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Thermodynamic Processes: Processes of Ideal Gas

This document describes different thermodynamic processes involving ideal gases, focusing on isometric (constant volume) processes. It defines reversible and irreversible processes, then describes the isometric process where volume is held constant. Formulas are provided for calculating pressure, internal energy, heat, enthalpy, entropy, and work during isometric processes. An example problem demonstrates using the formulas to analyze changes in an air sample undergoing constant volume cooling. Practice problems are also included.

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Angtiampo John Aldren
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88 views3 pages

Thermodynamic Processes: Processes of Ideal Gas

This document describes different thermodynamic processes involving ideal gases, focusing on isometric (constant volume) processes. It defines reversible and irreversible processes, then describes the isometric process where volume is held constant. Formulas are provided for calculating pressure, internal energy, heat, enthalpy, entropy, and work during isometric processes. An example problem demonstrates using the formulas to analyze changes in an air sample undergoing constant volume cooling. Practice problems are also included.

Uploaded by

Angtiampo John Aldren
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 5

Processes of Ideal Gas


Thermodynamic Processes
A process is said to be in thermodynamic equilibrium when it is in a state of mechanical,
thermal and chemical equilibrium [Cengel and Boles, 1998].

1. There is no unbalance force in the interior of the system or between the system and
its environment (mechanical equilibrium).
2. All parts of the system are at the same temperature, this is the same as
temperature of the environment (thermal equilibrium).
3. The net rate of any chemical reaction or change of internal structure is zero
(chemical equilibrium).

Reversible process
Any process that can be made to go in the reverse direction by an infinitesimal change in
the conditions is called a reversible process. No actual change is fully reversible, but many
processes when carried out slowly are practically reversible.

Examples of reversible processes


1. The slow compression of a spring.
2. The slow evaporation of a substance in an insulated container.
3. The slow compression of a gas.

Irreversible process
All changes which occur suddenly or which involve friction or electrical resistance are
inherently irreversible.

Example of irreversible process


1. An explosion is highly irreversible change.

Types of Thermodynamic Processes


1. Isometric Process
2. Isobaric Process
3. Isothermal Process
4. Isentropic Process
5. Polytropic Process
6. Adiabatic Process

Isometric Process (V = constant)


is a reversible constant volume process (also known as isochoric or isovolumic process)
Rigid container implies an isometric process.

Formulas
P1 P2
1. 
T1 T2

2. H  mcp (T2 -T1 )

3. U  mc v (T2 -T1 )

1
4. Q  mc v (T2 -T1 )
 T2 
5. S  mc v ln  
 T1 
6. Reversible non-flow work, W n
[no work device or work involved is due to change in volume only.]

V
Wn  V 2 PdV  0
1

With paddle work (Wp ), the energy balance is


Q  Wp  U  Wn
since Wn  0
Wp  U  Q

7. Irreversible non-flow work

Wn  Q  U

8. Reversible steady flow work, W s

a) Q  U  PE  KE  Wf  Ws


Ws  Q where : Q  U and PE  KE  0
2
b)  1 VdP  Ws  KE
V(P2  P11 )  Wn where : KE  0

10 psia 20 psig = 34.7 psia

cv (air) = 0.718 kJ/kg-K = 0.171 Btu/lb-deg R

cp (air) = 1.0 kJ/kg-K = 0.24 Btu/lb-deg R

2
Example

Ten ft3 of air at 300 psia and 400ºF is cooled to 140ºF at constant volume. What are (a) the
final pressure, (b) the work, (c) the change of internal energy, (d) the transferred heat, (e)
the change of enthalpy, and (f) the change of entropy?
a) 209.3 psia b) 0 c) – 418.81 Btu
d) – 418.81 Btu e) – 587.81 Btu f) – 0.58 Btu/ºR

At cons tan t volume : Gay  Lussac ' s Law


1.
P1 P2 300 P2
 
T1 T2 400  460 140  460
P2  209.3 psia
2. W  0
3.
 lbF 144 in2  3
 300 2
x 2  10 ft
  
PV in ft
m  9.42 lbm
RT  ftlbF 
  400  460  R
o
 53.35
 lbmoR 
 Btu 
U  mc v T  9.42 lbm  0.171  140  400  R   418.81 Btu
 lbm o R 
4.
U  Q  W since W  0
U  Q   418.81 Btu
5.
H  mc p T  9.42  0.24 140  400    587.81 Btu
6.
T   Btu   140  460  Btu
S  mc v ln  2   9.42 lbm  0.171  ln    0.58
 T1   lbm  R   400  460 
o
R

Exercises
1. There are 1.36 kg of gas, for which R = 377 J/kg-K and k = 1.25 that undergo a non-
flow constant volume process from 551.6 kPa and 60ºC to 1655 kPa. During the
process the gas is internally stirred and 105.6 kJ of heat are added. Determine (a) the
final temperature (b) the work input and (c) the change of entropy.
2. A closed constant volume system receives 10.5 kJ of paddle work. The system
contains oxygen at 344 kPa, 278 K, and occupies 0.06 m3. Find the heat (gain or loss
if the final temperature is 400 K. (EE Board 1988)
3. Air is heated at constant volume process from 30ºC and 100 kPa to 230 kPa. Find the
final temperature.
4. Air is heated at constant volume process from 35ºC and 97 kPaa to 60ºC. Find the
final gauge pressure.
5. Find the heat needed to bring 20 lbs of air at constant volume process from 60ºF to
180ºF.

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