EE 308/ Karthikeyan A/ NITK

Single Phase Half Wave Rectifier with R-L load

• Single phase half wave rectifier with R-L load is shown below.

Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT

 EE 308/ Karthikeyan A/ NITK

Single Phase Half Wave Rectifier with R-L load

• The thyristor(T1) is forward biased in the positive half cycle of

the supply and is applied with the firing pulses in the positive
half cycle.

• When the SCR is triggered, the supply voltage appears across

load i.e. V0 = Vs

• The output voltage is same as supply voltage after wt = α.

• Because of the RL load, output current starts increasing slowly

from zero.

• The shape of io depends upon values of R and L.

Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT

 EE 308/ Karthikeyan A/ NITK

Single Phase Half Wave Rectifier with R-L load

• At wt = π, the supply voltage becomes zero and io is

maximum.

• Due to negative supply voltage after wt = π, thyristor(T1)

tries to turn-off.

• But energy stored in the load inductance generates the

voltage Ldi0/dt.

• This induced voltage is higher than negative supply voltage.

• Thyristor(T1) is forward biased and is in conduction.

Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT

 EE 308/ Karthikeyan A/ NITK

Single Phase Half Wave Rectifier with R-L load

• After ωt = π, io flows against the supply, energy is consumed

in the supply.
• The stored energy in the inductor is partially fed to the
mains and to the load .
• At ωt = β the energy stored in the inductance is finished.

• Hence io goes to zero and thyristor(T1) turns-off.

• At 2π+α , thyristor(T1) is triggered again and the cycle Thyristor conduction due to
repeats.
inductance voltage after ωt = π
• Here io goes to zero at ωt = β, Hence this is called
discontinuous conduction

Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT

Output Waveforms

Source voltage, current, Output voltage, current and triggering signal waveforms
Load current
• Kirchoff’s law in the circuit gives Vmsin(ωt) = Ri(t) + L di(t)/dt
• The load current consists of steady state(ist) and transient components(it).
𝑉𝑚
• Steady state component is given by is = sin (ωt – Ф)
𝑅2+𝑋2

𝑋
where Ф = tan- ( ) and X = ωL , ‘Ф’ is the angle between Is and Vs.
𝑅

• The transient component can be obtained from source free equation.

i.e. Ri(t) + L di(t)/dt = 0
−𝑅𝑡
Transient response, it = A 𝑒 𝐿

• Complete solution of load current is io = ist + it

−𝑅𝑡
𝑉𝑚
= sin (ωt – Ф) + A 𝑒 𝐿
𝑅2+𝑋2

• Constant ‘A’ can be obtained from the boundary condition at ωt = α.

Average and RMS values of load voltage
• Average voltage across the load is given as
1 β
Vavg = 𝑉 sin(𝜔𝑡) 𝑑𝜔𝑡
2𝜋 𝛼 𝑚
𝑉𝑚
= ( cosα - cosβ)
2𝜋

𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑔 𝑉𝑚
• Average load current, Iavg = = (cosα - cosβ )
𝑅 2𝜋𝑅

1 β
• RMS value of load voltage is Vor = [ [ 𝑉𝑚 sin(𝜔𝑡)]2 𝑑𝜔𝑡 ]1/2
2𝜋 𝛼

Vm 1
= [ (β -α) + (sin2β - sin2α) ]1/2
2 π 2

Vor
• RMS value of load current, Ior =
R
Input Power Factor
• Power delivered to resistive load = (RMS load voltage) * (RMS load current)
𝑉𝑜𝑟2
= Vor Ior = = Ior2 R
𝑅

• Input volt amperes = (RMS source voltage) * (RMS line current)

𝑉𝑠2 1
= Vs Ior = [ (β -α) + (sin2β - sin2α) ]1/2
𝑅 2𝜋 2

Power delivered to load 𝑉𝑜𝑟 𝐼𝑜𝑟 𝑉𝑜𝑟

• Input Power Factor = = =
Input VA 𝑉𝑠 𝐼𝑜𝑟 𝑉𝑠

1 1
= [ (β -α) + (sin2β - sin2α) ]1/2
2π 2
 EE 308/ Karthikeyan A/ NITK

Single Phase Half Wave Rectifier with free wheeling diode

• Single phase half wave rectifier with free wheeling diode is shown below.

Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT

 EE 308/ Karthikeyan A/ NITK

Single Phase Half Wave Rectifier with free wheeling diode

• The thyristor(T1) is triggered at firing angle of αin positive
half cycle of supply.

• Hence output voltage(v0) = source voltage(vs).

• from α to π, vo is same as supply voltage vs.

• The freewheeling diode (DFW) is reverse biased and does not

conduct.

• The output current io increases from zero.

Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT

 EE 308/ Karthikeyan A/ NITK

Single Phase Half Wave Rectifier with free wheeling diode

• After ωt = π, the supply voltage becomes negative.

• Hence thyristor tries to turn-off and io tries to go to zero.

• Load current(io) is maximum at ωt = π. But the load inductance

does not allow io to go to zero.

• The energy stored in inductor generates the voltage Ldi0/dt.

• The induced inductance voltage forward biases freewheeling

diode as well as thyristor.

• But freewheeling diode(DFW) is more forward biased and

starts conducting. Therefore T1 turns-off.

• The output current now flows through the freewheeling diode.

Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT

 EE 308/ Karthikeyan A/ NITK

Single Phase Half Wave Rectifier with free wheeling diode

• The freewheeling current flows only due to energy stored in the load
inductance.

• The output current flows in the load itself and the inductance energy
is supplied back to the load itself.

• This process is called freewheeling.

• The energy of inductance goes on decreasing after ωt = π

• At β the inductance energy is finished. Hence io becomes zero at β.

• The freewheeling diode conducts from π to β.

• The output is shorted due to freewheeling diode. Hence Vo = 0

whenever freewheeling diode conducts.

• During freewheeling T1 is off and no supply current flows.

• Thyristor(T1) conducts from α to π.

Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
Output Waveforms
Average and RMS values of load voltage
• Average voltage across the load is given as
1 𝜋
Vavg = 𝑉 sin(𝜔𝑡) 𝑑𝜔𝑡
2𝜋 𝛼 𝑚

𝑉𝑚
= ( 1+cosα )
2𝜋

𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑔 𝑉𝑚
• Average load current, Iavg = = ( 1+cosα )
𝑅 2𝜋𝑅

1 𝜋
• RMS value of load voltage is Vor = [ [ 𝑉𝑚 sin(𝜔𝑡)]2 𝑑𝜔𝑡 ]1/2
2𝜋 𝛼

Vm 1
= [ (π -α) + sin2α ]1/2
2 π 2

Vor
• RMS value of load current, Ior =
R
Input Power Factor
Power delivered to resistive load = (RMS load voltage) * (RMS load current)
𝑉𝑜𝑟2
= Vor Ior = = Ior2 R
𝑅

Input volt amperes = (RMS source voltage) * (RMS line current)

𝑉𝑠2 1
= Vs Ior = [ (π -α) + sin2α ]1/2
𝑅 2𝜋 2

Power delivered to load 𝑉𝑜𝑟 𝐼𝑜𝑟 𝑉𝑜𝑟

Input Power Factor = = =
Input VA 𝑉𝑠 𝐼𝑜𝑟 𝑉𝑠

1 1
= [ (π -α) + sin2α ]1/2
2π 2