MODULE 7

1
Learning Outcomes
At the end of the lesson, the student is able to:
1.Explain the relationship between the force, mass, radius,
and angular acceleration.

2. Study the turning effect of force.

3. Study the analogy between force and torque, mass and

moment of inertia, and linear acceleration and angular
acceleration and momentum.

4. Relate angle of rotation, angular velocity, and angular

acceleration to their equivalents in linear kinematics.

2
Rotational Motion
Key Points
▪ The kinematic equations for rotational and/or linear
motion can be used to solve any rotational or translational
kinematics problem in which a and α are constant.

▪ By using the relationships between velocity and angular

velocity, distance and angle of rotation, and acceleration
and angular acceleration, rotational kinematic equations
can be derived from their linear motion counterparts.

▪ To derive rotational equations from the linear

counterparts, we used the relationships:
𝒂 = 𝒓𝜶, 𝒗 = 𝒓𝝎 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒙 = 𝒓𝝑
3
Rotational Motion
The Radian
▪ Comparing degrees and
radians

▪ Converting from degrees

to radians

4
Sample Problem
1. A fishing boom pivots upward from the
horizontal position and moves through two-
thirds of the angle between the horizontal and
vertical positions. Through what angle (in
radians and degrees) has the boom moved?

5
Sample Problem
2. What is the angle in degrees between the
hour hand and the minute hand of a clock
showing 9:00 PM?

3. The minute hand on a watch is 8 mm long

and the hour hand is 4 mm. How fast is the
distance between the tips of the hands
changing at one o’clock?

6
Rotational Motion
The Radian
▪ The radian is a unit of
angular measure.

▪ The radian can be

defined as the arc length 𝒔
along a circle divided by
the radius 𝒓.

7
Rotational Motion
Angular Displacement
▪ The axis of rotation is the
center of the disk.

▪ A fixed reference line is

needed.

▪ During time 𝒕, the reference

line moves through angle 𝜽,
measured in radians, and is the
𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏.

8
Rotational Motion
Angular Displacement
▪ The 𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕
is defined as the angle the object
rotates through during some time
interval.

▪ Each point on the object

undergoes the same angular
displacement.

▪ The unit of angular displacement

∆𝜽 = 𝜽𝒇 − 𝜽𝒊
is the radian.

9
Rotational Motion
Key Points
▪ The kinematics of rotational motion describes the
relationships among rotation angle, angular velocity,
angular acceleration, and time. Let us start by finding an
equation relating 𝝎, 𝜶, and 𝒕.
Linear Motion Rotational Motion
𝒗 = 𝒗𝟎 + 𝒂𝒕 𝝎 = 𝝎𝟎 + 𝜶𝒕
𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐
𝒙 = 𝒗𝟎 𝒕 + 𝒂𝒕 𝜽 = 𝝎𝟎 𝒕 + 𝜶𝒕
𝟐 𝟐
𝒗𝟐 = 𝒗𝟐𝟎 + 𝟐𝒂𝒙 𝝎𝟐 = 𝝎𝟐𝟎 + 𝟐𝜶𝜽

10
Rotational Motion
▪ The equations can be used to solve any rotational or
translational kinematics problem in which 𝒂 and 𝜶 are
constant.

11
Sample Problem
1. Calculate the angular
speed of a 0.3 m radius car
tire when the car travels at
15.0 m/s (about 54 km/h).
Solution:

Given: https://openstax.org/books/college-physics/pages/6-
1-rotation-angle-and-angular-velocity

𝑣 = 15 m/s
𝑟 = 0.300 m

𝑣 15 m/s
𝜔= = = 50 rad/s
𝑟 0.3m
12
Sample Problem
2. Suppose a large freight train accelerates from rest,
giving its 0.350-m-radius wheels an angular
acceleration of 0.250 rad/s2. After the wheels have
made 200 revolutions (assume no slippage): (a) How
far has the train moved down the track? (b) What are
the final angular velocity of the wheels and the linear
velocity of the train?

Steven Rosenberg / Chicago Tribune

13
Sample Problem
▪ Solution
From the relationship between distance and rotation angle:
𝑥
𝜃= 𝑥 = 𝜃𝑟
𝑟

14
Centripetal Acceleration
▪ Centripetal acceleration is defined as the property of the
motion of an object, traversing a circular path. Centripetal
means “toward the center” or “center seeking.”

▪ The acceleration that is directed radially towards the

center of the circle having a magnitude equal to the square
of the speed of the body along the curve is divided by the
total distance from the center of the circle to the moving
body.

▪ Centripetal force - the force which causes the

acceleration to direct towards the center of the circle.

15
Centripetal Acceleration
▪ A force always causes the
centripetal acceleration as for a
satellite, it is the force of
gravity. For a swing-ball, it is the
tension in the string. For a
moving car around a car, it is
the frictional force between the
car and the road.
Formula:
▪ If the centripetal acceleration
is removed, then the object will 𝒗𝟐
continue to move in a straight 𝒂𝒄 = 𝒐𝒓 𝒂𝒄 = 𝒓𝒘𝟐
𝒓
line(tangent to the circle).
16
Sample Problem
1. Calculate the centripetal acceleration of a point 7.50 cm
from the axis of an ultracentrifuge spinning at 7.5 × 104
rev/min.

Solution:
𝜔 = 7.5 x 104 rev/min x 2𝜋 rad/rev x 1 min/60 sec
= 7854 rad/sec

𝑎𝑐 = 𝑟𝑤 2 = 0.075 m (7854 rad/sec)2 = 4.63 x 10 m/sec2

17
Sample Problem
2. A ball is attached to a string
that is 1.5m long. It is spun so
that it completes two full
rotations every second. What is
the centripetal acceleration felt https://documen.site/download/circular-motion-review_pdf

by the ball?

18
Work Problem
1. A student spinning a 0.10-kilogram ball at the end of
a 0.50-meter string in a horizontal circle at a constant
speed of 10. meters per second. What is the centripetal
force?

19
Torque
▪ Torque is the measure of the force that can cause an
object to rotate about an axis.

▪ Torque can be defined as 𝒓𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒐𝒇

𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒂𝒓 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆.

▪ The point where the object rotates is called the 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔 𝒐𝒇

𝒓𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏.

▪ In physics, torque is simply the tendency of a force to turn

or twist. Different terminologies such as 𝒎𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 or
𝒎𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒂 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆 are interchangeably used to describe
torque.
20
Torque
▪ The magnitude of the torque is determined finding the
lever arm (moment arm) and then multiply it with the
applied force.

21
Torque
▪ The magnitude of the torque (T or 𝝉)is determined
finding the lever arm (moment arm) and then multiply it
with the applied force. The moment arm is the
perpendicular distance from the axis of rotation to the
point of application of the force.

𝝉 = r x F cosθ

22
Conditions for Equilibrium
▪ First Condition of Equilibrium
For an object to be in
equilibrium, it must be
experiencing no acceleration.
This means that both the net
force and the net torque on
the object must be zero.

Therefore all forces balance in

each direction.
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-
physics/chapter/conditions-for-equilibrium/
Net Force Must Be Zero.

23
Conditions for Equilibrium
▪ Second Condition of Equilibrium
The second condition necessary
to achieve equilibrium involves
avoiding accelerated rotation
(maintaining a constant angular
velocity ). A rotating body or
system can be in equilibrium if
its rate of rotation is constant
and remains unchanged by the
forces acting on it. https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-
physics/chapter/conditions-for-equilibrium/

Net Torque Must Be Zero.

24
Direction of Torque
▪ The direction of rotation can be clockwise (CW) or
counterclockwise (CCW). In physics, the counterclockwise
direction is defined as positive and clockwise is negative for
rotational variables.

A torque that rotates an A torque that rotates an

object counterclockwise object clockwise is a
is a positive torque. negative torque/

25
Sample Problem
1. How much torque is created by a 100 N perpendicular
force placed 0.45 meters from the fulcrum?

2. How much force would Joe have to apply perpendicular

to create 550 Nm of torque 0.20 meters away from the bolt
he is trying to loosen? Ans. 2750 N∙m

3. What torque results from a 250 N force 30° from

perpendicular on a wrench 0.28 meters away from the
bolt? Ans. 61 N∙m

26
Sample Problem
4. A uniform 6 cm long ruler has two coins placed on it as
shown. One coin of mass 15 gram is placed at the zero
mark; the other of unknown mass is placed at 4.7 cm mark.
The center of the ruler is at the 3.0 mark. If the ruler is
perfectly balanced in this set up, solve for the unknown
mass.

27
Work Problem
1. There are tree 200 N forces are acting on the light bar
with the distances as indicated in the picture. Find how far
the force F is from the access of rotation. Neglect the
weight of the bar.

28
Work Problem
2. What is the tension in the cable and the force of the
support if the board has a mass of 500 N and the person
has a mass of 1,500 N ?

29
Work Problem
3. Two workers are carrying a uniform wooden board that
is 3 meters long and weighs 160 N. If one worker applies an
upward of 60 N at one of the board, where must the other
worker be situated in order for the board to be in static
equilibrium and with what force must they apply?

30
Work Problem
4. Two people are carrying an 8 feet long board with a 100
lb weight on it and is located 7 feet away from the left end.
Neglecting the weight of the board, how much force does
each person have to exert?

31
Torque & Angular Momentum
▪ Torque is a measure of the force that can cause an object
to rotate about an axis.
▪ Just as force is what causes an object to accelerate in
linear kinematics, torque is what causes an object to
acquire angular acceleration.
▪ The direction of the torque vector is
found by convention using the right
hand grip rule. If a hand is curled
around the axis of rotation with the
fingers pointing in the direction of the
force, then the torque vector points in
the direction of the thumb.
32
Torque & Angular Acceleration
▪ to be continued….

33
References
https://openstax.org/books/college-physics/pages/10-3-
dynamics-of-rotational-motion-rotational-inertia
https://opentextbc.ca/openstaxcollegephysics/chapter/dyn
amics-of-rotational-motion-rotational-inertia/

https://openstax.org/books/college-physics

https://byjus.com/physics/centripetal-acceleration/
https://www.varsitytutors.com/ap_physics_1-
help/centripetal-force-and-accelerationFor Problem
#2 slide 18
34
References
https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/University_Physics
/Book%3A_Physics_(Boundless)/8%3A_Static_Equilibrium_
Elasticity_and_Torque

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-
physics/torque-and-angular-momentum/torque-and-
equilibrium/a/torque-and-equilibrium

https://stickmanphysics.com/stickman-physics-home/
universal-gravitation-and-circular-motion/torque/torque-
example-solutions/

35
References
https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/torque-
angular-momentum/torque-tutorial/a/torque
https://www.arlingtonschools.org/cms/lib/NY02215626/Ce
ntricity/Domain/5167/20160104141113710.pdf

36