Unit-2 Computer Networks
Unit-2 Computer Networks
What is a Network ?
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Network
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Benefits of a Computer Network
Each one of you should note down as many as benefits of computer network as you
can think of within a two-minute time frame in your notebook.
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Benefits of a Computer Network
A
Resource Sharing
B
Reduction In Cost
C
Communication Medium
D
Reliability
The main goal of a computer A computer network allows Computer networking enables A computer network provides
network is to share programs, sharing peripherals like communication through chat, high reliability by offering
peripherals, and data, printers and plotters among audio-video conferences, alternative sources of supply.
enabling efficient utilization of multiple devices, reducing the emails, SMS, and more, with For instance, files can be
computer systems. This need for separate devices for various apps like Twitter, replicated across multiple
sharing allows maximum use each computer. This helps Facebook, Skype, and machines, so if one becomes
of resources. minimize costs while WhatsApp available for these unavailable due to hardware
achieving the same purposes. failure, the other copies can
functionality. be accessed.
Drawbacks of a Computer Network
Each one of you should note down as many as drawbacks of computer network as
you can think of within a two-minute time frame in your notebook.
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Downtime Complex Maintenance
What is Internet ?
By the early 1990s, the connection of commercial networks sparked the rapid
growth of the modern Internet, linking various types of computers. INTERNET
Commercialization then integrated Internet services into nearly every aspect of
modern life. (1990)
In 1995, the Internet was introduced in India through VSNL. This marked the
beginning of widespread Internet access in the country. In India Through VSNL
(In 1995)
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Abbreviations
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Abbreviations
NFSNET VSNL
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Abbreviations
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Data Communication Terminologies
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Data Communication Terminologies
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Data Communication Terminologies
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Data Communication Terminologies
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Data Communication Terminologies
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Measuring the Capacity
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Measuring the Capacity
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Measuring the Capacity
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Measuring the Capacity
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Measuring the Capacity
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Measuring the Capacity
bps Bps
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Measuring the Capacity
bps Bps
Bits per second Bytes per Second
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01 A Network Address/ Addressing is a logical or physical address that
uniquely identifies a host or a machine in a network.
Information of the node in the network. Internet protocol (IP) addresses and
02 Media Access Control (MAC) addresses are some basic examples of
network addresses.
Network Addressing
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Every machine (computer) in a Network has a unique identifying number
01 which is known as IP Address (this technique of identifying each device
uniquely is also called logical addressing).
IP Addresses are needed so that different networks can communicate with
02 each other. There are two versions of IP Address namely IPv4 (Version 4
(4 Bytes)) and IPv6 (Version 6 (16 Bytes)).
IP Address
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IP Address
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IP Address
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IP Address
IPv4 Rules
1 2 3 4 5 6
It is written in
"dotted-
decimal A valid IP An invalid IP
Each of these The value
An IP address notation," address address
four numbers range for each
is 4 bytes or which consists example is example is
represents number is
32 bits in size. of four 199.200.45.78 800.354.7.432
one byte. from 0 to 255.
numbers . .
separated by
three dots.
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IP Address
IPv6 Rules
1 2 3 4 5 6
It is written in An invalid
"colon- IPv6 address
hexadecimal A valid IPv6 example is
The value
notation," address 2001:GGGG:8
An IPv6 range for each
which consists Each group example is 5a3:0000:000
address is 16 hexadecimal
of eight represents 16 2001:0db8:85 0:8a2e:0370:7
bytes or 128 digit is from 0
groups of four bits (2 bytes). a3:0000:0000: 334 (due to
bits in size. to F (0-15 in
hexadecimal 8a2e:0370:73 the presence
decimal).
digits, 34. of invalid
separated by hexadecimal
colons. characters).
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Network Addressing
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Network Addressing
7.7.7.69 Valid
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A standalone computer requires an interface to connect to a network,
01 typically through a Network Interface Card (NIU), which enables
communication between the server and workstations.
It is also known as a Terminal Access Point (TAP), Ethernet Card, WiFi
02 Card LAN Port etc. Each NIU is assigned a unique identifier, which is
generally provided by the manufacturer.
The unique identifier is known as the Media Access Control (MAC)
03 address. It is a 6-byte long hexadecimal address (using characters 0-9 and
A-F), with each byte separated by a colon (:).
MAC Address
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MAC Address
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MAC Address
1 2 3 4 5
Each
The value
hexadecimal
A MAC It is written in range for each
The numbers number
address is 6 "colon- hexadecimal
are separated represents 1
bytes (48 bits) hexadecimal digit is from 0
by 5 colons. byte, with
in size. notation." to F (0-15 in
values ranging
decimal).
from 00 to FF.
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Network Addressing
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Network Addressing
12:34:56:78:90:AB Valid
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Network Terminologies
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Network Terminologies
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Network Terminologies
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Network Terminologies
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Network Terminologies
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Network Terminologies
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Network Terminologies
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Network Terminologies
What is Node ?
A Node also called workstation or client is
any device connected to a computer
network. Nodes can be computers, personal
digital assistants (PDAs), cell phones, or
various other network device. Sometimes, it
is also referred as workstation or client. A
Node is normally seeking the resource, data
sharing from other computers in a network.
What is Server ?
A server is a computer designed to process
requests and deliver data to other (nodes)
computers over a local network or the
Internet.
What is Server ?
• Dedicated Server
A Dedicated Server is a server computer
which always fully dedicated to provides
services to its connected Nodes, e.g.
Google, Facebook, Yahoo Servers.
• Non-Dedicated Server
A Non–Dedicated Server is sometime acts
as a server and sometime acts as a Node
e.g. Server @ Schools, Colleges…
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Network Terminologies
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Network Terminologies
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Network Terminologies
• W3C
• Domain Name describing the website’s
purpose
• TLD (Top Level Domain) such as .com.
org etc
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Network Terminologies
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Network Terminologies
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Network Terminologies
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Transmission Media
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Transmission Media
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Transmission Media
or Unguided
or Wireless
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Transmission Media
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Transmission Media
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Transmission Media
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Transmission Media
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Transmission Media
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Transmission Media
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Transmission Media
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Transmission Media
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Transmission Media
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Transmission Media
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Transmission Media
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Transmission Media
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Transmission Media
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Transmission Media
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Transmission Media
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Transmission Media
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Transmission Media
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Transmission Media
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Transmission Media
What is Infrared ?
This type of transmission uses infrared light
to send data. We can see the use of this type
of transmission in everyday life i.e. TV
Remote, Toys, Health Care Equipment. The
infrared light transmit data through the air
and can propagate(spread) throughout room,
but will not penetrate (cross over) the walls
or any obstacles. It is considered to be a
secure data transmission. It offers lowest
rate the transferring data and information
and covers a distance of not more than 5-6
meters.
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Transmission Media
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Switching Techniques
What is Switching ?
Switching is process to forward packets
coming in from one port to a port leading
Switching towards the destination. When data comes
Techniques on a port it is called ingress, and when data
leaves a port or goes out it is called egress.
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Switching Techniques
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Switching Techniques
Route
Receiver
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Switching Techniques
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Switching Techniques
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Switching Techniques
Routes
Receiver
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Network Topology
Cost
• When we install a network we must try to minimize installation cost. This may
be achieved by using well understood media (wired or wireless) and also, to a
lesser extent, by minimizing the distances among the devices involved. By
considering above factors we can minimize the cost of installing a network.
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Network Topology
• When we install a network we must try to • As the arrangement of furniture, internal walls
minimize installation cost. This may be achieved etc in offices is often subject to change, the
by using well understood media (wired or topology chosen must allow us easy
wireless) and also, to a lesser extent, by reconfiguration of the network. This involves
minimizing the distances among the devices moving existing nodes and adding new ones
involved. By considering above factors we can should be easily done and it should also not
minimize the cost of installing a network. affect the network, as there may be some
crucial operations going on over the existing
network.
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Network Topology
• When we install a network we must • As the arrangement of furniture, • The topology chosen for the network
try to minimize installation cost. This internal walls etc in offices is often can help by allowing the location of
may be achieved by using well subject to change, the topology the fault to be detected easily and to
understood media (wired or wireless) chosen must allow us easy provide some means of isolating it. It
and also, to a lesser extent, by reconfiguration of the network. This means network should not fail under
minimizing the distances among the involves moving existing nodes and any circumstances.
devices involved. By considering adding new ones should be easily
above factors we can minimize the done and it should also not affect the
cost of installing a network. network, as there may be some
crucial operations going on over the
existing network.
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Network Topology
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Network Topology
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Network Topology
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Network Types
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Network Types
What is PAN ?
A personal area network (PAN) is a computer
network for interconnecting electronic
devices centred on an individual person's
workspace. A PAN provides data
transmission among devices such as
computers, smartphones, tablets and
personal digital assistants. PANs can be
used for communication among the personal
devices themselves, or for connecting to a
higher level network and the Internet where
one master device takes up the role as
gateway. A PAN may be wireless(WPAN) or
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Network Types
What is PAN ?
carried over wired interfaces such as USB. A
PAN covers the distance of around 10
meters. Some examples of PAN are:
Wireless keyboards, Wireless Mice,
Smartphones, TV remotes, Wireless printers,
Gaming consoles etc
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Network Types
What is LAN ?
A local area network (LAN) is a computer
network that interconnects computers and
some other devices within a limited area
such as a residence, school, laboratory,
university campus or office building. This
type of network covers the distance starting
from 10 meters to 1 kilometre.
What is LAN ?
Ethernet and Wi-Fi are the two most
common technologies in use for local area
networks.
Historical network technologies include
ARCNET, Token ring, and AppleTalk.
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Network Types
What is MAN ?
A metropolitan area network (MAN) is a
computer network that interconnects users
with computer resources in a geographic
region of the size of a metropolitan area. The
term MAN is applied to the interconnection of
local area networks (LANs) in a city into a
single larger network which may then also
offer efficient connection to a wide area
network. The term is applied to the
interconnection of networks in a city into a
single larger network. The most common
examples of the MAN are Digital cable
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Network Types
What is MAN ?
television, Used in government agencies,
University campuses, Cable broadband, In
airports, Networking between community etc
This type of network covers an approximate
distance starting from 1 to 2 kilometre ending
at 100 to 150 kilometres. The data
transmission rate is higher than WAN and
error rates during transmission is higher then
that of PAN,LAN.
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Network Types
What is WAN ?
A wide area network (WAN) is a
telecommunications network that extends
over a large geographical area for the
primary purpose of computer networking.
Wide area networks are often established
with leased telecommunication circuits.
Business, as well as education and
government entities use wide area networks
to relay data to staff, students, clients, buyers
and suppliers from various locations across
the world. In essence, this mode of
telecommunication allows a business to
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Network Types
What is WAN ?
effectively carry out its daily function
regardless of location. The Internet may be
considered a WAN. This type of network
covers the distance starting from 100 to 150
kilometres. The data transmission rate is
slower MAN and error rates during
transmission is higher then that of
PAN,LAN,MAN. Some examples of WANs
are Internet, Défense department, banks,
Airline companies, Stock brokerages etc.
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Network Devices
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Network Devices
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Network Devices
What is Modem ?
A modem is a computer peripheral that
allows you to connect and communicate with
other computers via telephone lines. The full
form of Modem is Modulator/ Demodulator. A
modem uses the Modulation, a process of
sending data on a wave.
The computer uses a digital signals i.e.
information are represented using digits e.g
bits either 1 or 0, while the telephone line
uses analog signal which varies in
frequencies, the modem when connected
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Network Devices
What is Modem ?
converts digital signal to analog signal and
vice versa. In our day to day life we use
Mobile Phones, these phone also acts as
Modem. It comes in two verities Internal
Modem (Inside the CPU) and External
Modem (Outside the CPU)
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Network Devices
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Network Devices
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Network Devices
What is HUB ?
A HUB is a device used to connect several
computers together. A hub that contains
multiple independent but connected modules
of the network and inter-networked
equipment.
A HUB can also called as Concentrator or
Multiport Repeater. A HUB comes in to
versions namely ACTIVE HUB and PASSIVE
HUB. An ACTIVE HUB electrically amplify
the signal as it moves from one connected
device to another while the PASSIVE HUB
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Network Devices
What is HUB ?
to another without any change. A HUB while
transmitting a data will broadcast i.e. verifies
to each connected port whether the data
packets is intended for this recipient or not,
the data and information each time it receive
from source node, hence it transfer data and
information slowly, and may create network
congestion(network traffic jams).
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Network Devices
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Network Devices
HUB
• 12
5
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Network Devices
What is Switch ?
A switch is a networking device, which
functions similar to HUB, but it is an
advanced version of HUB or it is an
intelligent HUB, as HUB at the time of
transferring data verifies each and every
node with in network while switch knows/
stores the IP Address of all the nodes with in
network, thereby making data transmission
easier and faster.
A Switch is a device that is used to segment
networks into different sub-networks, called
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Network Devices
What is Switch ?
subnets or LAN segment. Segmenting the
network into smaller subnets, prevents traffic
overloading in a network. A switch is
responsible for filtering i.e. transforming data
in a specific way and for forwarding packets
between LAN segments.
Switch support any packet protocol like
HTTP, FTP, SMTP, POP3, TCP/IP and so on.
This is used in a large computer network i.e.
a computer network containing 100 or 1000
of the nodes.
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Network Devices
Switch
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Network Devices
What is Repeater ?
A Repeater is a network device that amplifies
and restores signals for log distance
transmission. Over distance, the cable or
wireless media connecting the network lose
the signal transmitted, if the signal degrades
too much then it fails to reach the
destination.
Therefore, the repeater can be installed
along the way to ensure that data packets
reach their destination. There are two types
of repeaters namely 1) Amplifier 2) Signal
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Network Devices
What is Repeater ?
Repeater. The first merely amplifies all
incoming signals over a network. However, it
can amplify both, the signal and concurrent
noise.
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Network Devices
What is Gateways ?
A Gateway is a network device that connects
dissimilar networks. It establishes and
intelligent connection between a local
network and external networks with
completely different structures (e.g.
interconnecting PAN, LAN, MAN or WAN). A
Gateway actually a node on a network that
serves as an entrance to another network. In
enterprises, the gateway is the computer that
routes the traffic from a workstation to a
outside network that is serving the web
pages.
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Network Devices
What is Gateways ?
In homes, the gateway is the ISP (Internet
Service Provider) that connects the user to
the internet. A gateway can be implemented
in software, hardware and some time as a
mixture of together. There are lots of
equipment's and techniques which are being
processed such as voice and data
communication. Gateways are also a key
mechanism of any telephony
communications. Gateway is offering bridge
between telephone network and internet.
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Network Devices
What is Router ?
A router is a network device that is similar to
bridge but it connects multiple network
irrespective of their protocol. This is because
a router can handle multiple protocols like
HTTP, FTP, TCP/IP, SMTP, POP3 etc. as
opposed to bridge a router forward data
packets from one connected network to
another depending upon their IP addresses.
A router is also device, which is used to
connect multiple LANs or segments of the
same LAN.
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Network Devices
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Network Devices
What is RJ45?
RJ45 stands for Registered Jack 45 and is
the most commonly used connector in wired
networks. The jacks are mainly used to
connect to the Local Area Network (LAN). It
was earlier devised for telephones but is now
widely used in Ethernet Networking. The 45
in RJ45 basically stands for the listing
number. The width of RJ45 is usually greater
than that of the telephone cables or other
Registered Jacks.
Compared to additional jacks the bandwidth
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Network Devices
What is RJ45?
provided by these is high and the range is
usually 10 Gpbs. Because of speed and
enhanced security, they are used to connect
personal computers to servers, routers etc.
These jacks are mostly used in Star
Topology.
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Network Devices
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Network Devices
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Network Protocols
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Network Protocols
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Network Protocols
What is HTTP ?
The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is
the foundation of the World Wide Web, and
is used to load webpages using hypertext
links.
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Network Protocols
What is HTTPS ?
Hypertext transfer protocol secure (HTTPS)
is the secure version of HTTP, which is the
primary protocol used to send data between
a web browser and a website.
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Network Protocols
What is FTP ?
The term file transfer protocol (FTP) refers to
a process that involves the transfer of files
between devices over a network. The
process works when one party allows
another to send or receive files over the
Internet. Originally used as a way for users
to communicate and exchange information
between two physical devices, it is now
commonly used to store files in the cloud,
which is usually a secure location that is held
and accessed remotely.
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Network Protocols
What is PPP ?
PPP Point - to - Point Protocol (PPP) is a
communication protocol, is used to transmit
Point to Point multiprotocol data between two directly
Protocol connected (point-to-point) computers.
PPP protocol used to transmit
data between directly
connected computers
It is a byte - oriented protocol that is widely
used in broadband communications having
heavy loads and high speeds.
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Network Protocols
What is SMTP ?
SMTP is a protocol stands for Simple Mail
Transfer Protocol.
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Network Protocols
What is TCP/IP ?
TCP/IP is a protocol used on the internet to
let computers and other devices send and
receive data.
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Network Protocols
What is POP3 ?
Post Office Protocol 3, or POP3, is the most
POP3 commonly used protocol for receiving email
Post Office over the internet.
Protocol
Post Office Protocol used
to receive email from email This standard protocol, which most email
server.
servers and their clients support, is used to
receive emails from a remote server and
send to a local client.
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Network Protocols
What is Telnet?
Telnet is a protocol that allows you to
Telnet connect to remote computers (called hosts)
over a TCP/IP network (such as the internet).
Teletype Network
Telnet is a protocol that
allows you to connect to
remote computers and
Using telnet client software on your
access files, folders. computer, you can make a connection to a
telnet server (that is, the remote host).
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Network Protocols
What is VoIP?
Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP), is a
VoIP technology that allows you to make voice
Voice Over calls using a broadband Internet connection
Internet Protocol instead of a regular (or analog) phone line.
VoIP is a technology /
protocol allows you to
voice calls over internet.
VoIP services only work over your computer
or a special VoIP phone, other services allow
you to use a traditional phone connected to a
VoIP adapter.
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Web Services
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Web Services
What is WWW ?
The world wide web is a set of protocols that
allows you to access any document on the
net through a naming system based on
URLs. The attributes of WWW are as
follows...
1. User Friendly,
2. Multimedia Documents.
3. Hypertext & Hyperlinks.
4. Frames.
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Web Services
What is HTML ?
An HTML stands for Hypertext Markup
Language. It is a scripting language used
to design the contents of the web page and
a website.
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Web Services
What is XML ?
XML stands for Extensible Markup
Language. XML was designed to describe
data. XML is a software- and hardware -
independent tool for carrying information.
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<note>
<to>Tove</to>
<from>Jani</from>
<heading>Reminder</heading>
<body>Don't forget me this
weekend!</body>
</note>
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Web Services
Web Browsers
Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, Google
Chrome.
Web Server.
Microsoft IIS, Apache, Tomcat Server.
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Web Services