
StR\P might be necessary
IF YOU USE THE NORMALLY
closed switch .iui£is<ki.wk.

fc.rit SCREWS am& nuts

HEAD Of
ONE QjBL-jJ&OTH SCREWS
SO CLOSING ;TVj\ei
Suj ITCH I/JILL ICAWSE
CLOTHES -crrTTT^ T]o [pfofe
Pull .togetheriand wor.4.
SLIDE TO CNF SIDE*

CORD Plastic Bu ll . STRIP

lS-l-4ut FROM... PL A S-nC
Bye MlLVL OR SOFT DRikik
SCREva/
1.1,1'i1. ll'
for. battery-powered
applications only!
VOLTAG E
GO-MOGO U0LTA6E SENSORS E4VE
USEFUL APPLICATIONS. THEV CAN 6£ MADE
0SIN£ Z£M£R. DIODES OR- COMPARATORS. |.

ZENER DIODE VOLTAGE SENSOR

VAJILL GLOKk)
l/JKEN IMPUT V0LTA6E
gREAKDOVJJN VOLTAGE

RANGES PROM AgOUT VOLTS

Desired current TMRoUSM

A CURRENT . 1^.60

BARGRAPP VOLTAGE SENSOR

> ■- -
j
<, R1
33C)
VOLTAGE
D1
A 5.i\/
USE 1/E
WATT L_ LED 1
,V
1>

input
TO IS VOLTS
OK. TO USE
BRE AKDOIOKJ
28
COM PAIR AT OR 3OTAG E
BASIC COMPARATOR VOLT A (SC SEHSDfi
ESEMCE 6F A voCTA<££ ABOVE OR
Belonaj AM ADJUSTABLE REPERCMCE VOLTAGE

h 10
0 a ~1

A 1
UJ -1-->■
in
$ 2
1
1
L
ti A
u _ L
O
> H
voltage. fjT
■ » ik) Put

ViOLTAGE Ijjr°[ IMPUT A

LED IS OM UJHE.K)
IMPVT IS ABOVE r —

REFERENCE VOLTAGE i

-i-
L -4-

1
1

_l

AT IK)PUT A
SIMPLE SENSOR
>LE SENSOR DDES NO*T PR.oVI
ISTENCH Of A PdtEnt/oMET
VERY EASY TO MARE.

PRl KITED
Circuit
Board
conductive
Plastic foah

PRINTED OUT
C\RCU»T
Board

Polishcopper SIDE Boards solder

connection vjiRes THEM
SANDWICH CO NDuCTIVE PLASTIC FOAM (USED
TD PROTECT ICs) between COPPER s
THE &OARDS. PLACE SENSOR IN SM/W
Box TD HOLD it together.

VOLTAGE
Ps AND R1 iFORN-
10K TO XOOK VOLTAGE DWIDEf
EEDVClNGl. 8.4
increases Tine
VOLTAGE at
ADJUST R1
CALIBRATE.

negative
voltage

Experiment with values

TdGvvE desired output. Cc
TO 61VE POSITIVE voltage Out
 dUH
STRAIN rft : j;
i
t
»

A^StRAIM GAUGE IS A RESISTOR HAVING 5U ; 1

resistamce uuH\Ch\ CBAmGES 1>jH£M THE
RESISTOR. SEnjT OR TUAStED- VOU
CAM easily MkE A kjoRRIkJG STRAIN GAUGE

FLEXigLE GRAPHITE
PLASTIC PEMCILS DO
(RouGuEm MOT HAuE
AJ\TH SAMD 6RAPHITE LEAD
PAPER If
HEcESSARV)

multimeter

BEMD SEnSOR TOWARD

GRAPHITE SIDE TO REDUCE
OR A\aJAT FROM GRAPHITE
SIDE TO INCREASE RESISTANCE

ComUECT
SEniSOR TO
CUP LEAD S
OR USE
method
BELOW *\. Multimeter

COPPER COPPER
Pc BOARD STRA\M GAUGE PC Board

solder

GRAPHITE SidECBoTTOM)
STRMN SENSOR APPLICATIONS
strain jSaoce project [monitor EdI the
of A MObEL ROCKET INSTALLED IN A WIND
RAPPED TD THE SIDE OF A ISM CHEVY..]
». HERE ARE OTHER APPLICATIONS;

E-SENS muE RESISTOR USE STRAIN

sensor D CONTROL FREQUENCY - Audio o$ci
OR EAin of amplifier.

4SITWE SuMTCH t U strain sensor

mvE touch switch

ACC6CER0METER- ATTAC ONE Ef

OF STRAIN SENSOR. MD\ chance
resistance of sensor

attach sensor to Bottom. s/Di

calibrate by placing
hr on. Platform.].1.

experimental- : Robotics
vibration And movEmen

STRAIN! SENSOR
TRY THESE VARlAT IONS INCREASE
MAKE LE-EnOED SEN50RS

ADJUS

STROKING PENCIL ERASER

Across graphite

TRY COAT INC CRAP Hi TE

Uu ITH THIN LA YE R Jo£-„
PAINT TD PROTECT.FROM
Un WANTED CHA/sj.C.^'4- I
HIGH SINGLE IN RES\StAncEJ j I j
sensitivity Ended
STRAIN SENSORC RELAY
TVWS Cl&CUXW- CAN 6 ADJUSTED TO
RELAY UjHEM SENSOR BENT OR. TVAJV

strain
SEmSOR
znzzzz

100K
-AAA-
RELAY
soo -R. i/oors

STRAIN SENSOR TONE GENERATOR

THE FR EQvEKJCV Of THE TONE FROM THE SPEAKER
CHANGES \AJWEAi rH£ SENSOR IS SEauT ORTWSTED.

INCREASE VAluE OF Ci
TO REDUCE FREQUENCY

strain
ft J

external
AuDfO
AMPliF/ER

O.Ol to
MAGNET I FIELD SEUSOR

Koto rs

Photo Res i

Photo transistor.

NO N-TRANS PAR. ENT TRAnS?AREnT

compass

USE CLEAR , DOUBLE-SIDED ’

TO ATTACH SENSORS TO T£j
TRANSPARENT COMPASS, TJ
Blacr PAPER ov£R sensors

test 8V Placing compass on clear Sox on white

PAPER. ROOM Light IN ill BE REFLECTED UPWARD.
INSTALL COMPASS AMD LED IN LIGHT-TIGHT SOX. —f
 MAGNETIC FIELD W ITCH
ROTATE COMRASS SO
PCI IS OUER NE£DCE

R.2. Controls
SENSITIVITY
compass

look I look

adjust compass
SO LEO iuQcSdS ON WHSAi
f-»—f .
LL J Gv MPA ft. CflNAPACC

MAGNET 1C HELD AMPLIFIER

LiiGaThTI 6HT ROTATE Cr\ kA ?n Pr ll
_L. EuCLOSuRE AMD Pc 2. ARF 0U£ R. MEeto/JP •*■*■*—

hJ±i L
.
±;
Y *RS - 1 TD LOM
T' r “1 1
_aaa_
i PCL PCE R3*
i i C V 7
•— j *'
i i
_laaaX 4AAAJ_ 1H fLjk
L

i i4 4 L 3 >
_
_

i
- -
+ /
m H tQlAkl&Lb/*
MULTIMETER

RZ.
look look

J ADJUST Rt UNTIL: M£T£R NEEDL

IS NEAR CEm TER OP SC ALE . iu H E
R3 IS TO Mi,.CIRCUIT b£T£CTEO
SL16WT MOVEMENT Of STRONG
MAGkjET £ METERS (L>F£Et) Au/A'j' i,
 — i i
~~

VIDEO MONITOR >

T *1;
w>iu«nji|
t
TAPE A UGMTt-SENSITIVE PHOTORESISTOR, t

;
?
_
!

PhotdtRansistoR or. solar cell to the > i 1

-t—j v™j
l

SCREEN) OF A4Wj!d£0 MONITOR. A SPOT OF

U£HT FLASHED ON) THE SCREEN UNDER THE
i 1
LI 6 HT SENSOR CAN THEN) CONTROL A TOME
GENERATOR, LIGHT OR RELAY. THUS LIGH‘

■:

*
u
ry
1
»
j
CIRCUIT
#•

PHOTORESISTOR

1GMAL- WHEN a program takes lc ~

OF TIME TO CRu/OcH PATA. USE THE MOUSE "rH .1

to move the Busy icom (s) uutil it js uwdi R -|

A LIGHT SENSOR TAPED OH THE SCREEN. CoNnEi rJ VJ

THE SEMSORTO A TONE GENERATOR. A VERY

PtSTUOCT CHANGE IN THE SOUND OF THE TDMl _| . •
WILL OCCUR WJHEM THE BUSY 'CON CHANGES ■•LmmvJ

CURSOR SYMBOL. WILL ALLOW •—*

Do . SOMETHIN G £6 ujH/le You ; *T—' 1

j
ITINJG FOR THE c
E AM OPERATION

!
2, CONTROLLER-wRtTE PROGRAMS IN i

Q BASIC OR OTHER LANGUAGES THAT

'BLOCKS OF LIGHT ON A BLACK. BACK
DIRECTLY UNDER 0ME OR MORE LIGHT *
THIS WILL ALLOW YOUft COMPUTER TO LL_
|
external lights, sounds And rela> UNDER *
5
PROGRAM CONTROL. j
.4T_

3. DRWE. SIGNAL- TAPE A LIGHT SENSOR Ou )

THE INDICATOR LIGHT FOR A HARD DRIVE. 0 ?-

CD-ROM DRIVE* CONNECT THE SENSOR TO A

TONE GENERATOR. EACH TIME THE4DRIVE w
...

.ACCESSED A TONE WILL SOUND. -J_

! 1 i
s 1 i
-f-i-~
Mj VIDEO CAMERA video cameras ARE IDEAL;
FOR WATChTHSH SLEEPING BIASV OR A FRont
Porch. But you MUST UJATCH THE MONITOR ~-
to KMOUl WH£N SOMETHIN HAS HAPPENED „
TAPE OH £ OR M ORE LiGHT S£MSORS TO the
PART OF THE; SCR SEN LuHERE MOVEN
CHANGES ARE MOST |Lj. KELy TO OCC THEM
cowkicir ! THE SE NSo1 TO JAiTTHRESH
DETECTOR 4 lAjHEfO!.THE ima<se om t MDMITOR
2HAN<SESv_iA, Buzzer CU/1L. sou/od.

EyEAS£.iMOTE ~ WHICE ALL THi

HAuE SEEM TESTED,.. THE V A
rr^EL&E-Sucxs Vou ogTAi/u WILL
INTERFERENCE FRafji_
AND UiHERE VOU ATTACH THE

VIDEO MONITOR TOME GENERATOR

CADMIUM. SuCFIDE
PHOTO RESISTOR.

(PC MEANS PHOTOCELL)

VIDEO
MjONITOR.
screen

fi4L
IMCP EASE 4-VALuE SPKR
OFCl to REDUCE
FREauEHcy ofn

OH TO REPLACE SPEAKER WITH Pl£2oeL.ECTR.«C BUZZES

ELEMENT. (R£l> WIRE TO PiN ^ AMO.SLACK. WIRE TO PIN 3.).J
 VIDEO MONITOR RELAY CIRCUITS
THE.'sE. CIRCUITS provide, a simple, meaus
^Q|ytRbiju)MiS external devices with
Sa.I.t.1.1.-1 -4—i—j—|.J—i—I—1
LIGHT-KC1\ VAT E D RELAY
RELAY DROPS Our WHEN SCREEN AT PCI IS £Rl£RT

PWOTO RESISTOR ADJUST SCREEN

(TAPE TO 5CREEI BRIGHTNESS AS ME

PCI- USE RE CONTROLS

black: TAPE

.v"■nI
<o
AAA j£ Xibiiriz. [
> |
R3 T .A,
—^
j
4
L*U
f
lie . -J.- • ■ ■ \w
*
1RELAY 1 n
~2
~
1^V.SOOJI f
v.
ua .
h*
LJI
i.—.
DARK
RELAY PULLS (S DARK.

PWOtORESISTOR + ^ V AOTUST SCREEN

(tape to screen) BRIGHTNESS as necessary

RE CONTROLS
SENSITIVITY

nrri !
—(

ZM111Z
I i i

yf
P /

LX \ _< RELAY
UsCREEnL„ Sv, 500JL
...

T—1 1 0
4t i
»
; !
 - »—

m
1 lL_ 7 f_i - - \. '
i_ -L -1 - i.i, . ::r:
i

t
m¥ 1 1 1 :
:
1
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
\
! i
i

—^ KA PROVE-D VI!PEO MONI ro;R RE:L A Y

:
'r~'
*

_5 „ t_j
i
y"~ l

US CIRCUIIT LJLJSES dual. PHOTO RE^SIS TC>R S K—H

e T~j . ...

^TElX X-

100K

lOOK

VOLT

Switching THRESHOLD

PAInT
PROGRAM
cursor

THIS CIRCUIT Easily RESPONDS TO VARIOUS CURSOR

GENERATED BY TYPICAL PAINT PROGRAMS. THE.
Prototype <could 8£.jS£t <via ra.) to Actuate .
THE RELAY LUMEN THE TEXT CURSOR IN MICROSOFT
PAINTBRUSH APPROACHED PCI (WHITE OaJ BLACK
"i—t"
H/BEO MONITOR SENSOR PROGRAMS
HERE ARE SOKE SIMPLE PROCRAMSjxCir
DEMONSTRATE HOW A Computer cam comtRol ,
EXTERNAL DEVICES VIA OWE OR MORE LiGUT
SEMSORS THAT RECEIVE PR06 RAMMED FLASHES

//
{x * At
THE SAME Place o/u the screen FOR
ON'OFF CYCLES :
—I—
REM >; c5M X OFF DEMD
CLS
FOR A - 1 TO lO
LOCAT E 20. SO : PRIWT " X"
XI FOR N — 1 TO IOOO : MEXT
LOCATE 20 , SO : PRINT * *
FOR M = 1 TO iOOO NJ EXT
NEXT A
EM D

-MuA this program. WORKS'.

FOR A - 1 TO 10 COMTROLS NUMBER OF

ON-OFF CYCLES. FOR EXAMPLE. CHANGE
10 TO lOO FOR 10O CYCLES.

LOCATE 20, SOI PRINT uX/; PLACES AM *X" AT

ROW 201 COLUMN SO. A TYP'CAL momjtoR HAS
I.is Rows AMD 80 COLUMNS. VOU CAM PLACE
4-4-.THE "x" ANYWHERE WITH IN THIS RANGE.

j |.For, m - i to looo: next m determines

HOW LOME, THE 11X" STAYS OM AnD OFF.
INCREASE THE SECOND MUMBER TO iAJ-dR£As£.[.
THE DELAV.
I 1 i ' } i ^ l i j J I | ! _2 j l I 1 ‘ „ [ , * ,, , < . j „_1 L... i i J

4- For flashing cursor, change locate StatEmcnts;

li .Ldc^^i.. .Roj)^far}T.i-Ti°i "? CcvRSOR oh)

XoCATE 20. SO, 1*1,0 (CURSOR OFF) r—,—J,-H

Mi.14
 ? T” —-,r — — -~~v4.
'"TT _J_!_ t; li j
_ r » —— 1
i 1...
. i_ : i1
r i JLjJ
p.L T| *1
j 1 j

program alternately f LASHES An vv>

5
...It. TWO ADTACENT LOCAT IONS TO CONTROL .1L
L— TWO LIGHT SEmSORS.
i t |
__L L . "•""H
!1
i

REn\,.i. Dual f: LASHER Routine

!
CLS _1_1_ (“*T
c“
FOR A = 1 T■0 10 —- —
\

LOCATE. 2C V
SO PR\nT 1 X — ' '—7'
PRinT 1 11
LOCATE Z<\ HO :
r'-r
FOR KJ - 1 TO looo 2 NEv r K1 t
——L
locate 2C V 50 : print " u
—— -L
u
• LOCATE 2.C HO : print " X
FOR N = 1 TO 1000 : njeki L N) --
X)Exr A — —t 1— —• — ”—T
End __i T"
• i r r _ |- _j.
f
-F
(NOTE*. TAlS FPROGRAM A N 0 THfI riKlf: OA)
PACIMG PAGE LOILL UiOGk IAJ1 TW BA<i c /P
\
Vou Place *\ CONSECUTIVE MUMER REPoR E -|v
EACH Ll/OfiL C TRY 10. 20. To Etc . SO —VO l i
j
CAM INSERT NEu) L.1 NES LATER 0 91
■1T
— P* mm 1 III ■ ......

MOD r T NG THE■ SC RtF-M <.

• 2>(M —
|4L *****
LOCATE S THf: SIM PLES-r COM MAN D Fn ft .1
•

PLACING A character At A DESIRED P/ Act T

bN THE SCREEN. 1 P "y " OR OTHER KEVROA RC) -i u
\

CHARACTERS Do M6T PRoi/lDE ENOUGH LlGA r J.1

»
... — [or contrast TO ACTH/A T£ VOl/R SENSOR —j}
.Increase the SCREEN BRIGHTNESS OR TRV Vs.M — —4.l
An) A ECU CHARACTERs Accessed kv the CNR
* • L
r —F
Statement. FOR Example: <
——.—
. -— .i. ! !
—j.
Locate 2( 207. P R. | n) 1 —CHft^ V17R \/— 1
_L..1_ ' j
—~T1
PLACE. S A 1UNITE fIDX ON THE SCREE/N. i
--
•
—— other s U TABLE ascii j >VM 80L5t— IAJCXIJC>£ '-j-
_I _-L. ,.r *
1
n- 17L> 1 - n<? * - 2.1(o □ -it D 04•2H R 1
|
^_ 177 ± -
197 □ - Lift □ - it 3 — 0 — 2 so
! 1 «»
r-i— _5. ;. . _J.. .1. .—
r PROGRAM MANUALS. FOlR COMPLETE L 15r.
..SEE
r—~ ;jj» *i; t —i—
1 ^ .L.! . i t *~"~1 “T ~ I1 3
j | I 1
l t
—1—»— — -*.-*- -*--i.-
USE THIS ClRCUl
DETECT distant
Of LlGHTNlN G.
H
THUNDERSTORM
✓*
5
-—
<|
5
SO LAR

B1
q VOLTS

SINCE A LvCHTMVNG g« G/AnT

RADIO TRANSMITTER , A
CAn DETECT LIGHTNING
And crackles Vou hear do not reveal
the DIRECTION Of THE LIGHTNING. TH/S
CIRCUIT INDICATES THE GENERAL DlRECTJO

IT WILL. DETECT
TOO

FOR gEST RESULTS MOUNT THI SOLAR Jc<

BEHIND A J MAGNIFY INC LE/NS. A LARGE
Plastic presnel lens such AS THE
flat plastic lenses sold... a
MAGNIFIERS WORKS IN ELL* THE LENS
INILL COLLECT MUCH MORE LIGHT THAN
THE SOLAR- CELL A LOME AND IT INILL
/HAKE THE SENSOR VERV DIRECTIONAL.
 OPTIONAL led output.
LED UHLL FcicKER A NO
FLASK \fs) RESPONSE
TO LiVgMTkliKid. |.

1 TO TEST, POINT TV caution:

1 REkote. comtRol . STAV IMDOORS
Sl(b) 1 UKhT AT SOLARC.ELL UJHEM lightning
is mearlu

TO MAKE A DIRECTIONAL LIGHTING SEnSOR,

CEMENT A SOLAR CELL TO THE INSIDE OF EACH
.4-i— SIDE OF A CLEAR SGluARE PLASTIC BOX.
4
— — -4 ASSEMBLE Four sensor circuits \ajitH an led
output (less 3SL> Audio output Stage) on A
circuit .board And install board and
battery inside the Plastic Box . select a
different color (red, yellouj. orange and
green) For sack led. install the LEDs on the
sahe side of the Box so they can be seen
from a distance, mark Each side of the
Box Vaj ITH the four compass directions
(NORTH ^ EAST ^ SOUTH AND WEST) AnO NOTE
THE LED COLOR FoR EACH DIRECTION. PLACE
THE SENSOR in AN OPEN FIELD SO THAT ITS
NORTH SIDE FACES NORTH And INHERE YOU
CAN SEE IT FROM INSIDE YOUR HOUSE. L
COLOR OF FLASHIN G jJip OR LED $ L^U\ I *
INDICATE THE APPROXIMATE OlfiacTlOH op
—b~ lightning BOLT s .
 A THERMISTOR IS A TEMPERATURE-SENS ITIv/E
feESiSlTQR* iMSTtALL- A THERMISTOR AT THE *=00*
POJMT OF A FLASHLIGHT REFLECTOR TO DETECT
FRARED RADIATION FROM HEAT SOURCES,.1—|—
incrv.r'u:> i vis. STRAPPING
* J W l RE
!
;:H: j _ _r
—-:-v

tk\ ( 1 RT—r— FLASHLIGHT ] TAPE IajvrES

_[Source REFLECTOR

NFRARED
flashlight

And TZ
RA0\O SHACk
THERMISTORS

secoajds
ADJUST RC.
INFRARED AMPLIFIER

FLASHLIGHT REFLECTOR
RADIO SHACK

TO ANALOG!
MULTIMETER

sen MULTi meter to o-s or o-io volts o t-..

Adjust ri until meter needle is near
CENTER OF METER SCALE. AM INFRA RED jSOURCE
iWtmiN FlEcD OF VIEW OF REFLECTOR WILL CAuSE-
THE METER NEEDLE TO DEFLECT UPWARD..(.TO RI<Smt),
remove IR SOURCE And the meter NEEDLE will
MOVE DOWNWARD Ctd LEFT). CORRECT ALIGNMENT
loi-Jil INSIDE THE REFLECT OR IS important.

REFLECTOR ALIGNMENT
THERMl STORlMuST
BE AT REFLECTOR
|BpLCiAi_PCU$T. THE
focal point is
WHERE FILAMENT
OF FLASHLIGHT
EULB UjOuLD BE.
LOOk JAJTO, REFLEC And SEE
~i i—r

r—f
P0LARI2ED LIGHT
WAWEG OF ORDINAL RAYS OF REFLECTED
LIGHT VIBRATE IN LIGHT AND LIGHT THAT
many DIRECTIONS S. PASSES THROUGH SOME
i LIGHT WAVES THAT MATERIALS VIBRATE I/O
4-
4— TRAVEL TO VoUR ONLY SOME DIRECTIONS.
EVES FROM THE IF THEV VIBRATE IN ONLY
CIRCLE BELOW VIBRATE one direction*, THE
LIRE THIS *. light is Polarised:

UNPOLARIZRD light POLARIZED light

SUNLIGHT REFLECTED FROM. WATER, ICE,

Glass And metal is partially or Even
.L Completely Polarized, sunglasses vuith
Polarizing lenses Block: the Glare of
REFLECTED SUNLIGHT, WHICH MARES THEM
popular uoith People who fish or ski.
TH£ SkY P0tt AWAY FROM TH£ Sun IS PARTIALLY
POLARIZED. YOU CAN SEE thiS VOdRSElF with
the help of Polarized sunglasses.

the most Polarized sect ION POLARIZED

OF THE SKY APPEARS AS A SKV Ll£HT
DARK. BAND wrtLN VIEWED
through polarized sunglasses.
I
WITH YOUR E>ACK TO THE SUN,
LOOK At THE SKY ^0° AWAY
FROM, the Son to SEE THl5*.
the polarized sand is best
SEEN NEAR Sun RISE OR SumSET
when it is straight ov£R
head And forms a nearly
NORTH- south BAND.

-SUNSET OBSERVER WITH

» ..xt* . polarizing sunglasses
^8
-i—^f—t*
POLARIZED LIGHT
POLARIZING FILTERS ARt AVAILABLE- FROM
CAMERA AnD SCIENCE STORES. OR USE LEn
FRom inexpensive Polarizing sunglasses
CROSSING TWO POLARIZERS BLOCKS MOST LI

UNCROSSED PARTIALlV CROS

THIS PRINCIPLE CAN EE USED TO MAKE SENSORS

WHICH IGNORE ORDINARY LI GMT WH/lE RESPONDING
to Polarized LIGHT.

pci $z- Photore srSTO RS

RZ- sensitivity
z
LIGHT

APPLICATION
add Polar(2ER
TO FLASHLIGHT
AND USE FOR
REhOTE CONTUOL

WHEN THE LIGHT LEVEL

BOTH LIGHT SENSORS IS Equal
THE LED IS OFF. WHEN
LIGHT IS h PARTIALLY OR
completely Polarized
THAT PCI RECEIVES MORE
LIGHT THAN PCC, the
COMPARATOR will sumtc
THE LED LON._ SEE £LS£WI
in this Book For. tvow t
add A RELAY TP CIRCUIT
 LIGHT
GRATED L1GMT SENSORS CoMEINE. A
'-SENSITIUE PAoTD DlDDE AnD AMPLIFIER
SciLlATOR INA Mini AT(J RE PACKAGE
J.A EOILT-'IN WINDOW OR X£MS.4-5GM£
5fcifcAP.SuLATEDt4-.-iil---i.DVE0 PLASTIC THAtL-L
HITS NEAR F ft A.RED: jAJH/iE gipCkl4/sJ
E U6WT.

LIGHT TONE
T.I. TSL235
OR. SIMILAR-

USE TO MONITOR
VIDEO DISPLAY,
COMPUTE* DRWE
LV&MT, 0PEhJ LAMP, LED,
DRAPERS, ETC. SON LI £HT ,
FLAME , ETC
 REMOTE CONTROL
LBO \n\ll GtovJioR Puls, XR REM.OTE
co ntrol Jtrans mutter; is .1.

TV-4°4-4^T-eK4Qi--4- VOLTAGE
REmdtE control

USE IN SUBDUED LIGHT

i 1
3 LEC i

•*—
WITH A .jjy
_iC—-4

PIEZOELECTRIC
Buzzer element

LIGHT- A CTI VAT E D RE L AY

USE; THIS ClRCui > SENSE PEOPLE.;. OBJECTS.
cars vEtc i. wot &EST AT night. orJlm
subdued light HELP SLOCk VISIBLE LIGHT
PLACE PROCESSED OR prvnt Film over tslzso

SI MILAR

LAMP 1 LED
SUM LIGHT, ETC

HELP gLOCK Z^tlZZ

ROO K LIGHT BM
MOUNT I MG A
TUBE OVER TSL250
THE COLOR Pg-lMT,
FJinisee. above)

IMFRARED E1LIER
OPTICAL
HM/E Audible.

VARIABLE TONE LEVEL SENSOR

TONE. CHAN6&S
DISTINCTIVE
WHEN SUBBLE
IS CENTERED!.|
IN iEVEL VIAL,
INCREASE CL l
TO REDUCE
1 \ FRE&UENCV.
phdtores\ stor

SWITCHED TONE LEVEL

USE SuPER"ERl &HT
LED IN BOTH CIRCUITS

photo res ISTOR

100K
n; MAS NET SENSOR" PROIEtmtS

OVERVIEW
THERE ts A ROCK THAT ATTRACTS IRON
MINERAL.. 1$ THE IRON OXIDE (.Fe2
known as MAswetite. Pieces of
MINERAL ARE NATURAL MAGNETS * f-
A SKETCH jOF A PIECE OF MAGMETITi
nav desk as x ujrvte :

MASNETITEL
IRon (.LODE STONE)

rr v w >
1 *- ACTUAL
LiisU A.MWu.lhi'
1. I
H

MAtural ma ARE. CALLED LoDESTONES

THIS make < from. "LEADING STOklE *L.
VjH\CH REFERS TO THE FACT- THE SAME SlDiSL
OF A LobE STONE SUSPENDED FROM A STRING
AliajAys Points north, this discovery
LED to the INDENTION OF THE COMPASS.
THE FIRST IAJIDESPREAD APPLICATION FoR
NATURAL MAGNETS. THE COMPASS GAv£
sailors Aaod explorers a vitally
iMPQRTANT NAVIGATIONAL TOOL.

AT LEAST TWO STORIES ABA uT

OF THE WORD " MAG/OET.
TO THE ROMAM-UJRITER LUCRETIUS
comes from, ma^nes/a ^ the
VINCE WHERE LODESTONES
MAGNETIC
THE REGION AROUND A MAONET THAT INFLUENCES
EXTERNAL OBJECTS IS THE MAGNETIC FitLD
OF THE MAS NET. Tk£ KACUETlO. P?ElD AROUND
A MVAOUET FORKS A/J OR£A JUICED pattern
Tms PATTERN CAn BE MADE V/iS/6lE BY
SPRIMKLIM6 IRON P/Ll/NSS OM A SHEET OF
WHITE PAPER. LYIN& ON A BAR KaASNET.

M\AGn£t
*
Filings UNDER
PAPER

. 1
!

V ^GM£T3£
^
FIELD
P I/* J N

»
_Lf

A—

ARE MAPPED LJ”r --L

MAGNETIC POLES
>RCE IS CONCENTRATED At PO/N* s
, . IF A EAR MAE.NET IS Hu/OO
)6 , om£ End will eventually
this END is THE NaAOnET'S
the END OF THE MAG/OET THAT
IS THE SOUTH POLE.

oppositePOLES OF TUJO MAGNETS Att/Uct i

'■
!

Another LIRE Poles repel.

attract , ...
i l

i i J
1 »
4~~~ t—i
MAGNETIC INTENSITY
XM4 mre. m s.im op .a m.a g hettc
MEASURED |M GAUSS* . .THE
FIELD 1 .CENTIMETER 4 PROM
LEMGTH l OF \blRE THROUGH
CuRREMT of 15 AMPERES Jjjfc
-

IS 1 £AUSS*„, THEL MA^/oET/C P/ELD OP

VARIOUS MAGMETS CAM g£ H
EVEM THOUSANDS Op 6 AuSS .

N\A£AJET|L

El£ CTRlCAL
CuRREMTf.OP
5 amperes

THE 1 WOMORS CARL PR/ED ft ICHL.

GAUSS A* the GR6AT MATHEmATICIAM

IS THE EARTH A MAGNET

EARTH METIC FIELD y. SUT EARTH
the earth's core is
BELIEVED LTEM METAL THAT US.
BE. MAGMETIC* THE
ORV IS THAT EARTH55
; CAUSED £Y Electrical,^
t£D gy RorATyON.

EARTH’S MAGNETIC FIELD

eastrs w6wetic Rea
£AuSS WEAR THE e«UAToR
&Auss wear tm£ Poles,
•ear., THE PfELD IS £4s/4V
Al ioiMPASS.l j || I | I ||
EARTH’S GEOGRAPHIC POLES
A Sour An) IMAGINARY ax/ s
-lE AXIS MEETS EARTH'S S
South POLES.

EARTH’S MAGNETIC. POLES

Earth also has. magnetic. Poles . the t
POLES Do WOT MATCH THE GEOGRAPHIC
THE WORthERWMOST MAGNETIC POLE IS
OF camADa's Hudson bav. the soothe
lvinv-» r- k. i «w 1
TASMAIOIA .

Worth —Ll i M fOORTH

GE06RAPHIE ryr MAGNETIC
j
Pole / ZS y
/
/ /
/
/
IV
^as EARTH'S
MA G/oETl E
FIELD

/ '
/
SOOTH / south
✓ GEOGRAPHIC
MAGmETI
Pole Pole

EARTH'S i. FHELPil
THE FORCE Of rtr's magnetic. F/ECD
Fluctuates < A DA/LV 8ASJS. THE CHAaJ(G£
wear the equator is about o OOO£ GAUSS
EACH DAY. At THE POLES THE * HAMGE /5
O. oodsi. SAVSS EACH DAY THE CHAMGE /S
sometimes greater tham THIS UJHEM THE i
VERY ACTIuE.
LIVING MAGNETS
OP MANY ANIMALS. INJCCO
RECENT DISCOVERIES HAVE
*_.MAGnETITE MAY ACT A
-iPASS THAT ASS/STS Ti
VARIOUS B/RDS . IkjSECTS

MAGNETIC BACTERIA
IN iq-?5RlCHARD LACKMORE NOTICED THAT Som£
BACTERIA FROM T s. muddy bottoms op marshes
ALWAYS MIGRATE to on£ Side oF A DRoP oF.
WATER. WHEN!.I- L PLACED A MAGNET NEARBY
THE BACTERIA SuJAh TOuJARb THE SOutH'S££K~
\mg Pole And Aujay from, the north-see king
Pole, later, it ujAS discovered t>ur MAGNET-
BACTERIA ALIGN THE.AA.SELi/ES WITH A MAGNETIC.
PfELD EvEn LuHEM THEY ARE DEAD. MORE THAN
A DOZEN KINDS OF MAGNETIC BACTERIA MvE
Been discovered, most live in mud or s/lt
under Bodies of water, and Some Live iaj
Soil*...they ARE collEctwely Known As
magneto TAX IE BACTERIA . THEY IbJCLuOG. A
STR\MG Of MICROSCOPIC. MAGNETS CALLED

Flagellum.
(_f‘ROPULSION 0

MA6NETOSOMES
(l<agnet/te)

MAGnETOtAX UL SACT
SPHERE SujIM NORTH
hemisphere swim *.
EAvAtoR Swim in E
1
~ — -1

—-^!
»
• . 1
1
APPL 1C AXIOMS FOR MAGNETS

X. direct current (do motors

'

2. electrical generators

3, AuD»o SPEAKERS

Hi Audio ear and head Phones

£. separating iron and steel scrap

prom, mo n-magnetic materials

6. RETRIEVE IRON AND STEEL OBJECTS 60ST

IN SoDiES OF IajATER

7. RETRIEVE broken DRILL heads from oil

And gas wells
_L_L_I nnL-T—t X_4 X- i
_4_ _X J—4—4-—i~*—4-—-j-

8. collect piling chips prom. drilled Holes —i—

°L TRAP Bits oP METAL IN STOMACHS OP

COVJS (/cow MAGNETS*) .[~-1-1.] 1. _

lo. erase data stored on magnetic tape

i » . 1 j.j .{.4.i_1 -X -X i -j— —.X— X_L—L.—4—— ».v ...... .

11. CABINET LATCHES i

12.. TEMPORARILY MOUNT ANTENNA ON CAR ROD p

13 temporarily mount signs on cars

■
1H. HOUNTlNG,SuPPORTlNG And HOLDING SIGN! »
gadgets and objects /n homes and offices

Is. COLLECTING NAILS LOST IN SOIL

1&1 PAPER CLIP HOLDER

n scientific research And development

16. IvvE USED A MAGNET TO F/nD E/TS OP IRON

METEORITE INSIDE A LARGE METEORCRATER
se>
? i ! J ; i i j ! i ; j_*_j » i i ? 5 I j ; > i —— —
? i ; : ; i j j ; 5 : i ; « j j j j
 4 4
j
l
T*-'* —i—-
4 i
i

j"

1} _L
r
i
»
~'r

-j-—-— —4-

~-Z~l.lt
r MAMY.t MA6M6.T COMfl^URAT/OMS ,L_„„ . ......... _L
r
l
j j
_,..L
T" r —~-w~. -liniiiiirtj
5 j }
i 4
4
4~~~' _l.
'
i
i 4

1
L __L.
<
j
X- ■ ■ - . ■, 4
—4'

iLhmh i- - •HMUIM
J
1
... ..
. ..;...
1
4
4

1
{ 4
.. ■ - -j,.

4
.... —-ip
-—

1 ~~

J_ ...........
itlfunniui J
t
4
}

»W*>| ,V,

{
*
T
1
-
f
j

■H*-*"** 1* _ V-. *v
{
t~—-
1
.■
j

s
CYLIMDER :

4~

1
_ . -...-.J..
t
!
4
1
_4

-- “H*
4
<
*

t i.
t
T
»
... .j.

_ —._i_
J 7""—
I
|
T"
1 *
*
rii|<ipn _» !
i_ ..
4 f •
4 I
4 t
f i
1 --
t- -{-
l

. i

J
... .....
T “T
4 }
; i

***" <
»
t
*
r'
!
t
Tmrffn y1
i
i IL| Ul
mnnm . ....... ;...

4
r
4
5
P”’

■4-~
?

4
wmk
4

5Cr
USING km CARING FOR MAGNETS
E Ability of A MAGNET. to juffr. A to AD
uceD By sO(C , DUST pa i jo ft AMD RuiXj.OAJ
MAS jo £1 OR LOAD.

REDOC£D UUHjEAJ 1 THE SOAP

ETC.) R-LhAI A ROUGH

Av/ovO DROPPING OR STR (KIN G A MAGwET

MIGHT 8R64R OR 8£coM£ DEMAGNETIZED,

FORCING THE ^M£ POLES OF 7100MAGNETS

TOGETHER C A PARXlAUV 0EMK6tJeTIZ£ BOTH
Magnets.

separate two magnets by Pi

XY FROM ONE AM0TH6R, DO M
= MAGNET AGAINST AajOTHER
THEM 1 AS TMIS
rizE ok)£ OR Both
EEP separated mao from
JG BACK. TOGETHER

PLACING A MAGN£T „.A)£4 R STRONG

magnetic field from a motor

OF SOFT IRON Will

L-.c)f A MAG, MET.

T
A
MAG WET'S MASfJET

■.OAUTIO^J 1 fcEEP mAGmETS AtUAY FROM MAGnETR

media (compwter disks, credit cards , record¬
ing tape ^ Ere.)! AL?C? KEEP /UAGMExjsj AtWW
FAoFA |M ECHAM iCAL..lMA-nt.Hek.| II II I j j I I I
 T 1|
nu|,,
t$ i;

TTHi E COMPASS
1 I
THE c amplest COMPASS .1 S AL. MAGNETIZED
IRON NEEDLE OR POINTER FREE TO RoTArE
AgouT* A PivOT. THE NEEDLE will ALIGN
lixisELF along the earth's magnet re Field
SOM.E HISTORIANS BEUEUE THE FIRST COMPASS
was a lodestone atop a shall piece of
i^bob i FLOAT ImG in A BOWL. OF WATER..
X TRIED THIS 6y PLACING A LODESTONE ON ^
Small square of wood floating on
water in a Plast\c BOX. Rot this "COMPAS*
WORKS ONLY WREN THE WATER IS STILL. 11
MIGHT WORK ON LAND ^ BuT IT WOULD NO'
WORK wtuL IN A 6>oAT- THE First PRAcnc

Floating
NEEDLE
compass wood
TOOTHPICK

Bowl o
WATER

IT OOORKSJAND
FIRST I STROKED A STEEL S£w/NG
NEEDLE AGAINST A LODE STONE. S/NC£
THE NEEDLE ATTRACTED IRON FR/AJGS;
IT WAS MAGNETIZED. X USED PLIERS to
Force the needle through a wood toothpick
CAUTION : USE CARE TO AVOID BREAKlN G THE
NEEDLE OR PRESSING IT /MTO A F/NGER t
wheh floated on water, the needle and
TOOTHPICK ARRANGEMENT WILL. SLOWLY ROTATE
until the needle Points north AnD South
and! the TOOTHPICK east And west.
MAPPING MRGNEmiC FI ELD
A COMPASSj- :an be. osb d MAP A MAGNET
Fi£LO.„ rms IS OFTEN UC Practical than
Frcm gs

north

SOUTH

MA6NET

SouTM

UNUKES

LDMPASS IajiLL RESPOND TO A MA6wET

30 CENTIMETERS (ABOUT 1 FOOT) AwAYE-^,

MA6IUEX
 t j j
s i

ELECTRO MAG Ki ET
1l •■<
1
.

l:
-1-
t! t

<
Am Electrical current Flowing through A f
4-4

Loop OF WIRE CREATES A MAGNETIC FlELD t THE

weak field op a si/mgle loop cam be grfatL)
INCREASE^.| BY WINDING A COIL Of- MAajY LOOP.
1i ’i
ii 1;
(ABouT 1T _L_
1

t !
1 !
f

PLAsrnc. APPROXIMATELY q METERS (30 FEET)

<1 1>
SODA, 30 AajjS. COATED MAGNET UJIRE.14- f.f—
iJ i
STRAVJ C A Boot 3 LAVERS WHEN TIGHTLY WOUND) i
i

i
» \

l 1
comnEct A ! i
INSERT STEEC INSIDE THIS-
L- VOLT „LAMTEAM BATTERY T> WIRE LEADS. U
FLAhE OR Fine 6Rit SAnD paper td Remove .1.. ...
1—1*
5 _iL——
INSULATION FROM ENDS 0 WIRE.. ^MAIL, Etc
-j k™~~.

.... .ml

SOLE M01D Luvi-n _

rinmrfJ

THE ElECtRo MA6MET SHOVAJI .

►

ABOVE CAM ALSO FUNCTION) \

A SOLENOID OR " SUCKING

magnet.3 Place coil im /
VERTICAL Position. Allow N
TD TOUCH Surface Belova)
when Current
APPLIED TD THE Coil j the MAU .—....,
;

will 6E rapidly Pulled ...uPL .LhchI

INTO THE COIL BY THE COIL's

magneticLfield, solenoids
RELEASE LATCHES, CLOSE VALVE* rh a ,

Lock Doors etc.

RESISTANCE OF PROTOTYPE
coil is 3.1 Jl, At & volts th 1
!

CURRENT..: IS U/Z.i OR U& A PS. I

p*--

USE SOLENOID SPARINGLY TD

N)A|U \
r_,,"

L,,

!
i
i— I_
 1— -1 —1 —1
M
—t.
!
i I
4
|

I 1 j
_1

i j —
»—
ELECTROMAGNETIC RF tl H
i ;

.*>-

|
1
SU closed L_X:ontAct
M.0VlM(3 i-dnntAct ^6 1
_L
01PEN [_£ioAjtact —,±

COIL
A Lb;ELA'*L. IISM L 4
se&u&£ switch actuated
gv AN ELECTROi.
LEADS Li^kjAi.1.4.Li...
OPERATES

RELAYS CAM be Actuated

BY LOW' VOLTAGE TRANSISTOR.
IRclhtS their
Contacts control
uoltaoES CURRENTS
that would destroy
relay diagram. TRANSISTORS AND

RELAY DRIVER
A SIMPLE TRANSISTOR

RCuiT Pulls
WHEN

PHOTOCELL Controls sensmv/ifV

tUL.PROTEC.nS-
ai PROM RIGA
vo1lt|Aqȣ|..1-L-
5PIKE THAT
OCC yR Si WHEN
1N<UT RELAY IS

RADIOSHACK
RELAY
 MAGNET
A ma^aoEt switchis a Re: -D Switch that
HAsJ-4 FLExiBLEj-MEMSER tHAt! BENDS TOWARD OR
AWA.T PROM. A RIGID MEMBER ukttRM UAGuET
isluelgh j. 1..J..J—I-.-LJ.....J
Switch COWTACtS

MAGNET UfeB&Li&feLA&LE a^d

REQUIRE Mol.PowER SuPRLY TH£V are often used
to DETECT OPEN.I>0p4SE-AmD WINDOWS in
SECURITY alarm. systems, for these, uses. L
j.THE SUjITCH- IS USUALLY INSTALLED in A PLASTIC
j.[HOUSING VAJ1TH EXTERNAL MJlRE LEADER ScREw
TERMINALS* TH£ Actuating MAGNET 15
installed in A si mil AH nous 1 AigL I | l.I..
—(,-

j. v

VNlkjDoW
'•"T—*”•

MAGfOfiT
»?
t
—f— MAGNET SwVTSHI
.I.
1{
}
j WINDOVJ VNl nDo w
“"j
{
J
5
OPEN
1 j
MAGNET Switch Switch
L OFF

*4*—
 -

_ _1
i j
I
j
..........
\ ".“T

SWITCH INTERFACE -L.

THUS SIMPLE TRANSISTOR JjCiJ 5

Lwm _ L
<
i

SWITCH OKI LED E vuifi£Mi-A \_

1
WEAR. S'UJl . LED 1 i 15.LSu/iTc 4M- jyLatea i i
■
f— —r
1
THE MA6DET IS REMOvED. .J_4- j
ImM _L
T
<
«
L-.—~
t
J
i
)
4—.—
7 *“™T
f

..........
|

CED Z.= GREEfO

them MA&MBZ
jPJtepMtei4-6Z£'i
AwD MA6WE.T
A£S£WT = RED.

t
*

_L
<

1_ ......... .
r

NaAGw MM _

NAA6 M ET LEDi.i — i i£t.2L. S VWITCfH ijKjiUjL j.(.

R6spouD--i...|eifmj£ ~

Ud&M-OR SOUTH _
»
f

Pole of magmet.

T~“~

MAGNET ACTUATED TONE r ' ~r

MAG WET 1_
j
■
•

SumtCIH.J l _ y
i
1
«
r *r

<

ft minn im i 1
T
i

MAGw£T
}

Place magajet kj&ar suuitcjH |

i-f
i

#•

td actuate tdms.ok to < 1- rw,*r

:

!
LAMP 1M5X6AD; OF gUZZER.
5
t
 IIIHE HA LL rEEBBUn
IN OCTOBER 1819, THE PHYSICIST EDWARD HALL
DISCOVERED THE EFFECT THAT BEARS HIS NAME.
HAll found that a stRom6 macaoeric field] J...
CAUSED A VOLTAGE TO APPEAR ACROSS A
THIN) FILM. OF GOLD THROUGH WHICH AN
electrical current was flowing. this
voltage is CALLED THE HALL VOLTAGE,
IT IS PRoPoRtionAL TO THE MA&nEtiC. ClELb .1.4-
times the current.

MAGNETIC FIELD

imui i
RJU SI
i|l..irHr.'l nijiinjfc.i a.iiajji i,n _i ill . . 1. i .. 1 i .I:.i,_-~i.i_i_— __'_L_ 1 j l I » l 1 j

Resistor Ri Limits (restricts} the current

from BATTERY bito a SAFE VALUE. TOO
Much current will overheat And DAMAGE I.Li
THE HALL GENERATOR.

THE HALL EFFECT OCCURS IN CONDUCTORS

And semiconductors. THE hall. voltage LL
Produced By conductors is much too
Small For practicac apphcationsl the.i.LlL
HAll voltage is much HlGHER /Al_L.1.i.1.1 1 |
SEMICONDUCTORS- 4 G.ALLIUK ARSENIDE Aa/D
OTHER SEMICONDUCTORS PRODUCE THE MOST. ..J.1... j.
VOLTAGE. BuT SILICON IS PREFERRED SINCE
pL is sturdier and easier to manufacture.
WU4444444.U4 444444i44J4L
 1—I—j—!— —f—f. -f-

APPLICATIONS FOR HALL SENSORS

_L,_L_....

MALE StNSoRS HAVE MANY APPLICATIONS lM.Ul

ELECXRON1CS AMD SENSING **H£Y CAM gfejjj
USED : I/O STB AD lOF LIGHT SENSORS In APPLICATIONS
LiUERE ;TgE SENSOR M.IGHT BECOME DIRTY- ORJ
Exposed to bright iught. were are some
OF THE MOST iCOMMON i APPLICATIONS 4 -+—i—

——*■- —

1 i i i { ; Tj
i
~“~T
11 HALL SENSORS CAN -........—«—•—* ......i.

detect presence. Cl ^(3—^ ^ -

fafc ka spade. o MI S'

' S' *■*
"p'l"
Small magnets. MAGNET SENSOR. f

ELECTROMAGNET C Ft 0 SENSOR 1
+[ I
...HALL SENSORS CAN _X+±r~7xnfYTf\
DETECT MAGNETIC M) j. r fc -

i*
L
Field caused by
Electrical current.
S F -T
COl L-^ SENSOR “i ! .
*
| 1 —

BOUNCE.LESS SWITCH ..... OFF — iI

.J—j... +44-+4-44-4.t-H.t.[.f-4-
* *

SvNITCW MADE UMTH HALL

S EnS ORi DDES, NAT HA i/E
MECHANICAL "Bounce- OF
CONVENTIONAL switch. SENSofC

V- L-IVIKWU -i i\l. L./- LU~li 1

HALL SENSOR SACkED —

BY SMALL MAGmET
IajiLL DETECT FERROUS
:! \i >
M.jg.TAji.J N1 AIL SENSOR " NAA6MET
TTTT
4—
GEAR c
W » * * — ;fn<
TftCVTW
: } ! 3
.!.!.L.i. ^.^
WALL SEUSOR. BACKED
~~— gV SMALL MAGNET
MOi DETECT TEETH
.GEAR. 4_MJ GHAR SENSOR T KAA^MfTj

i—1—i-f-

i—i—p — ^
 4—i
1 1 —t i
t
t
i
i1 '"t"

bed: o
" ^ i-

~T~—" —L

TUE HALL \J 0LTAG6 IS PROPOR.TIO.IOAL T

THE APPLIED K\AGME.TIC Pi ELD ACCORblfOG

HALL VOLTA 6E.

HALL £PF£CT COEFFICIENT

CURRENT THROUGH sensor

mcRAJESS of NSOR

K>iA< n<1-jH N..D *

— j- |—
1
u. \LL \hDLT f\c
 HALL SENSOR + LOGIC CIRCUIT
\
1_ H—+~
I
1
L:■ -~f—|—
SCHMITT
! TRIGG £R
tJ
R1 HALL
! (switches ON
SENSOR
L
<
/ AS VOLTAGE
increases)
L_
r
jiv_
ai
T >/

1
L MA£a»£71C MEAD

1INTEGRATED DIGITAL HALL SENISOR

f
1_

1 voltage
regulator.

1
TI_
tf

.i integrated DjGfTAL
.i HALL SENSORS USUALLY
c include am output
t transistor betimeeaj
THE SCHMITT TRIGGER.
/
< some s-iaVon11 (latched)
lUHEM MAGM^-T REMOVED.
r-
■ i
HALL AMPLIFIER

OUTPUT
HALL MOLT A<*£ IS
SENSoR. PROPORTlO KiAL
TO TW1 MAGNJETie
;E!£iJE> AT THE
HALL SENSOR. L

hAA6Aj£Tia E£LD

IMTEGRATED LINEAR HALL SENSOR

IWTESEATHD
Linear hall

Actual Designations
+ ISO.?? Li
HALL GROOM D
OUTPUT
 SPECIFICATIONS
ARE KEY SPECIFICATIONS
M0st-~l?O PUL AR HALL SENSORS.

-4-4-4-4-4-4-4-4-1-j-1-j-
■J—4
"T~~
jALL SENSORS CAM AccEPT
ukjLimited 1 magnetic, flux 12? t5h
x°- 2!
OEMS iTY. Do MOT EXCEED —^°
2 O' ■
MAXIMUM SUPPLY VOLTAGEL. lii:
Ill ^ -L j | | 1 ^ | | | .<— |.-.
{Atshs RjATf) d mEtRiC ^F nsqr_ H,g\ 8]
ASl^ll UNIPOLAR SWITCH H.E] 2H 1
ugx3132. Bipolar switch ks ifti
A3187 LATCH IMG Sw\TcH 2S 30
U6^S140 POWER SWITCH H.Sj.
A3H2.2. DIRECTION) SENSOR. jiLjSi 18 i
AT5X.ID GEAR. TOOTH ?EMJoR BE 1 L?

POSITW/E (+) SUPPLY

CaROUHD
kZlHL Q ut Put
UGX3132
A 3187 OUTUME SHOWN FROM.
branded cpromt) SIDE; mote
THAT OMLY jPART C9L S£NSOR_
MU KEER- LMAY BE marked ON
THE XC. SuFF/X MAY BE;.L„
PRESENT A3 WILL i$ 1
A31H1 WITH LONG LEADS")

BASIC GAUSS METER

MAG MET TO DIGITAL MULTI TESTER .{.
CSET ID MEASURE MlLUi^LTs)

USE THE A3S1E RATlOMETRlC

HALL SENSOR. WITH MO
MAGNET .THE OUTPUT IS 1/2.
THE SUPPLY VOLTAGE. THE
N Pole of a magnet increase
OUTPUT CHANGES 25 - THE OUTPUT. THE S POLE. -I «•'-• -

MiLUUoLTS PER GAUSS DECREASES THE OUTPUT. .

L
OTHER
Most camnot PiRfcCTCY DRIVE AN
relay SMALL MOTOR OR j__
. THAT DRAWS 10R-E. THAN) lO TO
THESE LOADS AM EVC TERM AC DRlv4-
TfUiNSvSTDRl jjs4REQUIRED. TfHt LlGQSlMO UAlL
SEMSdR INCLUDES! A BUILT-IN DRmE TRANSISTOR
.TKAt -XAM.CONTINUOUSLY SINK. up TD 300 KiA.
THIS POvjER wall SENSOR will BR\£f
IUPTD..|0£).mA LTD ALLONM TVHv£ FOR ,A LAM.P TD
vajARK RATED 0PERAT1M<S current.

SUPPLY (fH.5
OuTpuT i(jhd >mA maximum)
diode^. j j
ORauN.ttfi

#-JTHE DIODE PIN CAN RE

J—‘used For am optional
LAMP jrEsji function

u\m DRIVER

SIM 0

<
>1
Press .Si .TD;.4Eirj-
MAG N ET LAMP Li, (Rl AMl
SI A RE JO PtionAL .)
Li. Must not
CONSUME MORE THAN
SOQ; tviA WHEN WARMED
MALL SENiSOR OPERATING Tl PS
MALL SENSORS ARE VERY EASY TO USE. THEY
ARE UNAFFECTED BY DIRT AND GREASE THAT L.,J
CAN DISABLE OPTOELECTRONIC SE NSoRS. THEY; 4.I
WORK OVER A VERY WIDE TEMPERATURE RANGE
(TYPICALLY -HO°C TO 4 SS° . EXTREMELY HIGH
magnetic field intensities will not harm
hall sensors.

HALL SENSORS ARE \J£RY SENSITIVE TO

mechanical stress AND EXCESS SUPPLY
VOLTAGE. THEREFORE it's VERY important to
OBSERVE THE FOLLOWING GUIDELINES WHEN
installing and using hall sensors:

Power supply — it's best to power hall

SENSORS AT THE LOWEST ALLOWABLE VOLTAGE.
NEVER EXCEED -THE MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE!

Mounting hall sensors- hall sensors are

often attached to a surface with adhesive]..
FOR BEST RESULTS, USE A FILLED EPOXY.
NEVER USE CYANOACRYLATE GLUE 1 THIS GLUE
SHRINKS AnD CAN EASILY CAUSE ENOUGH
mechanical strain to change the hall
SENSOR'S OUTPUT.

m£S£SS=i==~' ^ HALL SENSOR ^

j-C_ CVANO ACRYLATE f~ 'i -=3 }

ORIGINAL PLACEMENT CEMENT SHRINKS AND

OF HALL GENSoR BENDS HALL SENSOR

Encapsulating hall sensors-as when

cementing hall sensors to a surface3
Encapsulating A hall sensor in potting ]
compound or epoxy can cause mechanical
stress that alters the sensor's output,
changing the TEMPERATURE OF encapsulated
Hall sensors can also cause mechanical.i
stress, therefore it's best hot m4.J~.i4
encapsulate hall seajsoRs. .....lJ4
I Co L ; 4 i J 1 i j 144-4- 1 I
 LIT SEEKS
ALLY , THE S
INVERSELY PR<
: DISTANCE P
LENGTH OP Tl
1/9 THE VALL

HERE S I/jHAT X KEASURED

WHEN MOVJIN.6 A POWERFUL
RARE-EARTH UAsnET^AwAY
FROM. A RATIO METRIC.
HALL SENIOR (ASS1S\?

AVAILABLE AT RADlOSHACR
WERE THE >
HALL SENSOR.
IS "SATURATED
(.MAXlMO/M ou

M46/J5T D/STANCE (m *t

FLUX CONiCEMTRATORS
FLUX CONCENTRATORS, MADE from LOuj-CARS<
STEEL 60IDE, OR CONCENTRATE A MAGNETIC fit
STEEL MAILS CAM BE USED AS EXPERIMENTAL
FLUX CONCENTRATORS. FOR BEST RESULTS f
DIAMETER OF THE CONSTRICTED END of A FU
CONCENTRATOR SHOULD APPROXIMATE THATiJjFl;
HALL SENSOR CHIP.
MA6NET HERE HALL
Experimental sensor
steel nail
Li Flux
CON CEkiTMTZ>R OR MAGNET
PUSH PUSR OPERATION

PULL

MA6MET
INTERFACING DIGITAL HALLSEWSORS
OPERA Tl OM
CIRCUITS
Etc*

INTERFACE
N.ML + V/a THE LED GloujS
V / k UJHEk) SOUTH POLE
OF MA6NET ,lt DEAR
R <■ > THE HALL SENSOR.
X
>
> LED SujiTCHE S o£F
11 lll<FL kjHE/O NORTH POLE
OP MA6>dET IS dEAR
THE HALL SEMSoR.

MA6MET

\Jleo for MOST VlSlgLE LEDS IS 1 TO

For i L£d (LED CURRENT) OP 10 *uA
U> VOLTS , Rs * (L»V-?V)/0.0! ft JOO
TO USE TO TO 33^ OHMS IN MOST

TRANSISTOR INTERFACE
WALL Q1 IS MPN) SujiTCH
IM6 TRAMSISTPR
(luim rF\P$2lZl.

LAMP, RELAVj
ETC. SELECT
R5 TO KEEP
CURRENT THR0O6H
Ql SELOVJ MAXI'
NuM AlloujASlE.
kaAC? met LOAD IS il LOAD S10ITCHES
ON UJHE/O L OPE LuHEfO SOUTH
north Pole . Pole of m^mEt
Ar HALL sensor IS NEXR HAIL SENSOR
 LOGIC INTERFACE
KAAGfJET S South

Pin) S..|Q$._jH4^C4.
SE.MS0R. LOVklj^J
north role, sloiilmes
PlKi 3L J i

MA6m£T
 i
l_ __. J
t t

—«WI—4
!
;_L i
i
;_

HALL SENSOR RELAY ‘

I
_L.
.'"p

1
LhwJ :__ J j..iinii t

THE*MOVING CONTACT OA AM ELECTRO MAGNETIC

RELAY Produces a somet/mes unwanted cue king
AMD:.CAN EVENTUALLY;WEAR; OUT OR E>£.U
UNAtED LUl-m GREASE OR PUSni.A .HALL
t CANl REPLACE A RELAY’S. Contacts IN

So N D Ratio metric.
SENSOR TO
CORE
with
EPOXY TO RELAY
DRIVER.].
RELAY ^—
N- 1

COU_
-- ,-.-4
•

A3S1S |hmm>
*“‘

HALL SENSOR *v
,

VARIOUS; OP
i/

T —1
1 » COMPARATORS
(o
5
look

REVERSE REIAT
CohnECTonS IP RELAY
OUTPUT GOES
ACTUATED
 INDICATOR
i£iUf4|4__
iRjOLLl/sJG

£> Al-C

PEmDuLun* PLASTIC.

STEEL WE16/+T j. S
MAG/oET

A GEaj T4V
UJILL

100 K.
HALL
SEMSoR
(AS SIS) “IP*. USE SEMSOR
:iR.cuiT O/s) EACH 1
SIDE OR THIS OM£|
TO INDICATE WHEN)
MEARLV level.!.1

PLACE south
J.Stp4.f
kaa^me.t SEhiSOR. adjust R±
U to TIL LED JUST STOPS ^LOWlVsJE
(adjust LED SH oulD /S30W.GLOW.L
PosmoM-4. J STEEL BALL APPROACHES
HALL SEMSoR. EXP£RIM£
re&uiRed) Position oA mAgnjet Fof
. RESULTS^-J. j.LUU-4-
THIS Circuit 0 (CATES WKEN A MA6NET \*
At A PRESET ADJUST A ELE DlSTAMCE FROM.
ii a all semsor.

RATiOM.ETR.IC
HALL SENSOR

Comparator

HJOJL

MACnEt

100K
NUMBERS ARE

MALU„S£WS0R
(MAGNET
PLACE.. South
MA6N&T UP TO 1-2. Cm
FROM. SENSOR. ADJUST
R1 AMD R2L un|:i4-4ed X
And LEO 1 just clou).
WHEN MAcShJ £T IS
MCU/ED TOWARD SENSOR,
JLapjl Svkarmfcs.|ff,1
shimI2i. ki|nfi.N[ ■■.thAcJct- 15
MOVED AwJAY, LED 1
NOHTH 1 k\h.ijrckft.sj. dp ft. usjg T .
NORTH Pole of magnet
TO REVERSE OPERATION.
DUAL-OUTPUT
A P/UR Op gACK-TO-BAC-K HALL SENSORS
PROVIDES A DdAl-OOTPOT N\A<Sn>£T SE/O
THIS METHOD WORKS WITH goTH D!
HA EL SWITCHES AiOD RATIOM.ETR1C hall
SENSORS. RATlDMErRlC HALL S£MS<
PROVIDE HIGHER SENSITIVITY,

Mount two
SENSORS
CLOSE TD
ONE ANOTHER
(TPVKHUN6)
ON CIRCUIT
Board and/or
Bond TD6ETHER
WITH FILLED
EFbXY

s Rs: select
3 TO PROVIDED
Hall 'L HALL APPROPRIATE
CURRENT
THROUGH LED
IvAAGnET (TYPICALLY:

DIGITAL TlOMETRl
HALL L 2
A SI.HI ru
A3515

iQA
DW <
f
*4 ,__j L-
fi ELD- ;steeh£ie: BAR5RAHK1:::
a ,. . I SllJljjjffiEE
MEASURE TVA6._UTR6.rJ<S TH i o P A MA^j) Ernie. I I 1
FIELD. THIS CIRCUIT!.SVAOuJS HOW TO USE-i A
STACK OP.DIGITAL WALLi.Se/s4SORS (THRE^-M"*
MORE) TD DIS PLAY_ 6rJ£TIC F UEl D STRENGTH
OM A 6ARGRAPH LED DISPLAY.

KAAGm fit

stacked HALL SENSORS (A3*Hl)

.
£3 RX Rl|~ (yAA6M£t._b.R.
WJL A70JL ^TOiL VARIABLE
MA6 M ETI CL
L6D LED Lm-CL> iPleJLtt.i.
.Jl.L Z XJ
2
lU v\ 1
] 3
r /

r- UA LL
3 1
Position

LED 1 LED 2_ LED 3 OR TO USE

Any! color
biTI .J0/s) OKJ LEDs. X U‘
QAJ . |nil |_ OFF RED ^ GR6 i
0&Z _jDPP 1 oFf An 0 BluE
OFF (OFF OFF
 A
•
u -4 ALL SENSOf L DIRECT 1014 >
INDICATORv~4_
.r
tVAJO OR M.ORE HALL SENSORS ARRANGED- SIDE”
BY-SIDE CAN indicate the directional Move —
UPMT
— OP A NPARRY k^SNET. J i..J....1
f5 • HAL<
X'SENSOR 5
r
_-« mov\n£ /
/
/
k.A A M £1r
-
/ s A(?£L
SIDE
|HALL EAL “

_ /
\k....4l 3 L 2. 3
-< nn
LmJ
£T + (c\l
/
_1..
/WV AAA
r
C-L R2.
L EC ~HOJL H10JL .J LE D
1 7 \z 2.
'JS
>
U A LI i wAL / z
A31^i 1 1 A31H1
3 s t( p3_
/< X
-Y" — " "T % -
—nr - r*r - -s r- - -1
MAGNET >- |, ^ ,1 i i 1
B mJI .^ -JL, _ -» l J i _1
**
«■
?OSl tick : L l %i 5 4 i S’

Pos T\OtJ LEDl 1 LED Z

_ 1 THIS c IRCU IT-
1 OFF OFF DRIVES LED^ gUT
z ON OFF IT (juilc ALS£>
3 ON ON DRiVE external
H OFF ON LO<SlCL CIRCUIT s.
5 Off OFF
.j<aa
—'V.j
ULTRA-SENSITIVE NAASMET SWITCH
AVERY:sensitive MAGNET Switch JcAn BE
MADE BY cow aj Ear IM 6 A PAl a OF I BACKED- BA C
WALL SENSORS TO AM OP AMP oRi CO MPARATC

WALL X

MAGwET

TlP'.HAMG 1 I
MAGNET FROM.
STRING A/sJD SWING PA‘
WALL 1 TO FLASW LEDs

THIS CIRCUIT lolLL RESPOND TO i A_ MACMET

p| C.M (ABOUT (a INCHES) AwAy. WITH MO MA6MET
OR WHEN SOUTH PoLE OF, MA&oET „|S NEAR
HALL 1 SEmSoR 1 r. LED 2. GLOWS.... VjHEm NORTH
Pole OF MAGnEt is NEAR HALL SENSOR. 1.
LED 1 Gu>\OS. USE DIFFERENTCOLOR LED si 1
For LEDs 1 AND 2. v Either individual A£Ds OR

pVOUNT WITH
PROMT , SIDE 0FL HALL SENSOR ,1 (SIDE with
NUMBERS) CLOSEST TO ID HERE MAGNET WILL
be Placed..ulX-l.i.i..i.l

THOUGH THIS circuit c

Power many other d£v
interface Circuitry
MIG N ET
THE Output voltA££ fRoM. A RATIom£TR-ic.
CumEAP.') KALC SEMSoR. cAm ComtROL A
MOLltA&e-TO- FREQUENCE COMVERTER.i_..;THl.
Provides a Music4L tome whose
IS ComtRollED by a mA6mj6t/C Pj£<_D

REDUCE RR.

100K

AAA^MET

A ALL

looo

ti lu 00 RESPONSE TO
1400 Small MASwi
Lloo Ci - 0.0*41 y^if-
SC UTH looK
NORTH
—1 —i —i •*-—H —l —j —1 ~-< --i —< -~j —i ""j ***■*■•*■<
1 _| j _
1
iit 1
1rT
-~~4 i—*
.i \AU s c XL q -NO □ L A
; * * L-_j 1
>
M J j | 1
t
HC>o K |
— —i —1 KJ h——H
-• \ 2 W...J rH
s i
1 i •
—,—i i_i \ J - J
Mi
2 f\ un p ■
PIA/OCi \UlRE \
\
-... J
<3
lLI / \ / VJr: I
✓ r V
]
OR. STRlhi G :_j va c£ L-nnnJ L.r J
—' p \ u.
* ->■j—| —
— '\ k T IM£
! 1-1
'<L-» /
r

r“T i—I
9 N iki= KMJftlrH S« So'VT:r J
.— _i
n—
MA G»JET -!*- li m1 s r—
uJr—i He=J TC> i—i t rt
fu\a<sm£t. MUSIC►[
h~~~ -L V ►=* .-
HALL SEMSoR CIRCUIT (MCffJG PA&£)

DAMPED) OSCILLATING TONE

MA£N>ET WILL j~~

$OObJCt SEVERAL
LAJOOD TIMES BE POR.6U
PLASTIC ROD Floatin)£L over
BASE MA6/o£TL_

DROPPED TOP HALL SEMSOR

MAfiMET
TO; MAGNET
MUSIC CIRCUIT

SENSITIVE TONE
press and release Floating >£r (shown;
[ABoVE) or MoumT a MA6aj£t FLEX IBLEl
BEAM ASj-SH-ovufsi-.W&Rfc-i

MAGnjET
FLEX I 6LE.
SUPER-SENSITIVE FIELD SENSOR
AN INEXPENSIVE COMPASS IS A MUCK MORE
sEwsmuE detector of magnetic fields tha
A RALL SENSOR COM6IAJIM6 A RATlOMETRlC
WALL SENSOR WITH A COMPASS PROVIDE5
SUPER'-SENSITIVE MAGNETIC. FIELD DETEc

Attack HALL Position) SEMSoR

StSJSoR so TiP op the
SIDE OF ) NEEDLE PASSES
COMPASS JUST OVER
or Bottom) OR UNDER
CLOSEST TO THE HALL-
NEEDLE. USE SENSOR. UJHE/V
TAPE TO HOLD THE compass
SENSOR is Rotated

(VVAGnET

CATTACH TT> COMPASS)

TO MULTITESTER
(SET TO UOLTS)

TUVS ARRANGEMENT- will detect

of A STRONG* MAGNET MORE TT-
CASooT 2 feet) away FROM COMPASS
voltage change mat BE only £
MlLLVVOLTS.(_0.010 VOLT) OR SO. S<
td use a Digital multitester.

USE THIS ARRANGEMENT WITH A VOLT/

TO-FREQUENCY CIRCUIT TO PROVIDE A TON
THAT CHANGES FREQUENCY (WHEN THE
COM PA S3 J NEEDLE MOVES PAST THE hALL SEt
SEE THE "MAGNET MUSIC " PRO TECT IN 7H
MINI-NOTEBOOK FOR DETAILS (PAGE 90)
SUPER-SENSITIVE FIELD SWITCH
THVS„ C l RCUIT UMU. Activate whgNJ A
MAG WET* IS PLACED UP TO J
FEET') Ai/JAT.

COMPASS „L KaAGwET

HALL SEMSOR
(ATTACH to compass')

■vfr.v --Rotate compass

lOOK. UNTIL weedle
lS;OV/ER THE HAU
SEKiSOR JTHEW
A DTD ST ...Rl
OwtiL THE LED
JUST- SCO ITCHES
OM. MOvJ Pur
A MAGnET WEAR
THE COM.PASS.
10HEM wFEDLE 4-_
IS HlOvED 8V THE
MAGS) ETvTHt .tfife.
U)ILL FLASH 0/s)

ABOUT THIS [CIRCUIT“ ; THE 1H1 IS A LovJ~coS

OPERATIONAL AmRj Fier Cop amp) cowwEcted
AS .IaL COMPARATOR l_ THE OUTPUT OF A
COMPARATOR M»Js4-4.i*4~-
CIRCUIT THE output Suj itches FROM
TO HIGH lmHEMXTHE BALL S
*E LS i.ASooT 0.01 HIGHER
THAW THE VOLTAGE Ar: PIN 2. oF H-iLL
MAmv DIFFERENT OP AMPS VJI
Rcuit. Tusr ee sure to
R PlNS- it CAW BE REt
ED CA/sJ BE REPLACED gV
PIEZO TD/OE ££k)6RAtor..„iJ_
 GiA.NI CDNAPASS MAGNETOMETER
GEOmA GME-TlC STORMS CAUSED BY SOLAR
Activity cam cause major power blackouts j__.
AMD AURORAS. THEY ALTER EARTH'S MAGuSTiZ
FIELD S'O THAT COMPASS NEEDLES DEVIATE FROM.
MAGW End NORTHTHE Gl AfoT COMPASS SH0UJ AL-
HE.R&4 SHOULD \HDICATE COMPASS DEFLECTIONS.
CAUSED %yLGEOMASWETC STORMS- A. SMALLER

COMPASS GEOMAGNETIC L
StoRmS vjill CAUSE
MOVAroG AIR SLIGHT DEFLEC TlO/03
j&ES.f R£SULT5 ^ susPEaoD AWAY FROM MAGNETUL
THE ComPASSUmSIDE NORTH. DEFLECTIONS
JA. LARGE CONTAi/uER

COMPASS Mou/oTEO at the

— INI a 1DC. JH tONTnlNC
—1
(SEE BELOW.)
IP,„J UiOoD DOWEL
OR PENCIL ixl.1.,
NORTH

AVOID VIBRATIONS
NEAR .Compass1, RADIOSHACK SE4RCH ENK/NEi
IMG MAC NETS TO E'nO SOM/d
CONTAINER. (5 OR MORE) Activity neia/$
ON THE LUES.:

MAGNETOMETER SCALE.,..I
Cl INDEX MARK PER DEGREf
PiviDE CiRCumfERENCE oFl
container by 3LO td Find
distance between ..index.
MARKS. USE LARGER I ^ I I 1 I
contain£R AND LONGER
Pointer For HKSaJ.R£S0Lu770N- .
 SEN SDR NU.RT IT COMPASS
•i—i— A RATlOMETRlC WALL SEN SO & CAM DETECT /VM£-
NETIC. NORTH- AT MV LOCATION | j\J CENTRAL TEXAS
THE OUTPUT PROM. A RATIO M£riu4*4^^-5^4:4~-).\
VO ATS WISHER WHEN THE SENSOR.j..j
POINTS MoRtH THAM; WHEN IX POINTS ELSEWHERE.
fariisLUoxlragEUV Enough to trigger, this akcuiT..

44jUabel .41... * HALL SENSOR

ADJUST Rl _\_CPRont') ^4- A3S1E
Until voltage , .; .
AT Pin 0= OF XCij- FOR ADVANCED LL
j1 p h
NAiL
t1 n
plsbijvgL^iifigfe EX p £R\M ENT£RV|.3.
BETWEEN LOWEST.
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VALUE. (SO OUT¬ f f pluy.L.j.
DOORS Aul/AV from|_ COMCfc^TfiATDR
POWER LlnES AMO-
iargeLmetal
oejects. Rotate
.CIRCUIT UNTIL IV I2- + kV
PRINTED B4c£ 1-
oF HALL SENSOR
Points NORTH. ADJUST RH \ /
ADJUST RH UNT/L UnTH la RE
LEO 1 JUST TVRMS 10 K
ON AND LE.Di'SLj—1~ 444444
■JUST turns OFF. loofc
Rotate circuit
Board toward 1 t <
-4--V. icLjttzbX
EAST OR WEST 1H1 OR
AnD LEO 1 WILL OTHER OP
TURN.jj3.fF AND U! E
Amp or
Comparator
—4*4-—j—i—i— m-.
1_|_|_ | j |_j__j_j
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SENSITIVITY sy 1 ir r e ik.
■i!-I USING- A NAlL
-[As.kiffcbd I "H*——£
CONCENTRATOR 4U1OTCHI. FOR VERY SuBTLE CRANGFS
&££ AEoveY In Brightness of LEDs.-.4-1
 (ZED HALL SENSORS
DIRECTION SENSOR
XU IS D El/(C£ HAS T VJQ
5ip£-6VrSm£ HALL SEMSOtfS
£1 OUT ('Ll AMD £2)4-JjLIS D£516AJ£D
LABEL TD 0 ETE CT ..fi.QT.ATiO N AL
GROUND DIRECTION AMD SP££D_M4
A ROTATING RING MAGNET4
DIRECTION
THE AZMZZ CAM 66 USED

(+ie> v m$4. vnLDicator

EX IS output
FRCuU-i-QME- op

CEDI

MO MASnET
LED 2-SOUTH AZHZZ

MAGnET

ATS410 GEAR SENSOR

THIS SENSOR INCLUDES Ar BolLT-
im Bias magnet behind two
HALL SENSORSj THIS SENSORj-iS
DESIGNED TD DETECT iSMALL L
TEETH ON A (SEAR.. IT ALSO L
WORKS UuELL AS: A FERROUS
iMjETA|L.j....dE{TT^|TORl....l.L-L-i--...

P*Nl 5UPRV «+16,u)

P\nj2- our Pur
PIN 3 '“ CAPACITOR
Pin H - ground

LED 1 STOPS GLOWING

MET,At
OVERVIEW
SOLAR CELLS MADE FROM THl/J WAFERS OF SIUCoa)
CONVERT LIGHT DIRECTLY INTb ELECTRl C i TV. .

PO\jJER GENERATION IS BY FAR THE.[M0S7I--U

im porta nt application FOR solar cells
And {arrays.{therefore THIS section
includes basic information about the
AND solar energy. houj solar cells
Solar CELL ARRAYS ARE.u$EO
GE STORAGE-] BATTERIES AmI
TLY PovoER Some circuitsU
COVERED,

IT SL IMPORTANT TO KfNOU. THAT SOLAR CELLS

HAVE MANY {APPLICATIONS UNRELATED to
SOLAR POUiER Las BECAUSE SOLAR
.CELLS- booRK ujEllJas Relatively
sensitive Light sensors
cl DESCRIBES MANV USES
AS LIGHT SENSORS.!.LXJ-
7+AT USE.IS^LjAfcJ. CjEfLjS.I.I
i ARE ALSO GIVEN.

ARRAY

POWER. SYSTEMS

CHARGE LI 1; sunlight.
BATTERIES t LIGHT FROM
EDMJER ci LAMPS And
DIRECTLY. OTHER , SCO
 ~t~-f 4—l—I-
SOLAR ENERGY NAILESTOMES
mi
t—,—$—^—
FOR THOUSANDS OF V£ARS PEOPLE HAVE
USED SuNLlGHt TO WARM. TBElR HOMES* i -4—*-
SOCRATES B.C.) TAUGHT THE i
—i-—i_
i

IMPORTANCE OF.j PLACING j HOMES SO THE —j—

!
.[Interior rooms during WINTER*
i<
* * ru._ r rL.■ ■ .
HERE ARE TUST A FEW BIGHCIGHTS OF |
HISTORIC SOLAR ENERGy DEl/ELOPMENTS .*
! 1 j i ! ! I 1 | | | ?
f
destruction of Roman FLEET ('ll2.
ARChimedesI is reported to uAvf ' —
IGNITED INl/AMNG ROMA N SHIRS i
t
By h—'t“”"‘
_L_ means of reflected 1Sunlight. il

DIAMOND MELTED — TWO ITALIAai

•
experimenters succeeded in melting ......Jr—i—
a diamond using Focused sunlight. i i

solar furnace CHih) — THE FRENCH

CHEM\ST ANTOINE-LAuRENT LAVOISIER {
made A solar Furnace THAT MELTED
PLAT i ml) M.

solar -Powered printing press (1Q18)- |

A LA&GF PARABOLIC REFLECTOR COLLECTED
Enough sunlight to Power A PRINTING PRESS
i
SOLAR STEAM engine d30l)- A . G* ENEAS
designed a solar steam eng/na that
Pumped ..[irrigation water in Arizona’
Sunlight was collected sylMsa mirrors
in stalled in a fixture that flESEMgled 1
t
A G/AnT UM.SRELLA 33.S FEET (ASoUT In
meters) In diameter. MM | i
r—v~-t
j
! * ! 1 j -L! **_l! jI_«_
J.| * L_L_J_l. 1 i1 iI *! \ J.\
1 "j SOLAR ENGINE (l^OEM JOHN BOVLES AND
k, Ei wills IE DEMON StRATED A is- AoRSE-
I i Power Ejngine powered Bv Pools of i
! water that captuhed Amd Stored the ;
-1-
*~T"-1
lJ
l
t I heat FROM l SUNLIGHT._ ! j { | | | | | j .1 .
i 96 _l i _.j.4_:.[
1« < | { | j 1 * ! * i ! *
-~i- "T 4 ' i f 1 F" ! 1 i J I ! : 3 "j --1.1. —|—i _
_{„.SOLAR ELECTRICAL PLANT (.1913}- FRANK.
_IL-^HUmIaNJ. AMD Cl.V/1 60VS SuiLT TAG. WORLD’S
FIRST solar-PoujE.R6.D - ELECTRICAL. PLANT -LI
NEAR CAIRO , EGVPT. THE HUGE.FACILITYj
USED SEVEN SOLAR COLLECTORS «, EACH
20H F£E!T4-(A60Ut... (cl. MEt£R.s) LONG. im£L-Li
L-JcolLECTORS WAD a TOTAL AREA OF 13,0004.j~
4 S0.UAR.E4 FEET C A bout l,2oa SQUARE METERs).
„-L i*rii£.Y AutomaticALtV -Tracked the sum..Lj
I [ j.n.j_j.1.1 j j.1I1 111 .1 1 ■ | j j
.j™ OVEN Clots')- C. G. ABBOT OF THE
J.jSHiTH SOM I AN INSTITUTION) COOKED m£AL$.J..{4~T
4 ft I A| fc^ka«- Pfluk^fcb.©l/EM 4At- 4-HjlSl...
SUN OBSERVATORY- ON MOUNT UuILSoN„CALI FORMA.
.— ——

!s.OL|Ak furnace (19 so'sitiFftEijJCH scientist

FELIX TRjOLvBE. i DESIGNED THE WORLD’S LARGEST
:-j-1- solar furnace I this facility, whose 9, ooo
mirrorsL Are installed o/o the i side oF.;
44 -
!A Bui/LDlNGI CAN REACH THE TEMPERATURE
OF THE Sun's SURFACE-^ iOtooo* FAHRENHEIT
(about 5,5 3a ° C6lsil)sV4.-

SILICON Solar cell (19SW)-GERAlD PEARSON,

DARVL ^XHAPlN AnO CALVIN FuLLER OF BEAL -Li
LABORATORIES developed TOE first
Successful silicon solar cell, thus i
DEVELOPMENT led TD THE modern] era
[op. . Photovoltaic solar Power conversion-!

MID-£AST OIL CRISIS (1970's)- THE OIL CRlSlis i

THE 1970 S STIMULATED N/FiCANT NEW
RESEARCH l IN SOLAR ENERGY. OLD; KINDS oF-j
solar Energy systems were improved
AND N£w4 K.InC4I-VUER E DEVELo PED. 1.|_4-]-4-4-
■+.\.4.f.t.1.4].4.{.}.|.}.r.144.rrit"!.^—J.t.44
THIN-FILM. SOLAR CELL (1986's)j- MANY-4.1.4-
kinds OF SOLAR CELLS HAVE BEEN developed,
But thin-film 4 cells of silicon And other
SEmvconductors are Among the mostm 4
Important, they can be. made as flexible.i
5AEE.TS much larger than standard i -i
iSliLlchliV 1 SOLiAfe. 1 CfeU-g. i.Ll.LA.1.IllJ.Li
 H—|—\ 4—L~!
ENERGY FROM THE SUN
■'—j-

AN lNCREDlSEE AMOUNT OF
ELECTROMAGNETIC. RADIATION. THE TPTAJL.L1.1.t~
RADIATEDiPOWEjR., AS 3>. 63*1022 KiLOiNATrS.{34*44-4-.
b.i !3E3[oooyooo^ooo)ooo^ooc^o00,000,000 u/Atts..I.
MOST OF THIS RADIATION IS,.LOST TD SPACE. I.| i
ONLY a TlNV FRACTION is INTERCEPTED BY
EARTH An D THE .OTHER. PLAnEtS. ACCORDING.
TD..THE SOLAR ENERGY INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION
C*SErA} ri ALL THE ELECTRiCITY |CO MS UM£D WL 1.L-L-
THE UMATED STATES COULD BE PROVIDED
PHatOVOLTAia.„SOLAR CELL MODULES CO l/ER/NG ,.I.-L
0.3 % OF THE land AREA4qF THE U.S. 4 .L

J—I—l—1—i,...!

THE SOLAR CONSTANT

j | J 5 , _I » i I _I ^ ^ ^ j Li [

Jmjl.GLiff.aY-Ithe;.
earth's atmosphere is called!
the Solar constant, measurements
MADE By SEVERAL SATELLITES SHOuLiri^Ei-X.
the Solar constant is 13G.8 \uAtt$ PER
S &U AR E C E NT IM ETE R. —-———L

SOLAR CONSTANT AT EARTH «...

T.t”T j t ti l rrH
0.13LB OR

-f—f—t—
W EARTH
——r 4-j-J-j-}-j--j-j-L
I
T—^—{-——i—1—i—j—b
4—i—f——f—i—u .!.►
THE SUNLIGHT INTENSITY AT EARTH VARIES
BECAUSE EARTH'S ORBIT AROUND . Tkt-.-S.Lk4 IS i—f—
t I
SLIGHTLY ELLIPTICAL ..-; THE MEAN Dl STAN4eL
OF EARTH FROM. THE S7,130
.iMlLLES (1HT, LOO, ooO-KILOM&T&RS) . INEARLY
JANUARYEARTH IS ABOUT lf LOO, 000 MILES
_LLS75y00P KmU-CLOSER TD THE SuN. IaU~4~
EARLY „ JULY EARTH IS ABOUT lt(*QQ+ COO MlU
&i£)SyOQQ RMi FARTHER FROM THE SUM. u
(SEE DRAWING ON FACING PAG£_LL4~lX4-
100 ~f—H- \t i? \J i s i
» I ;
 —-j—-

qHv 5S-7T130 Mi —>]< V13D M.J

JULY JANUARY

L
TH£ INTENSITY, OP SUMUGWT
BETWEEN PERIHELION (.CLOSEST PCU/sir) AnD
*r~r
APHELION CFARTHEST Point) IS ABOUT 44 %-*i
US E twE Solar, comsta/s>t:—jTABLE. td Find
THE SoLAR COMSTAMT]. FOR THE.jFlMxi
OF AnjV MowtK. ;.Li —T---i~

14-4 X—L—4- 4-4 4

SOLAR COMSTAWT TABLE

T* ■4.4-4.
MULTIPLY THE- MEAN SOLAR. i, CON STANX- l
CUIL& WATTS PER SQUARE . METER OR j.i
13 Je.64M I LL I WATS PER SQU ARE ICENT\ HE T ER )
6V THE CORRECTION NUMBERS |M THIS TABlEJ
to find the!.Solar i rr A Di An ce oa»
THE GIVEN- dates. L_i.I.L L
■.4--I.I—I—F
JANUARY 1.1033s JULY OiR.L Lp Ce?;
J FEBRUARY i . 0288 J^4u$xLl-. EMM-
MARCHi jLteiis SEPTEMBER
4AfibiU- 1.000^ T-T- OCTOBER 0. <\ws
4 048Y1 NOVEMBER
J4yyuO iolSttHl DECEMBER 1,0188
— -4.— 4—i
KANSELL L. COuLSOM , 'SOLAR And
terrestrial Radiation'' Academic, press.
.ins.. i—r 5
1
H-f
i
f~;>

Example;.the siuN ‘shr radiance

JAT THE TOPOf THE ATMOSPHERE ON AMY 1 ? L
THE lRRAD\ANC£ ON M*Y 1 IS Q.^&HL Of THE .
MEAN SOLAR CONSTANT OF 13C.6 MILLIWATTS;
PER SQUARE CENTmETER. .IS .j......
^ISL/kULUWATTS PER SQUARE CENTIMETER.
--1-~-X- 101 —1—L
-f—f-
 -H SUNLIGHT AND THE RMOSPHERE

▼
l
4
Lj
(

UVMul

ALBUQUERQUE OM.TULY 1. ALBUQUERQUE

i
c

1
v

□
*
i

1 are some THE CHIEF FActOR.5

-

"t rt. ■
I

SOME SUNU6Rt is scattered in

VARIOUS DIRECTIONS BY MOLECULES OF
C AIR, THIS IS RAYC&16H SCATTERl/0 6.

02om£ ABSORBS
ULTRAVIOLET AMD
0*2010E ORAM^E LlCWr AMD,!
LAYER VARIOUS Ik) FRA RED L
WAVELENGTHS .|.L

WATER WATER N/AHdR

VAPOR X ABSORBS VARIOUS
earth INFRARED WAuELENCTHS
i
 ——,

if iI
~ \ j
\-j ... ...1 i l i ... J1
r t -,j _ _
i
-t\ r1 T h
r 1
1
]
r r "~~~y] . v v vi j
j
■ uiJ
* r 1 n 11 ' I**“"1 .,,4
*T -...-.j i]1
1—

AEROSOLS | 1 ruO'V ! P>A1R1r\c -—!

Fi• A M r>
j J
! j
—i—r :r—
C AT : PU f : trui At r A is.)3Plr i

SCATTERING
aerosol j.i

absorbing AEROSOL' pollen

^i__j—|——4 A6R.OSQL -ELpuD idfe ...

N^O^B^RS OF TIN)V IAJAtER. DROPLETS OR ICL

CRYSTALS. CLOUDS ABSORB AMD scatter licmt\
r~| j f- j- 1 j j 4 4 j- f f—
jL-^S-uki-
(^)^-SUN i i 1 L LI....L CUMULUS
CLOUDS
■ cam absorb most
~t~-t— I i_j_i L\6HT IN A DIRECT
H—I _U_J_4___^.beam fromthe sun

C1R RUS CLO UD5

ABSORB LESS. --j--*•.->- lr
j—j— jSUNiU GAT TKAN L---J-4
23“
■—|—L~— —

I CUMULUS CLOUDS | T
I|—1—
, |~J pt))MU LUS.. CLOUDS-4-
I_!_M_]_j__j j 1 ||_| | j |_|_|_i |||_ j i _ I_
hHak HiH <lri -mf, 44rk dAL-sip 4 ULUgUnT
.10 PASS THROUGH MOR£ ATMOSPH£R£ OuRlNS
! 1
——j — \~~4 rr\LU ^ VAJ IN TtK tSMU oPK■\NGU-.L-4—1 - 1 —j—1—j 1 i —4
“tti
i—-—- —
\ > 1 i I « | i t! -~4
— -i -J —4-— 1i—■» ; -4——4 -1
* Mi
,—; -1 0 ^-— -1- —4——q --1
r[ 1i |—j -j—j-—j—j
! 1 1. | A j
l j T 1 :
1
_„ L _ „.. j SUMMER 1 —""~T—""1—^ SUM J JW inter
-1-
i ; ! J !
1 J | | { t 1 *»t*
_j.. .j_4_^_j._i_j i_j,_j._..4._i_
|_\_i P j j _L. j_
1 1 1• « i t l 1
[ j1 -L,,!
1 r -n X
\ 4._X- - .i
\ \ \ \ i ! *
----- 1 f I 1 j ~TE yf]'
r-1,-j- Ml . 1 . j.»..
I r
ii * * * * ; t
\/\7\ | j 1 [
p* _3 1 1 Le<< S ? J !
\!-i
i 1 -H Z / ATMOSPHERE ■ { f
I-****" \ 'r~~ ! .ATMOS-ERERl L.
1 \ j 1 j j i t i t 1
\ I i ! i i
|--j —^-»-4-1—i- 1——i—i 1——— J—t * * * « 1 1 \ 1 * 1
u -1—~4——4103 L-
-4-
i

;
i

SOLAR
T
i

many;semiconductors ujill generate.

ELECTRICITY FROM SUNLIGHT..THE MOST i
COMMON And BEST DEVELOPED solar cells
ARE MADE FROM SILICON sjncE silicon „
FORMS .11.1% OF EARTH'S CRuST, SILICON
SOLAR CELLS ARE POTENTIALLY INEXPENSl
But transform\ng silicon into solar
CELLS IS An EXPENSIVE PROCESS that
REQUIRES CONSIDERABLE ELECTRICITY.

SOLAR CELLS WORK

4
— -

LIGHT CONSISTS OF PACKETS OF ENERGY

CALLED PHOTONS THAT TRAVEL In) A WAVEt
URE FASHION. WHEN PHOTONS STR.VRE
_ L, SILICON ATOMS THEY DISLODGE ELECTRONS
THE MISSING ELECTRONS LEAVE BEHIND
Positively charged atoms, these Atoms
ATTRACT FREE ELECTRONS In THE SILICON.
this Random movement of electrons
can se converted into a Flow of
ELECTRONS IF A Pn JUNCTION IS
Formed in the silicon. Electrons
dislodged by photons near the PN
junction ARE Attracted to THE P
side of the Junction, the result is
A Flow of Electrical current when
LIGHT IS PRESENT. THE LEvEL Of
current in Amperes is directly

CURRENT
FLO \H
SOLAR CELL EFFICIENCY
m Evi£P4 . A SOLAR CELL
b\$ LODGES Tkff kAdL uiidL
T^A^S FORM NEARLY l.OO' % OF THE LI GMT
TV\AT StRVVlES IT imTD,..4.LE<tmic4-lW-.-jc»E.
ACTUAU EFBCiEMCY: OFj REAL SOLAR C64.LS
USL.FROM ABouT £ % TO 20 % . JtHERE ARE
SEUERAlL. REASONS FoR. REDUCED EFFlciENC'

iOME LIGHT IS REFLECT!

(VUiAv FRQH THE FRjOMT-
Surface of tae CELL

1Som£ UGlfXUjS
V,BLOCKED B-VLtHI
HTPICA L \ Com t Acts
SILL COM UPPER
S6LAR.1 ' Com TACTS
JOEULI (usually
NeXAmve}

xumctiom

SOLAR CELLS DETECT OMLY

PART OF THE SOLAR sp.

SUKJU GHT PEAKS

HERE (<SRE£/o)
RESPONSE Ol.
>N CELL PEAKSi-L.
E kjEAR IMFRAREO
 jg

IT
r
t" 'y

jw“*H

i
i
i
»
-$—
! i
i
Lj
.
_
i
T
I
L.j r
Y 1
1

i
i i .... j—

hj i

■ j '

, AM*

J,__

*
j

1
1

LI GMT tMTEMSITY

INCREASING SOLAR CELL VOLTAGE

UmEN SOLAR CELLS ARE USED TO ..CHAR6
STORAGE CELLS OR BATTERIES^ SEl/ERAL
CELLS MUST BE COMMECTED !M SERIES TO
OBTAIN A SuCRCiE^TLY HI6H VOLTAGE ,
}
"’j""""

i
!
1
1

"T ~~

TYPICAL SERIES ARRAY

j
i
_c
1
J
\_L,

~4~— -
1 1
j ! t
i
;
»L.a
 {
| !
r*—f
I |

A STRING OF SOLAR CELLS CONNECTED

SER\£S OR \^4PARALI£LJ0£E. BELOW) 15
CALCECL4A/SJ array. All the cells /aj aaj
array should BE equally illuminated.
SHADING ONECELL IN A &.S-1/OLT ARRAN
DROPPED OUT PuTiTO L?.Z L/oLTS.

S1ILIC0N SOLAR CEO- CURRENT

THIS{GRAPH |SHO\A)S TU£
CURRENT FROM. A SILICON)
=\R CELL FOR A RANGE
LOAD RES IS TAncES-L
_SAMEl40LAR CELL \a/A$L
0 TD PRODUCE. THIS
PH AWD|THE :ON6i.iO/M
FACING PAg44-OTH£R
-S ..MA.V|-4u)El-S0 m EIAJ hAt
j

j
n
LOAD ELL COHMS)

INCREASI IMG SOLAR

iv

COMMECTIMG SOLAR. CELLS IM PARALLEL

IWCREASES THE OUTPUT CuRREN r. THIS IS _L
r
ESPECIALLY USEFUL WHEW CHAR
STORAGE BATTERIES.

+■ SOwA if

TYPl CAL parallel array

SDL5ERI WG LEADS TO SOLAR CELLS
.<j»4-Soini U.ith1 ^Rr^iLMoQ
LEADS. SOLDERlMG LEADS TO SOLAR CELLS JS44
TRlCVCY, BuT YOU IcAn SAVE MONEY j IFYOU AR£;4~
willing to solder the leads yourself
us IMG THE REFLOW SOLDERING METHOD
DESCRIBED HERE. SOLAR CELLS ARE FRACRE,
SO USE CARE.

SO IT A gLE S0LDER1M6 /ROMS AMD SOLDER

ARE AVAILABLE FRoM RADIOSHACK. SELECT A
LO\aJ-WATTAGE IRON OF ASouT IS TD 30 WATTS*
USE 0.032.- In)CM OR SMALLERi ROSIN CORE
Solder, do mot use acid-core solder.

BE Sure to tim THE tip op TRE soldering

/ROM. FIRST, ALLOW THE IROM TO §£COmE
\AOT EM0U6H TO MELT SOLDER. THEM MEflj
SOLDER OVER THE TIP OF. THE SOLDER |M6
iRom. carePully brush off the excess
SOLDER IAJ1TH A SOFT CLOTH. AVOID SPLASH/MG
SOLDER OM YOURSELF OR OTHERS. A PROPERLY
TIMMED TIP WILL APPEAR SMOOTH AMD SHINY.

FOLLOW THESE STEPS TO SOLDER LEADSi-i-

TO A SOLAR CELL*.

1. Pi mo A safe Place to work, it /s

ESPECIALLY IMPORTANT THAT THE SOLDER/M6
IRON’S POWER CORD BE SAFELY PLACED* SO
BE SURE AM ELECTRICAL OUTLET /S NEARBY.
CAUTION A HOT SOLD£RlN<S /ROM CAM BuRM
SKIN OR CLOTH l/0<S ;

Z. SILI Co MSOLAR CELLS HAVE electrodes

ON BOTH SIDES. THE ELECTRODE OMTHELlCHT-
SEMSiTlUE. UPPER SURFACE IS A THIM STRIP;
0 F METAL ALOMC 0/OE £DCE OP THE CELL, i
Place the cell with the top side up on
Your work surface Ca piece of scrap wood
is best) And use a piece of masking tape m
Hold it IN PLACE WHILE YOU SOLDER.. Li.L
MS.U.4--U.i 1 1.i.1.44 i 14.1.14444.I-
3. WHEN -me 504-DERlMG iron is
GENTLV TO OCR THE EDGE io£.THE
END OF THE UPPER i ELECTRO DE.„
L^s

MASKUNG L. —
■
i.
7

f 7
l
i
|- I

UPPER SOLDERING
JROM

4. AFTER A SECOND] OR SO, TOUCH THE END

iO-fe- A LEn Gt Hj. of solde r_ to wherei TjHE i
SOLDERING IRON TOUCHES THE ELECTRODE
ALLOUJ SOME : SOLDER. TO MELT ONTO THE
ELE CTRODE AMD REMOVE THE |lRoM4

KLMOVt A SOU I U,t.]INCH mMj Or THE-

IMSULAT104-FR0M4THE ..END OF SOM£
WRAPPtM Gf _iVU I RE- PLACE THE EXPOSED END OF...
THE WIRE ALONG THE TOP OF THE SOLDER THAT
Vou; MELTED ONTO THE ELECTRODE AnD THEM
kSEKiTtVi.Press the soldering /ron against
ixue.WIRE and remelt THE SOLDER, uj hem
THE WIRE PUSHES INTO THE JM0LTEm40lD£RtL-
HOLDiaieS-MRH. VERY STiLL AND REMOVE
mAEL SOLDERING IRON

SOLDERING
IRON bi IAJIRE

!L-AFTER THE SOLAR CELL COOLS, GENTLY

REMOVE THE TAPE., FLIP,THE CELL OVER AND
TAPE iTiJ/O Place Again. Follow steps S-S
ABOVE TO solder a length of wRAPP/MjsL
|UJjiR,E TO THE BACK ELECTRODE. AFTER THE
ANlRE S\NRS INTO THE MOLTEN SOLDER SB
SURE td REEP THE WIRE very still. ujhilB
.is Alder*.fcdols. M 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 i j IT
MOUNTING SOLAR

ADVANTAGES OF MOUNTED
CGU.S ARE brittle And easily
BROKEM. MOUNTING THEM. GREATLY
REDUCES THE RISK. OF BREAKAGE.
2. WIRE LEADS SOLDERED TO A solar
ARE EASILY PULLED AWAY. MOUMTf/UG
CELL WILL PROTECT THE LEADS-

s. Am Enclosure or pamel cam be moumtep

om THE Circuit it is d&sigmEd to Power.

H, Am Emclosure or pamel protects

solar cell(s) from MOISTURE AmD

INSTALLING CELLS IN AN EMCLOSURE

OR (M.ORE SOLAR CELLS CAN) EE EASlLV
*lle& uE A TRAMS PARENT So*.

CLEAR. unjq&stRUct&dLI
PlAStvC VIEW OF "THE SUM
8ox \ OR LIGHT SOURCE

FOAM
?LA ST 1C
CuSR\OM
Holds
 $- i—*•
! i
!
(.— -f.

_1 mu
>
mp
!
i _ THE DRAWMG 0/0 THE FAC liM 6 PAGE SHOWS
;
:
A SOLAR, CELL SAMDVJICHED BET luEEM A ft)AAA
PLASTIC CUSHION) A/s)D THE Li jDlIjOJF_4A cleak
PEAstiC Box. You cam ALSO SAVC H TH.|E....|.
jl

(
CEEECS) gETLUEEM THE LID AND A PiASTie OR-
CARDBOARD LJ/mER INSERTED 1M HE UO AMD
CEnaEMT ED IM PEA<tEL.J_LJ_I_l—i.

MOUNTING SOLAR CELLS OH A PANEL.

For M-AsiV ’ HAVE USED j HOMEMADE.[.
SOLAR CELL TO CHARGE flashlight
CELLS ON L TRIPS-.; HERE 5 Ho pu
they are

PLACE A ACRYLIC D IC TO
BeiAD OF JM 0 uMX[-
5U-ICO fO£ BATTERY
CEMEMT Hoed er
AROUnjO
PAM EL

.WIN) .
Plastic
 ..

SOLAR CELL BATTERY CHARGERS !

LEAD-AC\b AND NICKEL CADMIUM j

ARE. THE] MOST ComImoN STO H AGE BATTERIES. *

CERTAIN ALKAUNE , LITHIUM. AND OTHER. J-4-

TYPES CAkj Also Be USED AS RECHARG£Ag££L
storage batteries- u/hen charging i 1
a storage battery voui must lOgsERv/E. j
j- -1

[SEVERAL PRECAUTIONS TDl-AvOlO DAMAGE

TO THE] -BATtrERY .OR ONE. Of - VTS CELLS, ;.
THESE .PRECAUTIONS U-IILL ALSO GREATLY
REDUCE THE POSSIBILITY OF FlRE OR EVEN
EXPLOSION. NhICrL CAN OCCUR WHEn A T
STORAGE BATTERY IS IMPROPERLY CHARGED

STORAGE BATTERY PRECAUTIONS

1. CHARGE ONIY CELLS And BATTERIES 4-1 . .

DESIGNED [TO &«=- recharged. caution U-.

never Attempt TO. CHARGE OTHER KINDS
OF BATTER! £S THEY MAY OVERHEAT> 4__L
SUU6LL AND POSSIBLY EXPLODE.

2. NEVER EXCEED
CHARGING C.UP.R£.I
CELL ! OR BATTERY
THE CHARGING,. TlA

IF A BATTERY BECOMES HOT LuHlLE BEING

lArgep v immediately Disconnect it OR
move IT FROM THE
.OUJ IT TD COOL. BEFORE
 4-j ~~~~ f—-j
!
1 i t
1 1._

? !
| f T
i
i 1 {
-»-j U»>—| L _l..
j j 1
* }
Co. NEPER SHORT THE TERMVNjALS OF Of a f j

STORAGE CELL or battery l STORAGE CELLS

HAVE A VERY LOuj INTERNAL RESISTANCE.
TB\£ MEANS iTHEY CAM PRODUCE A VERY HIGH
CURRENT THEIR TER.MIN AL $4 ARE SHORTEN

bo mot SHORT
THE TERMlM ALS
op A storage
CELL OR SAtTERY
storage iaj/TH A mail,
battery COIN)4..metal
Foil OR OTHER !..
conductor

A USE TAPE TO INSULATE] THE EXPOSED

TERMVNALS OH STORAGE CELLS And
batteries-.otherwise we .terminals
might Become accidentally shorted.,
together, ujhen possible, use an
I/OSULATED BAttERV-JHOLDER OR .toNuE CTION
CUPS WITH insulated LEADS.

r TOcharge MiCkEL cadmium

ELLS And BATTERIES IVHEN THEY
DISCHARGED4 THIS INCREASES
THESE CELLS AUlLLi FUNCTION
charges!*4-4-
9. NEVER GUESS ABOUT THE SPECIFICATIONS
OF.. AN UN K NOVO N OR UN MARRED BATTERY. [
THE SPECIFICATIONS OF BATTERIES..;SOLD SY
Rad iqshack.; are ISTED in THE RADIOSHACK
CATALOG, j.„You iCAn Find THE SPECIFIC AT/0NS
he tuoRLDU&UD £ mEg.
BY SELECTING, ONE
ENGINES. TYPE /a)
4sname And the
L hOELL#.TO K) ARRoi/J
VDUR
 —i—s—•,—i.
pi-
}! !i 1 i : I TTTT | FT :>!*;?!» t J 5 i » i
1 • { J : ‘
4 11! .1_i_L_j_L_ i l
! ! ! ~4
! l i 1 1 ! 1
4—4 1 - - - -{.{__ n ^ -i.i-4-.I~i -i.i■u
M Tr 1 r
i
rHARGFKS
Ov i- /TM ?
SOLAF OFI 1 RIVTTFk’Y
ilil lilt .i._ —]—i.—t—4—i—l—!■t
4—-*4 —j ^coipc
•J v_ w i w -< AP P AVC SQ/.AR CFLLS ARF USED TO
! —4
r u AR &E <rt/oda^F rELLS AnD RATTER.IES. THE. —i\ ti
ADD AKJ mmc-t r FmFR ATP A SLIGHTLY HIGHER 14 ; —4
-v w*
MOLT AGE TWAH THAT OF THE E>ATT£Rv/isElM&Ji —41
1
ra AO CFD. UP R{=■ ARF TUF KJUMEFR. OF SERI ES P J 1
_ ^lu\c^tph rp / l c, CnKAt^DkJZ_Y USFO TO CHARGE *""V'T
CrvkiP- Dii•n pi i i A R. 4 ra-ttfry roFigorations;
w f j ny 1 i
jJIU-Li - .. 1
1 H .9~udlt CELL — t A| solar cells ! 1 j ; 1 j
; j 1 { |
| 1 * t ! i _L.~J—J—J
SER|£S- q SOtAR CELLS —H ,
. 2. 1.1-VOLT mku CELLS 1J
-•—4—»iw>i
.1 mJ
-j 4 1.1-VOLT SJlCd CELLS IkJ SER-IES —1& Sc^AR CELLS .
{
4—
: 19-WnLT LEAD -ACID
1 6 ATTER'V -Sfc solar cells —4 .....J
» j i
—- —i—j—i— _i_i_L_L_L,.,.,-
»
-4- ■ rrrt t t
4— ? ( * AA
SOI AR ..... (1^— »r - CRARGER _L_L——J—1— —
--
r -■■ _ — — — "1
c
--!.f ti-<- solar cell
kj*' Kp 1 .i array!. —
-pp •
-Pi
i
—r—♦.. .L.J_L_
*p~1 ~r »
i i 4-: 14444-1_
ii .• 4. l.l V
| i - pp- i
.r
j J- U
1.
1 44
i i 4 I
f.t.P~t
i ± y y _i_i_1_ —J— —1.J—1— 11
r-t.pt.
i nP' ^ £\ D1 .
1. —F>J_ .
f.•.-p-T—i | _s_ lN^lH
V—f.~f—I. j —i—
«*•»> 11 .I + .1.. r'"~~
L __i_i—|—
\ \ ) \ \
} | J •
*rm c riorniT v WILL CWAIJ6F 2 AA hV\CA CELLS it.,-,.
"■ **** i— •i r»» j.•
i IP TUF rF/A_S ARF fnity DISOMARG£,D, SoLAf L.
CP/L<; THAT <G>FmERAtE rO 100 iwA uj/ll 50
ruAp icS frnpi < ~(=U S AE6UT 5 TO S Hours
| ! 1 j ! 4lilt
, j ------|-— j
P\ -i-
1 IPP
I'V F>\/F -1 -*V* 'W** ! Mi H4 cells from,
TWF Li_
hi<ru APGluG
4.. .v•• -m. TH/Rn06M the solar.,.ceo«LLi_L 4~~~.
| j J j!ii
■I—
'Ii 11L> 1 J 5 i-!-1—t
i~T“~r~i“'
i
i_i_1 _L.— i-\-——4-
\ I i | ! 1 i 1
-1- 1
\>
* { ? !
.-~r-- -- --- t
t : ; * 5

i—[—j—j-—t-— i | | f 4—
 — -4-

i1 T\

L. Hi .
>
*******
OTTERY CHARGER
********

.*.*.***
-4 M£|W£R EXCEED XRfcjRECOMMENDED CHARGE
Jk ■TE FOR A STORAGE CELL.

2, increa9edl current {Reduces

TIME* IcHECk THE BATTERY'S SP£<
to Find the maximum allouMSle

131-00 Mot USE; A solar THAT

DELIVERS.ITOOLMuCH CURf
BEING CHARGED. 1_L

H. several ti DAy .REORIENT A SOLAR

Eftj4^L-I^Q.UxJ jHjeJsunLI.i I 1 1 1
5. solar cells 6EST l/JHEN COOL A.
Avoid placing A PANEL On SURFACES
THAT BECOME HOT iN SU/JUSMT. f
Such AS
PAVEMENT OR-PARK PAINTED MEtAL

4?. STO RAGEJSATTERIES CAN BE MOUNTED

OM THE SACK Side OF A SOLAR PANEL. SuT
XJmaVL^ORK BEST \UH£MiKEEt.iM A Cooler
LOCATION) {WHILE B £ IN- .(SLi FARCED. 1

MONITORING A SOLAR CHARGER

CAM MEASURE THE CURRENT from.
solar panel ujith a multimeter.

II..CONNECT A MULTIMETER SE
CURRENT BETWEEN THE SLock.1
|THE BATTERY BEINJ6 CHARGED
to observe Polarity, or...

-W.CflNjNlE ext- A 1-OHM

l-i OHM POUUEiR REsjlSTOR
8>etvaj£en the blocking diode and the
BATTERY BEING CHARGED. USE A MULTI¬
METER TO ME.AS UREJXHE VOLTAGE ACROSS (y)
4tae Resistor CRV from ohm's law. curren*
EaUALS V./.R...j.O|RLJUsLXHIS CASE, V.
TAKE k SOLAR CEHIPMIA
jSOLAR CELLS ARE SEMSlTWE TO ONJLV
Of? THE solar SPECTRUM. THEREFORE A SOLAR
CELL]CAw MOT MEASURE THE POWER. Ofe THE
TOTAL AMOUNT OF SUML16HT AT TME TO? OP.
THE Atmosphere (.the solar cdmstawt) , HUEM
IP YOU j COULD TAKE OME THERE

olarex, a major. solar cell

A SOLAR cell PRODUCES L
more PovuER Inj space than
PRODUCES OlO EARTH. LEt'S
ORMAMcE I/O CREASE A SOLAR

YOU dom't MEED TO BECOME an Astro mauT

TO DETERMINE HOVA) MUCH MORE POIUER A
[SOLAR CELL luiLL PRODUCE /M SPACE. THE:
METHOD DESCRIBED HERE LUILL REVEAE A
SOLAR CELL'S .SPACE EFEiCIEMCV FROM EARTH
FOLLOW.[THESE STEPS:

L.moumt A solar cell

pvc. or card board TugE

LimE with BLACK. comStRucti OW PAPER

solar cell

1 SHOULD BE At LEAST S TIMES d

USE Double SIDED TAPE To ATTACH'A BARE 4

Solar cell to a thi/0 cardboard disk, use
Dark, tape to Attach the cell AmD Disk
TO THE E/s)D OF THE TUBE. A LTERM A T! uELV,
IMSTALL THE SoLAR CELL l/U a THl/U., CLEAR
Plastic Box and tape the 6ox td the
 f

; 1 »
* _^_

i 1 t
; ; 5
■■■ ...
< i
£ j
£k#A«wMaiivw
1

owe WAY IS TD WRAP TKEL SOLAR CELL £ajD 10

1 £

OP THE TUBE WITH ALUMINUM Fo/L< TAPS

THE Foil, to the side o£ the tube. g£ SURE
IT DOES MOT Co AUUEcf-i TO (ESTHER OR SHORT
Simg. ft oil Aftl cgjLfi dgApkl 1 LH i IT

-AR CELL LEADS A CP

.TAREI THE RES \STO
Tuge as show/o:

ALomimum.
Foil Tt>„i.

Stock.
LlCMT

loo-OHM RESl TAPE iSJjMUG HT

3.0M A CLEAR DAY MEASuRE THE VDLTAGE^

jACR0SSl_.^M^4-lOO - OHM RES VS TOR .
TUBE IS POINTED DIRECTLY AT; THE ISltyfiJL THE
TU8E AS PROPERLY PoimTED WHEATS Shadow
DISAPPEARS AMD . mjHEM THE VDLTA6E ACROSS
THE loO-OHM RESISTOR Rj^4M|Ei.„mPE A K.

MoRWlMG
"'f • • - —■ - - • —' « % « w, 1 1 MT I W*'

AH YOU Do MOT HAVE iMTERMET ACCESS

WILL MEEb TD MEASURE JAM^l£ OF
SUM.OVER THE H0R12OM. At EACH MEASURl
RECORD YOUR DATA IMjAl MOTEgodld.IUMD
THESE HE AD I M^S :

location *. Ctowm And pc

SKY COMDlTfOMJ (.CLEAR?
OBSERVER*. C^OUR MAME)

SU5WAL SNS/oAL
H. AIR MASS & is XHE.-JH 1CKMESS Ofr-THS
ATMOSPHERE ET\/J££M YOC AMD THE SUM.
10HERE Q is THE AM6A£ Of THE
SUM ABOVE THE HORIZON) FlMD
TIKE iYOU MADE A MEASUREMENT. USE THE SuM
AMGLES YOU MEASURED. OR VISIT a search
EM6IME On THE iuoRLD uviDE DUES A/J0 EmTER
ll5VN ANGLE CALCULATOR." CHECK THE lOEg
SITES AMD SELECT A CALCULATOR You ClK£i.
FOLLOVJ the I AO STRUCT/ON) S TO F-/ND THE SUM
Angle for each time, calculate m For EAcH
ANGLE AMD EMTER THE RESULTS IN VouR NOTE&Of

Sc/£ MTlPlC

TIME s 6 mAL S G/VA L SUM Al R

L/oc■TS > ^c-i A NGCE /u\ASS j »
p IS'SC5*. lo L.UtiO 1.S2.C 30. 09° 1.99
p 1C ol (a • DO Li.*-m lik 907 2S V 2..
?
•
.15 AC)U T HE: — 1K %()F T1we SI G^J AtL!> AnJD 'R
UA<<f- s H ERF ’s MV A PHk;
1. 8
iX# »? * at
—T is :a LL EC> A L/3 .6 Y
1
i. u Gf2.A PH IN) Hto/oc>R OF
1. S C n Sf\N»uJE< LANJG LI
u \
1 0 \
1
c i

O' ii
1 .1 0O »
1 1
■'O i
j.,1 ,0 L __ _ _ __J 1 tO _
0 1 2. •2 H c (c . " S P
Al R NAAS s c r
—
--I""—
t
*
f— — —— —I-, 4—
i—i—h- —r^’-T*'*"" y*~****f-4- ~+—i—
j ? } i \ t i » i < i i l Jllifiii*
*—4-——i—♦—i—\—t-——f-—i————4———i—j——(—4—4—4—i-—

I—i——t.j—4—4—[—4—|—|—|—|—j—$———|—|—|—|——|—|——\~
i _ j j__j ]_i j_j_ j_ | j_t i j
llP THE SKY.WiS-CLEAR, -me. bK«£JsL&£twE£NJ
AN MR MASS OF ABOUT 2 TO £, SHOULD FoAMV.L
[AjSTRAlGHT LINE. DRAW A tlMt THRO U<£»M.L
TRESE Points amd extendit [to. THE.y
(VERTICAL) AXIS ob the graph (air mass= o)...
..p^4^.\Ax^J!4aL the solar cell ...4.
WILL PRODUCE ABOVE] the ATMOSPHERE , TB^- I
-CEll's extRaterrestRiac! .CErilconstanrL4
its CU H £R E THE LINE \c ROSSES THE Y AK/S. .L
ET[ CON) ST AMT = 1.700S F/ND tH£
44441,? Exact value with ihe linear
- —14^ 4 REGRESSION) FUNCTION of a
i ; 1 ir 4^4’ SCIENTIFIC. CALCULATOR
---4.W* OR COMPUTER
<c i.5. H4J SPREADSHEET.
—4 lit
14I.|i .1 44
4 14 1.0 - -

.144 ^ s (o
AlR NaAss (. to)

7. USE THE £* KEN OF VOUR CALCULATOR TO

CONUERT THE LN OF THE.. Hi CHEST SIGNAL AT
OR NEAR KJOQN) Amd the Et constant T6
their Anti logs, divide the Et constant
8v THE MOON SIGNAL, SUBTRACT 1 AND ADD.
SVON4 THIS is THE SOLAR CELL'S SPACE
EFFICIENCY, the increase in performance
THE CELL WILL PROVIDE IN SPACEUlljE SOLAR ;
CELL X MEASURED HAS A SPACE EFFICIENCY QF
+ 104 THIS IS REASONABLY CLOSE TO jpfej
+1H>.UV1 Given BvLsolAREX. SOME ...66 THE
DIFFERENCE is BECAUSE THE LANGLEY METHOD
VJORVLS BEST WITH A NARROW BAND OB
WAVELENGTHS AND A SOLAR CELL DETECTS!
FROM A&OUT...H0O TO llOO NANOMETERS .
DIFFERENCES ARE ALSO CAUSED BY DIFFERING
Amounts of water vapor)..kiiri ikAzkl.1.11
WHEN THE TESTS WERE CONDUCTED^.U/ATER
VAPOR IS ESPECIALLY IM HdRt Ant [ SI N CJL,
[ABSORBS SOME NEAR INFRARED TO WHICH 1 j
SOLAR CELLS ARE VERY SENSITIVE,
44444444.1.[..j.L |.I.!.... . | 1 IJJJ.ilia
SOLAR POWERED MOTORS
SMALL DC MOTORS CAN BE POWERED
SOLAR CELLS. SOME MOTORS REOuiRE ONLY A
SilOGLE CELL AMD BRIGHT SOAJLIGHT. MOST
An) ARRAY SOLAR CELLS.. ... .

BASIC SOLAR POWERED MOTOR

A SINGLE SOLAR CELL GEN
emough current to powi
MOST SMALL DC motors,
cells im series IF more
VOLTAGE IS REQUIRED.

HIGHER POWER SOLAR MOTOR

A SOLAR. CELL ARRAY POWERS.. A
KOTOR !OW A g,Ri<3HT
Provide adequate Power durimg winter,
THIS CIRCUIT FEATURES TVUO SERIES ARRAYS--;
COMWECTED IN PARALLEL TO PROVIDE DOUBLE
TttE CURRENT PRODUCED £Y AS1MGLE ARRA'iJ.J
IF 1DEMTVCAL 0.5 VOLT CELLS ARE USED A/oDi.Li
IF EACH PRODUCES 50A IN 8R\GWT SUML\6HTr...
them inis Array_uj/ll provide volts
(LZ CELLS * O.S volt) AkiD 100 mA. .I_L_j_i.|

(o VOLTS AT 100 K*A (atSO^A/CEIl)

(t> VOLTS AT 50 hA A
 MOTOR
A REVERSIBLE Pouj£R£D MOTOR HAS
APPLICATIOMS 4*4- ROBOTICS AMO TRACKIM^.
jtHELSUM. TUE ROTATIOM OF “THE MOTOR 8EL0W
|lsL_4omtrolledgy urnichi of. two iokiRLL
ARRAYS is ILLUMIMAtED. U/WEM 6
ARE. EQUALLY ILLJMIM ATE THE MOTOR
Does MOT ROTATE.

IF ILLUMINATI*^ THIS
ARRAY fAUSES THE MCrrOR
TO R OT AT £ J...dLdck WISE...

ILLUM\AjATIMG!TR|$ L
ARRAY CAUSES THE MOTOR
TO ROWE COUNTER CLOCKWISE.

SOLAR MOTOR WITH BATTERS

A ERIE F..{ iM TERRo PTl O M.. Of mRjEC.T -4-
GHT. TAJ ILL SLOW 0R._.&y£M STOP A
L POWERED MOTOR. A STORAGE MATTER
EC TED ACROSS TH E MO TO RuSi.SOLAR
ARRAY WILL PROVIDE BACKUP POWER

must
Solar cell storage battery
ARRAY E1
1 ii
Mf RATIMG MOST EXCEED
FOR BACKUP ? -
-f PEAK SOUAR.ARRAM current
p
POWERlEET ACTUATORZIH1

MOTOR WHEN THE

IRPSIO POWERjvVOSFET
IS SWITCHED 4nL BY
toi£i.UOLTA6B DU/IDER .1
FORM.ED_L.gY THE iSQLAR
CELL AnD Rl. .LAD JUST
R1 TO CONTROL SENSITIVITY
THE IRFSlO._Ml4.4DR.VVE
A MOTOR THAT CONSUMES
UP TO Z AMPERESuJt^ i.
SHOULD NOT LEXCEED
THE MOTOR'S RATIMS4
USE SUNLIGHT FLASHLIGHT
OR LASER POINTER

POWER ACTUATOR

SOLAR
lOOK

TL082.

IOOK

CIRCUIT SWITCHES A SMALL D

IMA-IRFSiO Po ER MOSPET
FLEX i&ILITYiJS PRO Vi D ED BY THE.j
MR L Rl COfOTROLSi THE SU) ITCH IM
And R2. CONTROLS THE GAIN.
± U lSHOULDi__NOT_iEXdeM_THtiM0TOR' S R AT IN G
SOLAR CELL LIGHT METERS
TRE PHOTOCURRENT FROM A SILICON SoLAR
CELL IS LINEAR with respect to light
INTENS/TV. this MEANS SOLAR cells make
EXCELLENT SENSORS FoR LIGHT METERS.
THE APPLICATIONS SHOWN below are for
LISHT METERS MADE FROM A SOLAR CELL
AND A RADIOSHACR MULTITESTER.

LIGHT (VOLTAGE
SOLAR

ANALOG OR DIGITAL
MULTIMETER SET TO
MEASURE. VOLTA-^I

THE volta<SE produced 8V A solAR cELL j

IS MQT LINEAR WITH RESPECT TO U&UTU
INTENSITY THIS ARRANGEMENT MEASURES
THE PHotoCuRRENT Clp) FROM A SOLAR
CELL, WHICH IS Linear, from ohm's lauj,
THE CURRENT THROUGH A RESISTOR IS V/R.
Jl444.P io OHMS and THE voltage Across
R1 IS O.H2. VOLT, THEM Ip = O.HZ / iO OR
O. OHZ AMPERE ttlmAT

LIGHT METER (CURRENT

solar

Analog DIGITAL
Multimeter set to

this arrangement
DIRECTLV MEASURES solar cell Photdcurreat,
 i-{-
1--1-i
——j—I—|—j—|——-f—|—j—I—I—-j-—j-—i—4—|—|—j—4—j~-j-
4It—4—
i t | |
* *\—j[———
j j

> ! i J—I—i—i— —4-4—4—-4——4~~~4.~

TVUS RADIOMETER
M.E/XSuRES A VER
R1tR7 ARE: 1C
FEEDBACK Resistors LIGHT LEVELS. POR
—— —j V
—1 R.2_ INSTALL circuit
j 1
r AMD SOLAR CELL
im Am Enclosure^.
AJSA KEEPS LEADS TO
1
_ - .4 R3
—— — 1OOK. R'? SHORT TO j—i—j-
—
" AVOiD oscillation
WSR ■■■
__ RH Lbi.d.SE.J. ..gBri.il. 4-
1DK (Multi- Position
_ 1— . ->- rotary switch,; i
5S2K!Si 1 ....fcADlpShACK 27S-I38S)
— — i.TQ LOWEST ?£AJAm.1
1 1 K .fear-fa fa ...utiml.
l Solar qELllDARKj
AAA . ADJUST RE UNTIL.
r R (o METER indicates
... _ 1 oc l „ LOWEST VOLTAGE .1..L
klLpibii^
Illuminate Solar
CELL AMD ADJUST
SOLAR Si TO THE MOST

-J AUCiTJ^AlrjEl U
SET TOj
MEASURE
»
DC -J \JQLT A G£*

—t-—-f—t- —i—j—i~
-—
•A —m i
FEEDBACK RESISTANCE WHEN R‘
[LSU5EL£CTEQ^ the RADIOMETER MuLTiiPLlESiTilA
Solar CEiU-PForocuRREMT 10,ooo times.
■i—i—|—t-—i—j—i—\—\—f—I—|—;—i-—i—-j— j—4—j—+—r—f.iL~L'"/r—.
T—I r f f ! t-4 f ■■ TT ■ 4—
SUNLIGHT ACTUATED RELAY
A SER1E.S f
SOLAR CELL \ajjll Activate A RRJ
TH£ ; SOLAR CELL ARRAY MUST PRO
SUFFICIENT V0LTA6E AND CURRENT
OPERATE !4E. RELAY. THE array
SUOVIM
CURRENT RELAY A 7-TO^-VOLT COIL

3-VOLT
SOLAR > LO\aJ CuRREnT
\
CELLS RELAY
(RADIO SHACK.
>
&
A
27S-00S OR
similar)

A example: a 9-TDR-VO.lt REL4Y

vT REQUIRES FROM lH TO 18 CELLS
A USE INDIVIDUAL CELLS OR CONNECT
's sU APPROPRIATE MUM6ER OF SOLAR
ARRAYS IN SERIES.
\^ I
A IN TESTS OF PROTOTYPE
RELAY PULLED I
S ^ ARRAY IVAS
T TILTED SOMEWHAT FROM Sl

’ lUITY adjustments

relay

slock part ARRAY WITH AH OPAQUE

COVER TO I SENSITIVITY, OR ...

potentiometer
RATED AT
PovajER of .
ARRAY
 msBir kClUMED

.
m i/Buy

XCl-iCOKnOM R£L AY-RADIOS HAQk

J.. OP AM P “““

fcv~~4l

J j j J J
| j i ! i > i } l d=2
v
; j * J j
rn
i—
fcELA
i
t—-*
C
* * A
EL 7 \
w
i

A Si r—— v i.ai I nAi-firnj

/\ 3
LaMitSL
>OLAR +
C£Ul.j.

look

THIS * GREEN (READY)

PAIR OF
TO THE RELAY
TERM.VM AL$> TO
INDICATE THE
CIRCUIT STATUS
RED (Actuated)

A Rook lig-htS susDued ADJUST $3i UN TIC

RED LED JUST STOPS GLOWNG ANDTHE
E.M LED GLOUJ S4 LIGHT from. A flashucaxj
_ TRIGGER THE CIRCUIT AMoiwlEiRED LED 4-4
UJILL GloVaJ. THE CIRCUIT UJILL RESPOND TD A/\)
Led , match CANDLE , DAYLIGHT ANDJA LASER
POINTER. $
jUGAr SOURCES, never use IX m CONTROL
H AZAROOUS THINGS CmACHIN £R.y ETC.) .
BREAK-BEAM DETECTION SYSTEMS
BREAK-EG. AM DETECTION SVStEMS DETECT
EVERYTHING FROM ITEMS ON A CO/UVEVOR
SELT ANDSMOKE TO CUSTOMERS IN STORES
AND Burglars. WHEN A EIGHT 8EAM IS.
Interrupted, the system switches An
Alarmv counter or light, here are some
common break-beam configurations:
IN-LIME MODE

REFLECTION MODE
REFLECTOR
T -—
MIRROR
OR WHITE
SURFAbl-

PROXIMITY MODE
r object that
__ i RtF-LEcrs
lismt to
Re.ae.wefi.

KINDS OF BREAK-BEAM SYSTEMS

STEADY STATE—THE LIGHT SOURCE IS A
LAMP, LED Ofi SuMLIGHT. U/H/LE VERY SIMPLE
A STEADY-STATE SYSTEM CAaj BE I/OTERPER.ED
ujiTH by AM outside source. .J_Li..

PULSED— THE LIGHT IS A PULSED LED. A

CAPACITOR BETUJEEM THE SOLAR CELL AMD THE
RECEIVER. BLOCKS IMTERPEREMCE FROM AJOJ-
Pulsed Outside light sources. . . . .
STEADY STATE BREAKrBf:AN\ 5SSTHK
JLLS IM A RELAY AMD LIGHTS
AlsliLED \A) HEM STEADY LIGHT ILLUMJ/V ATE S

LAMP

THUS
ARRANGEMENT

PLA$HL\6MT
&1 VOLTAGE
LED VOLTAGE

U6WXJSM.I

WHEN TH\S
SPACE |Si solar cell
OPEN. THE
CIRCUIT’S
RELAY VS
PULLED IN
AMD the
LED GLOWS.
Ab link.pi
rro control
sens mvfry.

RELAY
control
A MOTOR
LAMP, ETC
RE CONTROLS
op Amp gain.

IS RADIOSMACK. 11S-COS OR
SIMILAR LOUJ-CURRENJT RELAY
 \ 1 \
-nlnia
1 in .
L*|

PULSED BREAK-BEAM SYSTEM r

;
1
L_A,
i

i j
AL0JLSED ER£AR-B£AM SYSTEM IS GENERAllY
1
iHMjaNJE TO STEADY" STATE LIGHT SOURCES. 4 P” ~
Irmvs IS V/6RY IMPORTANT WHEN THE SYSTEM- 1
!
IS OPERATED IN THE PRESENCE OF ROOM
L\ GHTSOR V/jEAK SUNLIGHT. A SOLAR CEt
receiver, tor a pulsed srear-beam syste
IS SHOWN ON THE PACING PAGE. SHOWN H--
BELOW IS A SSS PULSEDLED TRANSMITTER
THAT WILL WORK. WITH THIS RECEIVER. -j i
.r
T«
.4,.

.j.!
PULSED BREAK- BEAM TRANSMITTER r~t
1 _L

R2, controls

C.i.„ controls
Pulse width
lOOK

USE AN INFRARED OR Si bright red

D For maximum range

J2L4power the transmitter and receiver

FROM SEPARATE BATTERIES.--

BLeeI- sure . i BEAM PROM THE LED

ILLUMINATES SOLAR
POISED B R EAKrBEAICEECEE9ER
Cl SlOCkS: n
i
T*-H

THE. SWSMAL GAIN o FI

FROM STEADY
i
r tloS-4-.
i
4- - _*

isiAxi.: R1 TD
U6-MT i- i fHE (SAllfsl
1
1
jj-j
-4
SOLAR

IS USED

CIRCUIT
OPERATION

ITCH

lOOK radioshack
IIS-005 RELAY

TO OPERATE, SWITCH St POSmOMi.A 4

AD XU ST P-Z op THE TRANSM\TT£R TO LIT5
MlD-PoiAlT*i„WK£AJ,iJL&MTlJdRiAil...iTHE LED IS
STRlKlM <S THE SOLAR CEULiAdMsT RH Ofi.i
THE RECEWER UMtil THE RECEIVER'S LED 4-4
SW ITCHES OM. THE LED SHQUC& SWITCH OPE
U>A£M TRE...TRAMSNUTTER LED IS POI/siTED AWAY

RELAY
 POWERED HOME
THE ORCuiTS ON THIS AMD THE FAClfsiS-i-
Page are powered sole a &y Sunu<sht
OR A 1 BRIGHT LAMP MOST PRODUCE A TOME L
OR SO2.Z.* OM£ GEMERATES A SOUND THAT
SOUNDS Muck LIKE. A TIC/c/MG CLOCK. ;.Li.

SOLAR POWERED

ARRAY
ARRAY MUST PRouidE
Sufficient voltage
to Power the piezo
GuzzER. Amy Piezo
&UZZER CAM gE
POWERED SVSUWUCHT;

SOLAR POWERED DUAL-GATE OSCILLATOR

SOLAR CELL ARRAY THE Solar cell
ARRAY should
PROVIDE 3 VOLTS.

H-70K

H011B HOilB

^INCREASE TO
(c MOLTS FOR
MORE VOLUME

EXPERIMENT WITH VALUE OF

CHANGE FRE&UEMCY
 OSCILLATOR

Rl controls
FRE&uENCY

PIEZO
gUZ2££ or.
SPEAKER
ELEMENT.

For best results

THE S6LAR CEL(_|_
ARRAV SMOULD PROVIDE
65 TO ^ VOLTS.

SOLAR POWERED CLICKER

BUZ7.£R_J~
S3 OF OR. SPEAKER
I-I/zvolt ELEkiMTl
RED DCE 4.L

FR&GuE/OCY

SOLAR POWERED CLICKER

TV-US CIRCUIT Emit;
jsoutsit) \L\Uf. p4A|r
OF A TIEKIM6

SOLAR ARRAY.
LED IS A|Btp^444-
TYPE LED. [ok TP
ARRAY
MA^^ETIC
LIGHT CONTROLLED TONE
svucom Solar. cells cam be. used in many
(CLNbS op tone generators that respond
to DAYLIGHT OR ARTIFICIAL LIGHT.

LIGHT CONTROLLED 555 OSCILLATOR

THE FREQUENCY AnD VOLUME OF SOUND .4_\
Produced £y A gASte oscillator, can
BE EASILY MODIFIED gV CONNECTING A
SILICON JSOlAR. CELL AT VARIOUS POINTS.

ADTUST R1 TO
Solar ceu. CHANGE FREQUENCY

lOOK

^1) CONNECT SOLAR CELL HERE

light vjill increase tone fr
with cell connected here
tuSWT REDUCES VOLUME FROM
3) LIGHT FALLING ON CELL HEF
FREQUENCY OR CUTS OFF TON
0 LIGHT StR Ik IN G CELL HERE
VOLUME FROM. Pz.
(5) light falling
TON E OR CAUSES
(5) Light striking
AM ifOTERCSTlMG APPLICATION) IS TO REPLACE
WITH A SOLAR CELL . j SJMCE A SOLAR CELL f-
CAPACITAmcE t THE C l RCUIT UjiLL OSCllcATE.
UjSijttJ At TTHiE iCELL WILL C|UAKJ6& THE!
FREOuEMCY OR CUT IT dPf= ElionRE^VL }mA|
CELL SHOULD_jBE ORtEMTED Uk£ CELLOS).

GAIN LlGfflj CONTROEIlED TONE

EZO SPEAKER
) ZZ6R [ELEMENT

r
R1 v;
1
H. 7N H
L——
> L—J
7 L«hJ
V L» s
> —*
•

X COMfcAO M
• ’w•
OP' AmP
<Mi!,i ETC

:y of the tom PRODUCED 4BY-4.i

THIS Ui reduced THE IM TENSITY.f
THE SOLAR CE is increased.
JS3|xiPROmL JcH|E.L..
D CONVERTED
TO A UOLTAOEjBY OP AMP ICl. THIS VOLTA££
1$ THEM APPLIED TO THE I CONTROL 1/siPuT OF
A SSS IE COMM EC TED A S AM OSCILLATOR.
UJHEM THE SOLAR CEU 1$ DARK, ADJUST Re
UUTIL THE DESIRED TOME IS PRODUCED. THjE^ i
THE SOLAR CELL. YOU CAM (SET!
LCXP-LBY USING A FLASH/MG
 RE M DIE
NEAR-IMFR ABED EMtTTlN & DIODES ARB US I
IN) REMOTE CONTROL TRAMS MIT TERS FOR
TELEVISIONS,. VIDEO RECORDERS AMD OTHER
SYSTEMS. THEY ARE ALSO USED TO TRANS Ml'
DATA FROM VARIOUS COMPUTERS- THE
CIRCUITS SHOVUM HERE VERIFY THAT MEAR
trams mitters Are operatinc

PIEZO ELEMENT TESTERS

Slack

PZ IS AMY I PIEZOELECTRIC SPEAKE

OR EARPHONE . CDO NOT. USE A PIES
Buzzer.) ti in the circuit om. the
AMY MINI ATI)RE AuDlO OUTPUT TRA
THIS Circuit PROVIDES A LOUDER, s
than the circuit cm the left
THE ia REMOTE CONTROL TlUMSM
PqimTI(^(S IT AT the SOLAR C££L. I
WILL BE HEARD IF THE UNIT IS VJORI*

MAGNETIC TRANSDUCER TESTERS

PW VS A NMmIATuRE MA6Ml=T\C EARPHONE.

BorH circuits emit A tom£ UibAlSi A WORKING
l R TRANSMITTER. vs [ pointed At the Solar cbu.,
use A SqlAbL Armx . FQgj MORE VOLUME.---
TRANSISTOR REMOTE COMTROLT ESTER
•PZ.tS.iAi PJEZOELECTRj C
iSREAK.tR ELEMENT! OR
EARPHONE 4 C DO MOTt
use a Piezoelectric.
S0226RT-.T0IMT IR
remote, control atL
kyz-kfe. ggcLJ fir H1QX
MILL EMVT. TOM E....L.L

M40RKIN6 ZHZZtZ OR
SIMILAR NPM
SOLAR TRANSISTOR

OP AMP REMOTE CONTROL TESTER

P2 IS A PIEZOELECTRIC. 1C It common) l„„
SPEAKER ELEMENT. OP AMp
Coo MOT A PIEZO

Point..ir remote control Air

SOLAR CELL. PZiUJlLL EM It A
jTONEi~lfe.: T R E REMOTE COMlxAojL
[TRANSMITTER IS WORKING, i
jAkDRZ AnO LED TO PROVIDE
output.the led \ajijLL1~Flash
remote. cq/otrol ii Pointed 1a
EOLAvR-POWERED MIGHT LIGHT

RADI OS HACK |
SOLAR PANEL,
OR PANELS ,
CONNECTED |
TO PROV*D£ ,
<o-7 VOLTS

OR MARE
VOURO-WKi
G.-7 VOLT
SOLAR CELL
Pamel

Rl CONTROLS iKiA 1H
SEMSITIVIT'Y l _rs_ nickel
CADMIUM

R3 LIMITS
R3 current
ZZOJl THROUGH
SHIELD
PHOTOCELL
FROM light
EMITTED
gY THE LED ZMWl.

gRkJHT/OESS
■PHOTOCELL
RESISTOR COLOR CODE

P..LACK O o * i
0.RDWN) 1 1 * 1 o
RED 2 2 * 1 00
ORANGE V
s 3. * 1,000
YELLOW H H * 10,000
GREEK) 5 5 * 1 00,000
EluE G G * 1,000,000
VIOLET 7 7 * 10,000,000
GRAY s Q * 100,000,000
WHITE 9 9

POUkY* CANO INDICATES TOLE £ Af JCE C*CCUZfiCv)

Gold - % silvers* 10% Hove* ±20%

OEM'S LAW: V~ IR R = V/T

T * V/R P- VI -* IZR

AR E R t V i AT 10 N ::
A - AMPERE R T Remstanlc
F = FARAD V (Oft E) = VOLT
I = CURRENT W= WATT
P r Powe r jL ' OHM

H (meg-) * 1,000,000
K (kilo-) * l,0t>0
i\\ C Mill!-) .col

/-i (. MICRO-) . OOO C ci

a ( MAN O') . OOO ooo o .;i

p (.Pico-) . Ooo OOO Coo COl

 The original goal of the Mini-Notebooks included in this volume of the
Engineer's Mini-Notebook Collection was to provide science project ideas for
students and hobbyists. They succeeded admirably, for these little books have
stimulated many science fair projects. They have also been popular with
hobbyists of all ages. Even professional scientists have recommended them.
The Mini-Notebooks in this volume are "Science Projects", "Environmental
Projects" and "Communication
Projects." Make a simple
seismometer by hanging a
magnet over a coil. Build a sun
photometer to make accurate
measurements of haze in the
atmosphere. Study rain,
lightning, clouds, sunlight,
water, temperature and other
topics. Build a wide variety
of lightwave and radio
communication circuits.

Forrest M. Mims III

Forrest M. Mims III has written dozens of books for RadioShack. He personally builds
every circuit in his best-selling Engineer's Mini-Notebook series. He then uses a 0.7mm
mechanical pencil to create pages for the finished book.
Building tiny instruments for model rockets, travel aids for the blind and high-power
lasers is how Forrest got his start in electronics. When he's not writing RadioShack books,
he writes magazine articles and teaches experimental science at the University of the Nations
in Hawaii.
Forrest also does scientific studies of sunlight, the atmosphere, mosquitoes and bacteria
using instruments he designs and makes. A simple instrument he developed to measure the
ozone layer earned him a prestigious Rolex Award. NASA has sent Forrest and his instruments
to several of the Western states and twice to Brazil to measure the effects of smoke from
giant fires.
Forrest is a member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, the National
Science Teachers Association and several scientific societies. He lives in Texas with his wife
Minnie and their youngest daughter Sarah.

620-5033

0 40293 63773 6

Printed in USA