In thermodynamics, 1.

processes controlled through

processes usually involve the a series of equilibrium states
transfer of energy such as heating (no fluid friction).
or cooling, compressing or 2. no mechanical friction.
expanding, stirring or pumping. 3. no temperature
Constantino difference
& Olasiman
The amount of energy transferred during transfer of heat.
depends on the process as well as 4. no diffusion.
the end states (properties).
For example, it is possible to
transfer different amounts of
energy by different processes and Ideal Gas Processes
still maintain the same initial and
Polytropic processes are all
end states. The path taken to
inclusive in that the equation for
change a property is known as a
the change of state of all the
process.
foregoing reversible processes can
External irreversibility is be obtained from by choosing
some irreversibility external to the proper values of n (polytropic
system, when the system is the exponent or constant).
working substance; for example,
frictions on the moving parts such P v n=C
1 Thermodynamics
as piston and cylinder walls, and – IDEAL GAS PROCESSES
Polytropic Process
between the atmosphere and the
rotating members; all absorbed It is important to be able to
some of the work output of the sketch various curves of
system. Another form of external thermodynamic processes on the
irreversibility is due to the flow of PV and TS planes and sketch them
heat through the containing walls, about as they would appear if they
in as much as an adiabatic wall is a were plotted on scale.
fiction of the mind.
Internal irreversibility is
irreversibility caused by fluid
friction within the system, or it is
an internal event which is
irreversible, such as the mixing or
diffusion of two or more gases.
(whirlpools, eddies and fluid
friction)
Conditions for reversibility:
 Isometric Process
Isometric Process or
Constant volume process is under
the constraints of incompressibility.
Constantino
The specific volume& and
Olasiman
density
remain constant.

a. PV – T relation
PV
=C ;V =C
T
2 Thermodynamics – IDEAL PGASP PROCESSES
1
= 2
T1 T 2
b. Change in Internal Energy

∂u
C v= ; du=C v dt
∂t

∆ U =mC v ∆ T

c. Change in Enthalpy

dh
Cp=
dt
∆ H =mCp ∆ T

d. Work Non – Flow

2
W n =∫ PdV ; V =C
f
1
 Hence, for constant volume
W n =0
f
process

e. Work Steady – Flow Q=∆ U−W p

W s =−ΔPE−∆ KE −∆ PV
f Constantino & Olasiman
IfΔPE∧∆ KE is neglected, therefore Isobaric Process

W s =−V ( ∆ P ) Isobaric Process or Constant

f
pressure process is change of state
W sf =−∫ vdP
during which the pressure remains
−V ( ∆ P )=−∫ vdP constant. It may be reversible or
Considering Ideal Gas Equation; irreversible, non-flow or steady
Pv=mRT flow.

W s =−mR ∆ T
f

f. Change in Entropy
Q
S=
∆T
3 dQ mCvdT Thermodynamics – IDEAL GAS PROCESSES
∆ S= =
∆T T
T2 P 1 P2
∆ S=mCvln ; =
T1 T1 T 2
a. PV – T relation
P2
∆ S=mCvln PV
P1 =C ; P=C
T
g. For non – flow system with V1 V2
paddle work (W p ) considering =
T 1 T2
figure, b. Change in Internal Energy

∂u
C v= ; du=C v dt
∂t

∆ U =mC v ∆ T

c. Change in Enthalpy
Q+W p =ΔU + W n
dh
f

Q= ΔU +W n −W p Cp=
f
dt
∆ H =mCp ∆ T
 d. Work Non – Flow
2
W n =∫ PdV ; P=C
f
1
Constantino & Olasiman
W n =P ∆V
f

Considering Ideal Gas Equation;

Pv=mRT

W n =mR ∆T
f

e. Work Steady – Flow Isothermal Process

W s =−ΔPE−∆ KE −∆ PV
The third type of special
f

IfΔPE∧∆ KE is neglected, therefore process we can envision is a

reversible constant-temperature
W s =−V ( ∆ P )
f
process. Because an ideal gas
W s =−∫ vdP equation of state is used in this
discussion, theGAS
results must be
f

4 −V ( ∆ P )=−∫ vdP Thermodynamics – IDEAL PROCESSES

limited to ideal gases.
If pressure is constant, therefore
W s =0
f

f. Change in Entropy
Q
S=
∆T
dQ mC P dT
∆ S= =
∆T T
T2 V1 V2
∆ S=mC P ln ; =
T1 T 1 T2

V2 a. PV – T relation
∆ S=mCvln
V1 PV
=C ;T =C
T
P1 V 1=P2 V 2

b. Change in Internal Energy

 ∂u C dP
C v= ; du=C v dt W sf =−∫ dP ;−C ∫
∂t P P
P2
∆ U =mC v ∆ T = 0 ¿−Cln
P1
Constantino & Olasiman
c. Change in Enthalpy P1
¿ Cln
P2
dh
Cp= P1
dt W s =PVln
f
P2
∆ H =mCp ∆ T = 0 W s =W nf
f

f. Change in Entropy
Q
S=
T
d. Work Non – Flow V2
∆ S=mRln
2
V1
W n =∫ PdV , T=C
f Isentropic Process
1

C Isentropic process, reversible

W n =∫ Pdv ; PV =C ; P= adiabatic or adiabatic process is
5 f
Thermodynamics
V – IDEAL GAS PROCESSES
one when no heat is transferred Q
C dv
W n =∫ dv ; C ∫ = 0. It is also defined as constant
Vf
V
entropy.
V2
W n =Cln ; C=P V
f
V1
V 2 V 2 P1
W n =Pvln ; =
f
V 1 V 1 P2
P1
W n =Pvln
f
P2
Considering Ideal Gas Equation;
Pv=mRT

P1 V
W n =mRTln ∨mRTln 2 a. PV – T Relation
f
P2 V1
PV
=C ; P V k =C
e. Work Steady – Flow T
C P1 V 1k =P2 V 2k
W sf =−∫ vdP ; PV =C ; V =
P
 P 2 V 1k W s =−ΔPE−∆ K E−∆ H
=
P 1 V 2k [ ] f

IfΔPE∧∆ KE is neglected, therefore

k
P2 V 1
=
P1 V 2 [ ] Constantino
W =
( T 2−T 1 )
& Olasiman
−mkR
sf
1−k
k ∆ PV
¿−
1−k
b. T – V Relation
T2 V 1
k−1 ¿−mC P ∆ T =−∆ H
=
T1 V 2 [ ]
h. Heat and Entropy is zero
c. P – T Relation
k−1 Q=0 ∆ S=0
T 2 P2 k
=
T 1 P1 [ ]

d. Change in Internal Energy For irreversible adiabatic process

6 ∂u Thermodynamics
C v = ; du=C v dt – IDEAL GAS PROCESSES
∂t ( s ≠ C)

∆ U =mC v ∆ T The final entropy of the

reversible adiabatic will be change
e. Change in Enthalpy to a new final entropy and change
dh
Cp= will always be an increase either
dt
∆ H =mCp ∆ T for expansion or compression
process where
f. Work Non – Flow
S2  S2’ and S2’ > S2.
−mR ( T 2−T 1 )
Wn = The equation will be the
f
1−k
∆ PV same as for the reversible
¿−
1−k adiabatic process, just change the
= −m Cv ∆ T = ∆ U subscript 2 to 2’ and the change of
entropy will no longer be zero but
g. Work Steady Flow still, heat is zero.
 ΔS = S2’ – S1 P 2 V 1n

Isenthalpic Process
=
[ ]
P 1 V 2n

n
Throttling at constant P2 V 1
enthalpy is one extreme adiabatic
=
P1 V 2 [ ]
Constantino & Olasiman

where in no work is done. The

throttling or free expansion is not b. T – V Relation
n−1
recognized to produce work or for T2 V 1
conserving the kind of energy that
=
T1 V 2 [ ]
might be converted into work. c. P – T Relation
n−1
T 2 P2 n
W s and W n is zero
f f =
T 1 P1 [ ]
d. Change in Internal Energy
∂u
C v = ; du=C v dt
∂t
7 Thermodynamics – IDEAL GAS PROCESSES
∆ U =mC v ∆ T

Polytropic Process
e. Change in Enthalpy
dh
Cp=
dt

∆ H =mCp ∆ T
f. Heat
k −n
C n=C v
1−n

Q=mC n ΔT

a. PV – T Relation g. Work Non – Flow

PV
=C ; P V n=C
T
−P2 V 2−P1 V 1
P1 V 1n =P2 V 2n Wn =
f
1−n
 h. Work Steady Flow
W s =−ΔPE−∆ K E−∆ H
f

IfΔPE∧∆ KE is neglected, therefore

Constantino & Olasiman

n ( P2 V 2−P1 V 1 )
W sf =−n ∫ vdP=
1−n

i. Change in Entropy
T2
∆ S=mC n ln
T1

8 Thermodynamics – IDEAL GAS PROCESSES