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Processes of Ideal Gases

The document discusses the processes of ideal gases, which are important for understanding gas behavior during state changes in both closed and open systems. It outlines six key processes: isometric, isobaric, isothermal, isentropic, polytropic, and cyclic, each defined by specific conditions such as constant volume, pressure, or temperature. Examples illustrate how these processes operate in real-world scenarios, highlighting their significance in thermodynamics.

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24 views2 pages

Processes of Ideal Gases

The document discusses the processes of ideal gases, which are important for understanding gas behavior during state changes in both closed and open systems. It outlines six key processes: isometric, isobaric, isothermal, isentropic, polytropic, and cyclic, each defined by specific conditions such as constant volume, pressure, or temperature. Examples illustrate how these processes operate in real-world scenarios, highlighting their significance in thermodynamics.

Uploaded by

dimpleberja
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Processes of Ideal Gases

Introduction

Study of the processes of ideal gas are significant in defining the behavior of a gas undergoing a change
in a state whether it is nonflow for a closed system and or steady flow for an open system. Although
there is no perfect gas that conforms perfectly to the ideal gas equations, we use the equations because
it does a good job in describing the relationship between pressure, volume, amount, and temperature of
a gas.

Processes of Ideal Gases

• Isometric or Isochoric Process (Constant Volume)


• Isobaric or Isopiestic process (Constant Pressure)
• Isothermal Process (Constant Temperature)
• Isentropic or Adiabatic Process (No Heat Transfer)
• Polytropic Process
• Cyclic Process

Isometric or Isochoric Process (Constant Volume)

An Isometric or Isochoric process a reversible constant volume process. A constant volume process may
be reversible or irreversible. In this process, the working substance is contained in a rigid vessel. The
curve for an isometric process is called isomer or isochore.

• The volume of the system remains constant, so no work is done.


• Any heat added or removed changes the internal energy.
• Example: Heating a rigid container with gas increases pressure but not volume.

Isobaric or Isopiestic Process (Constant Pressure)

An isobaric or isopiestic process is an internally reversible process of a substance during which the
pressure remains constant. In this process, the boundary of the system is inflexible as in a V = c process.
The curve for an isobaric process is called isobar.

• The pressure remains constant throughout the process.


• Heat added does two things: changes the internal energy and does work by expanding or
compressing the volume.
• Example: Boiling water in an open pot increases volume while maintaining pressure.

Isothermal process (Constant Temperature)

An isothermal process is a reversible process that occurs at a constant temperature, where the
temperature remains unchanged throughout. The curve representing this process is called an isotherm.
For ideal gases, isothermal processes are particularly significant due to Joule's second law, which states
that the internal energy of an ideal gas depends only on its temperature.

• The temperature and thus the internal energy remain constant.


• Heat added to the system is entirely used for work, such as expansion.
• Example: Slowly expanding gas in a cylinder at a constant temperature.

Isentropic or Adiabatic Process (No Heat Transfer)

An isentropic process is an idealized thermodynamic process that is both adiabatic (no heat exchange)
and reversible, resulting in constant entropy. In engineering, it serves as a model to approximate real
processes, even though perfect reversibility is impossible. By assuming no heat or frictional losses, the
system's entropy remains unchanged, hence "isentropic." While true isentropic processes don't occur in
reality, some can closely approximate them.

• No heat is exchanged with the surroundings.


• Changes in internal energy result solely from work done on or by the system.
• Example: Rapid compression of gas where heat has no time to escape.

Polytropic Process

The term "polytropic" was originally coined to describe any reversible process on any open or closed
system of gas or vapor which involves both heat and work transfer, such that a specified combination of
properties were maintained. constant throughout the process. In such a process, the expression relating
the properties of the system throughout the process is called the polytropic path. For an ideal gas, this
polytropic path simplifies to PVn = C

Cyclic Process

• The system undergoes a series of processes and returns to its initial state.
• The total change in internal energy over one cycle is zero, but work and heat are exchanged.

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