COMPLEX NUMBERS:

The expression a+ bi means a complex number with “a” and “b” called parts.
 If z=a+bi; the real part of the complex number z is a; → ℜ ( z )=a .
;the imaginary part of the complex number z is b; → ℑ ( z )=b .
Imaginary unit: this is the quantity; √−1=i
Multiples of i
a) From: i=√−1 → ( √−1 )2=(i )2
2
−1=i
∴ i =−1 very important
2

b) i 3=( i 2 ) ( i ) ; i 2=−1
¿−1× i
¿−i
2
c) i 4 =( i 2) ; i 2=−1
2
¿(−1)
¿1
d) i 5=i 4 ∙i
2 2
¿ (i ) ∙ i
2
¿(−1) i
¿i
e) i 27=i 24 ∙ i 3
¿ 1 ×−i
¿−i
f) i 65=i64 ∙ i 1
¿ 1 ×i
¿i
g) i 4 n +5=i 4 n ∙i 5
¿ 1 ×i
¿i
h) i 6=i 4 ∙ i2
¿ 1 ×−1
¿−1
i) i 22=i 20 ∙i 2
¿ 1 ∙−1
¿−1
j) i 2 n+1=i 2 n ∙ i
¿i

If m is even and i 2 n+1=i 2 n ∙ i=−i for n odd.

Imaginary numers:if a is a real number, then ai is an imaginary number.e.g.
2 i,−3 i, 5 i, i √ 3 , √ 4 ×−1= √−4 , √ −20 etc.

A complex number: this is the summation of a real number and an imaginary

number.
→ complex number ¿ ¿real number¿+¿ imaginary number¿

e.g.; 2+3 i , √ 2−i , − √ , − √ etc.

1 i 3 10 i 7
2 2 11 11

i.e. A complex number z can be expressed as z=x +iy∨z=a+ bi where, x /a and y /b

are real numbers.
i.e.; If z=a+bi ℜ ( z ) =a
ℑ ( z )=b

;If z=x +iy

ℜ ( z )=x

ℑ ( z )= y

Now: when y=0; z =x( Z is purely real)

And; when x=0 ; z=iy (Z is purely imaginary)
Conclusion;
 All real numbers are complex numbers.
 All imaginary numbers are complex numbers because the missing parts are
just equal to zero.
The complex zero: this is denoted as 0 i.e. 0=0+0 i ( complex form . )
Equality of complex numbers; if z 1=x 1+ iy1 and z 2=x 2+ iy2 then; If z 1=z 2
⇒ x 1 +iy1=x 2 +iy2

⇒
{ x 1=x 2
y 1= y 2 }
Example:
1. Given that x +i ( y −3 )=2 y +8 i; find the values of x and y .
x +i ( y −3 )=2 y +8 i
x=2 y … …(1)
y−3=8 … … (2)
y=11
 ∴ x=2(11)
x=22
∴ x=22∧ y =11

Similarly;

2.
( x +3)
2
+i ( )
y +5
2
3
=− y + xi
2
x+3
=− y
2
x +3=−2 y
x +2 y=−3
y+ 5 3
= x
2 2
y +5=3 x
3 x− y=5
→ 3 eqn ( 1 )−eqn (2)

{
− 3 x +6 y =−9
3 x − y=5 }
+7 y =−14
y=2
x=−3−2 y
¿−3+4
¿1
∴ x=1∧ y =−2

Complex conjugates:
If z=a+bi; then the complex conjugate of z is denoted as z or ??? and its given as
z=a−bi

e.g. if {z =3−4 i→ z=3+ 4 i

¿ 1 1
z = +i→ z= −i
2 2
w=−2+3 i→ w=−2−3 i

z= √ + √ i→ z ¿= √ − √ i
2 3 2 3
2 2 2 2

Properties of complex conjugates:

1. z 1+ z2 =z1 + z 2
2. z 1−z 2=z 1−z 2
3. z 1 z 2=( z 1 ) ( z 2 )
Proof ; Example if z 1=3+ 4 i and z 2=−1+i
Sum: ( z 1 + z 2) =2+3 i
Difference:( z 1−z 2 )=4+5 i
Product: ( z 1 z 2 ) =( 3+4 i ) (−1−i )
¿ 3 (−1−i ) +4 i(−1−i)

¿−3−3 i−4 i+4

( z 1 z 2 ) =1−7 i
z 1=3−4 i z 2=−1+i

Now:
( z 1 + z 2) =2+3 i
→ ( z 1+ z 2 )=2−31 … …(1)

z 1+ z2 =( 3−4 i )+(−1+i)

→ z1 + z 2=2−3i … …( 2)

Since (1) ¿ (2) then; z 1+ z2 =z1 + z 2 for any pair of complex numbers
→ z1 −z2 =4+ 5i

→ ( z 1−z 2) =4−5 i … …(3)

→ z1 −z2 =( 3−4 i )−(−1+i )

→ z1 −z2 =4−5 i… … (4 )

Since (3) ¿ (4) then; z 1−z 2=z 1−z 2 for any pair of complex numbers.
→ z1 z 2=1−7 i

→ z1 z 2=1+7 i… … (5)

( z 1 ) ( z 2) =(3−4 i)(−1+i)
→ ( z 1) ( z 2 )=1+ 7i … …(6)

Since (5) ¿ (6) then; z 1 z 2=( z 1 ) ( z 2 ) for any pair of complex numbers.
Further still;
z1 z 1
= and z z =¿ (a real number)
z2 z 2
 (a complex number)×(its conjugate)
If z=x +iy z=x−iy
z z =(x +iy)( x−iy)
2 2
z z =x + xyi−xyi+ y

z z = y + y → (real number)
2 2

Division of complex numbers:

a+bi a b
Case 1; c → c + c i; if c is a real number.

a+bi (a+ bi)( x−iy)

Case 2; x+ iy →
( x +iy )( x−iy)

We realise the denominator, by multiplying up and down by the conjugate of

the denominator.
Making the denominator be a real number.
Examples:
Simplify;
16−4 i 16 4
a) = − i
2 2 2
¿ 8−2i
18+9 i 18 9
b) = + i
9 √2 9 √2 9 √2
2 1
¿ + i
√2 √2
2 × √2
+ √
2
¿ i
√2 × √2 √2 × √ 2
1
¿ √ 2+ √ 2 i
2
¿ √ 2 1+ i(
1
2 )
10 10 ×(2+i)
c) 2−i = (2−i)(2+i)
10(2+i) 10(2+i)
=
4 +1 5
¿ 4 +2 i
√3−i = ( √3−i )( √3−i )
d)
√ 3+i 2
( √ 3 ) +12
¿
√3 ( √3−i ) −i ( √3−i)
3+1
 3−i √ 3−i √ 3−1
¿
4
2−2 i √ 3
¿
4
1−i √ 3
¿
2
1 −1
¿ +
2 2 (
√3 i )
6−8i (6−8 i)(4−3 i)
e) 4+ 3i = (4+3 i)(4−3 i)
24−18i−32i−24
¿ 2 2
4 +3
0−50 i
¿
25
¿ 0−2i
¿(−2i) (purely imaginary)
√3+ 2i ( √3+ 2i ) ( 3−i 2 √3 )
f) 3+i2 √ 3 =
( 32 + ( 2 √ 3 ) 2 )
3 √ 3−6 i+ 6 i+ 4 √ 3
¿
9+12
¿ √ +0 i
7 3
21
7
¿ √ 3+0 i
21
7
¿ √ 3 (purely real)
21
2i 2i( 4−i)
g) 4+ i → 2 2 +
4 +1
2i(4−i)
¿
17
8 i+2
¿
17
2+ 8 i
¿
17
2 8
¿ + i=
17 17
2i 2 8
∴ = + i
4+i 17 17
z1 z 1
Hence; prove that z = z
2 2

Let 1z =3+ 4 i z
and 2 =−1−i
z1 (3+ 4 i)(−1+ i)
=
z2 (−1−i)(−1+i)
−3+3 i−4 i−4
¿ 2 2
(−1) +(1)
z1 −7−i
=
z2 2

( )
z 1 −7 1
z2
=
2 2
− i

z1 −7 1
Hence; z = 2 + 2 i… … (1)
2
z1 3−4 i −1−i
Also; z = −1+i × −1−i
2

3 (−1−i )−4 i(−1−i)

¿ 2 2
(−1) +(1)
−3−3 i+4 i±4
¿
2
−7+i
¿
2
z 1 −7 1
∴ = + i
z2 2 2
z1 z 1
Since (1)¿(2) then z = z
2 2

APPLICATIONS;
Example:
x y
1. Solve: 2+ i + 2−i =−2+3 i where x and y are real numbers.
x (2−i) y (2+i)
+ =−2+3 i
(2+i)(2−1) (2−i)(2+i)
2 x−xi 2 y + yi
2 2
+ 2 2 =−2+3 i
2 +1 2 +1
( 2 x+ 2 y ) + ( y −x ) i=−10+15 i
2 x+ 2 y =−10 … …(1)
−x + y=15 … … (2)
→ {x + y=−5
−x + y=15
2 y=10
y=5
∴ x=−5− y
x=−5−5
x=−10
∴ x=−10 and y=5
 a b
2. Given that x+iy = cosθ−isinθ show that a 2=b2 ( x 2 + y 2)
Solution;
a(x−iy) b(cosθ+isinθ )
→ =
(x+iy )( x−iy) (cosθ−isinθ)(cosθ +isinθ)
ax−iby bcosθ+ibsinθ
→ 2 2 = 2 2
x +y cos θ+sin θ

2
ax
x +y
2( ay
)
− 2 2 i=bcosθ+ ( bsinθ ) i
x +y
ax
→ 2 2 =bcosθ
x +y
ax
bcosθ= 2 2
x +y
−ay
bsinθ= 2 2
x +y
2 2 2 2
2 a x ( ) 2 x y
(bcosθ ) = 2
, bsinθ = 2
( x2+ y2) ( x2+ y2)
2 2 2
2
( ) 2 a x +a y
(bcosθ ) + bsinθ = 2
( x2 + y2 )
a2 ( x 2+ y 2 )
b 2 ( cos 2 θ+ sin2 θ )= 2 2 2
(x + y )
b ( x + y )=a
2 2 2 2

a b
OR: x+iy = cosθ−isinθ

acosθ−iasinθ=bx +iby

acosθ=bx −asinθ=by

bx −by
cosθ= sinθ=
a a
2 2
→ ( cosθ ) + ( sinθ ) =1

( )( )
2 2
bx −by
+ =1
a a
2 2 2 2
b x b y
2
+ 2 =1
a a

b 2 ( x 2 + y 2 )=a2

COMPLEX PLANE:
Complex numbers are two dimensional: i.e. the real dimension and imaginary
dimension.
For this reason, complex numbers can be represented in a place called the Argand
diagram or complex plane. On this plane/diagram, the x-axis represents real
number and the y-axis represents imaginary numbers.
<diagram>
The complex number z=x +iy is represented in the argand diagram by the;
a) Point (x , y )
b) Position vector of the point (x , y )
c) Argument of z
e.g. z 1=3+ 4 i is represented by the point (3 , 4)
z 2=−1−4 i is represented by the point (−1 ,−4)

z 3=4−2i is represented by the point (4 ,−2)

Example:
Represent the following complex numbers on argand diagram.
a) z=1+2 i
P(1 , 2)
<Diagram>
−1 √ 3
b) +i
2 2
P( −1 √ 3
,
2 2 )
<diagram>
c) z 1=−3−i
P(−3 ,−1)
<diagram>
Modules of a complex number:
Modulus is sometimes called the magnitude of a complex number is;
1. The length of the position vector representing it. i.e. (from the origin)

If z=x +iy , then modulus of z,denoted by ⃓ z⃓ is given as; ⃓ z⃓ =√ x 2 + y 2

2. Always positive.

i.e. ⃓ x+iy⃓ =√ x2 + y 2
<diagram>

x + y = ⃓ z⃓
By pythogra’s theorem;

→ ⃓ z⃓ =x + y
2 2 2

2 2 2
 ⃓ z⃓ =√ x 2 + y 2 ;but z=x +iy
∴ { ⃓ x+iy⃓ =√ x 2+ y 2

Example:
Find the moduli of the following complex numbers.
i. √ 3−i
→ ⃓ √ 3− i⃓ =√ ( √ 3 ) +(−1)2
2

¿ √ 3+1
¿√4 → 2
ii. −12−5 i
→ ⃓−12−5 i⃓ =√ (−12 ) +(−5)
2 2

¿ √ 144+25
¿ √ 169
¿ 13

→ ⃓ 2−4 i⃓ =√ (2)2 +(−4)2

iii. 2−4 i

¿ √ 4 +16
¿ √ 20
¿ 2 √5
iv. 1−cosθ+isinθ
→ 1 ( 1−cosθ )+isinθ=√ (1−cosθ)2 +sin 2 θ
¿ √ 1−2 cosθ+ cos2 θ+sin 2 θ
¿ √ 2−2 cosθ
¿ √ 2(1−cosθ¿)¿

√( 1
¿ 2 2 sin2 θ
2 )
√( )
2
θ
¿ 4 sin
2
θ
¿ 2 sin
2

Properties of moduli;
1. ⃓ z1 z 2 ⃓= ⃓ z 1 ⃓ ⃓ z 2 ⃓
⃓z ⃓
2. ⃓ z ⃓= ⃓ z ⃓
1z 1

3. ⃓ z ⃓= ⃓ z⃓
2 2

4. ⃓ z2− z1 ⃓ ¿ “ “distance between the points representing z 1 and z 2 in the argand

n n

diagram.”
Example: find the moduli of the following complex numbers;
 i. ( 1+i √3 ) ( 3−4 i )
6+8 i
ii. 2+i
iii. ( 1+2 i )2
5
(1−i)2 ( 1−i √ 3 )
iv.
( 2+ 4 i )2
Solutions:

¿ ⃓ ( 1+ i √ 3 ) ( 3−4 i ) ⃓
→ ( 1+i √ 3 ) ( 3−4 i )

¿ ⃓ 1 +i √ 3 ⃓ × ⃓ 3−4 i⃓
¿ ( (1) + ( √3 ) ) ( √ (3) +(−4)
√ )
2 2 2 2

¿ √ (1+3)× √ 9+16
¿ √ 4 × √ 25
¿ 2 ×5
¿ 10

OR:
→ ⃓ ( 1+i √ 3 ) ( 3−4 i ) ⃓

¿ ⃓ 3−4 i+i 3 √ 3+ 4 √ 3 ⃓

¿ ⃓ ( 3+4 √ 3 )+ ( 3 √ 3−4 ) i⃓

√ 2
¿ ( 3+ 4 √ 3 ) + ( 3 √ 3−4 )
2

¿ √ 9+24 √3+ 48+27−24 √ 3+16

¿ √ 100

¿ 10

Hence: ⃓ z1 z 2 ⃓= ⃓ z 1 ⃓ × ⃓ z 2 ⃓

6−8 i
→
2+ i

→ |6−8
2+i |
i

|6−8 i|
¿
|2+i|

¿
√ (6)2 +(−8)2
(2)2 +(1)2
¿√
36+ 64
√ 4+1

¿√
100
√5
10 √ 5
¿ ×
√5 √3
10 √5
¿
5
¿ 2 √5

OR:

2+i | |
|6−8 |
i (6−8 i)(2−i)
→ = 2 2
2 +1

¿| |
12−6 i−16 i−8
5

¿|
5 |
4−22 i

1
¿
5
√ 2
(4) + (−22 )
2

1
¿ √ 16+484
5
1
→ ( √100 × 5 )
5
1
→ (10) √ 5
5
→ 2 √5

Hence: z =
2
||z1
|z 2|
|z 1|

→¿ OR
→|(1+2 i)(1+ 2i)| ¿|(1+2i) |=|(1+2 i)|
2 2

¿ ( √ (1)2 +(2)2 )
2
¿|1+ 4 i−4|

¿|−3+ 4 i| ¿ ( √ 1+4 )
2
¿ √ (−3 ) +( 4)
2 2
¿5

¿ √ 9+16

¿ √ 25

¿5

Hence; |z n|=|z|n

| |
3 3
(1−i) ( 1−i √ 3 ) (1−i) ×(1−i √3)
2 2
→ 2
→
( 2+4 i ) (2+ 4 i)2

|( 1−i )2 × ( 1−i √3 )3|

¿
|¿2+ 4 i ¿¿¿ 2|
2
¿|(1−i)| × ¿ ¿¿

( √(1)2+(−1)2 ) × ( √(1)2 + (− √3 ) 2)
2 3

¿ 2
( √(2)2 +(4)2 )
2
( √2 ) ×(3)3
¿ 2
( √120 )
12× 84 4
¿ →
? ?? 5

| |
3
( 1−i )2 ( 1−i √ 3 ) 4
∴ 2
=
( 2+ 4 i ) 5

Distance between points representing complex numbers.

Let z 2=x 2+ i y 2 and z 1=x 1+ i y 1 which are represented by the points (x 2 , y 2 ) and ( y 1 , y 1)
respectively.
Now: z 2−z 1=( x 2 +i y 2 ) −( x 1+i y 1 )
¿ ( x 2−x 1 ) +i( y 2− y 1 )

√
→|z 2−z 1|= ( x 2−x 1 ) + ( y 2− y 1 )
2 2

¿ distance between the points ( x 1 , y 1 ) and ( x 2 , y 2 ) representing the

complex numbers z 1 and z 2
Examples:
 a) Find the distance between the points representing the complex numbers
z 1=−5+11i and z 2=3−4 i
Required distance ¿|z 2−z 1|
¿|( 3−4 i ) −(−5+11i )|
¿|8−15 i|
¿ √ (8)2 +(−15)2
¿ √ 289
¿(17)
b) Obtain the distance between the complex numbers 2 i and 4
Required distance ¿|0+ 2i−4+ 0i|
¿|2 i−4|
¿ √ (−4)2 +(2)2
¿ √ 16+ 4
¿ 2 √5

Argument of a complex number:

The argument of a complex number z=x +iy

→ arg ( z ) =tan−1 ( yx ) is the positive vector representing z makes with the positive real
axis.
Arguments can be both positive or negative.
1. Principal argument; {-180°<principalArg≤180°}
2. Any argument;(not principal) -360°<any Arg<360°
Caution:
i. Whenever the complex number is completely known, then show the
number in an Argand diagram and obtain the correct argument.
ii. Avoid the formula: Arg( x +iy ¿=tan
−1
( yx ) directly, expect when the
complex number is a variable(containing unknowns)
Example:
Find the arguments of the following numbers;
a) (3+ 4 i)
b) ¿−3+5 i¿
c) (−1−i √ 3 )
d) (1−i)
e) −1+i √ 2
f) 2+i √ 3
 Solutions:
a) Let z=3+ 4 i
<diagram>
4
tanθ=
3
→ θ=tan−1 ( 43 )
θ=53.13°
∴ Arg ( 3+4 i )=53.13 ° (principal)
b) Let z=−3+5 i
<diagram>
5
tanθ=
3
θ=−59.04 °
→ Arg (−3+5 i )=180 °−(59.04 °)
¿ 120.96 ° (principal)
c) Let z=−1−i √ 3
−√ 3
tanα=
−1
α =tan ( √ 3 )
−1

α =60 °
→ Arg (−1−i √3 )=180 °+60 °
¿ 240 ° (not principal)
∴ Principal Arg(−1−i √ 3¿=360 °−240 °
¿ 120 ° (principal)
d) Let z=2+i √3
<diagram>
Arg ( 2+i √ 3 )=40.89 °
e) Let z=1−i
<diagram>
1
tanα=
−1
∴ Arg ( 1−i )=−45 ° (principal)
Arg ( 1−i )=315° (not principal)

Special cases:
1) If a is a positive real number, then;
a → a+0 i
Arg ( a )=0 ° ; e.g Arg ( 2 )=0° , Arg ( √ 3 )=0°

Arg
( )1
√2
=0 ° i.e
 If z=5
→ z=5+0 i
<diagram>
∴ Arg ( 5 ) =0 ° (principal)
→ Arg ( a )=0 ° for a is any positive real number.
2) If a is a negative real number, then; Arg ( a )=180 °
e.g. Arg (−3 ) → Arg (−3+0 i )=180 °
let z=−3 → z=−3+0 i
<diagram>
Arg (−3 ) =180 °
∴ Arg ( a ) =180 ° for a ≡ any negative real number
3) If ai is a positive imaginary number;
Then; Arg ( ai )=90 °
e.g. Arg ( 4 i ) , Arg ( 2 i ) , Arg ( i √3 ) =90 °
let z=2 i
<diagram>
∴ Arg ( ai )=90° for a is any positive imaginary number.
4) If ai is any negative imaginary number then, Arg ( ai )=−90 ° , 270 °
i.e. let z=−3 i
→ z=0−3i
<diagram>
Arg ( 0−3 i )=Arg (−3 i ) ≡−90 ° , 270 °
Arg (−3 i )=−90 ° (principal)
Arg (−3 i )=270 ° (not principal)

Properties of arguments:
1) Arg ( z 1 z 2 ) =Arg ( z 1) + Arg (z 2)

( )
z
1
2) Arg z = Arg ( z1 ) −Arg ( z 2 )
2

3) Arg ( z )=nArg (z)

n

4) If λ is a real number and z is a complex number

i. Arg ( λz )= Arg (z) ; if λ is positive.
ii. Arg ( λz )=180 °+ Arg ( z) if λ is negative.
1
( )
e.g.; Arg ( 2 z )= Arg 3 z ≡ Arg(z )
<diagram>

( )
−1
e.g.; Arg (−z )= Arg (−3 z )= Arg 2 z ≡180 ° + Arg ( z)
<diagram>
Further examples:
1) Find the principal argument of;
a) (−1+i)( √3−i)
4 +4 i
b) −1−i
c) (4−3i)5
Solutions:
a) Arg ( (−1+i ) ( √ 3−i ) ) =Arg (−1+i )+ Arg ( √ 3−i )
For Arg(−1+ i)
<diagram>
+1 −1
tanθ= → tan (−1 )
−1
θ=−45 °
Principal argument → 135°
Arg (−1+i )=135 °

For Arg ( √ 3−i )

<diagram>
θ=tan−1
(−1√3 )
θ=−30 °
Principal argument ( √ 3−i ) =−30 °
∴ Arg ¿
¿ 135 ° +−30 °
→(105 ° )

(
4+ 4 i
b) Arg −1−i )
→ for Arg(4+ 4 i)
<diagram>
θ=45 ° (principal)
→ for Arg(−1−i)
<diagram>
→ θ=−135 ° (principal)

∴ Arg ( −1−i
4+ 4 i
)=Arg ( 4 +4 i) −Arg (−1−i)
¿ 45 ° −−135°
¿ 180 °
c) Arg ( 4−3 i )5
For → Arg ( 4−3 i )
<diagram>
 −3
tanθ=
4
θ=tan−1 ( )
−3
4
θ=−36.87 °
5
∴ Arg ( 4−3 i) =5 × Arg (4−3 i)
¿ 5 ×−36.87 °
¿−184.35 ° (not principal)
5
Arg( 4−3 i) →360 °−184.35 °
→ 175.65° Ans

MODULUS-ARGUMENT FORM:
The form x +iy ; e.g. 3−i, √ 2+ i, 6+5 i etc are called Cartesian forms.
Let |z|=r and Arg ( z )=θ ;where z=x +iy
<diagram>
x y
cosθ= ; sinθ=
r r
∴ x=rcosθ y=rsinθ

But;
z=x +iy

z=rcosθ+ i ( rsinθ )

z=r ¿

z=r ( cosθ +isinθ ) this is called the modulus-argument form sometimes called the
trigonometrical form or polar form.
Examples:
1. Expand the following complex numbers in modulus argument form.
a) 1+i √ 3)
b) 15−8 i
c) (−1+2 i )3
(3−4 i)(−1−2 i)3
d)
(−2−i)
e) −8 i
Solutions:
a) 1+i √3
r =|1+i √ 3| <diagram>
 √
¿ (1)2+ ( √ 3 )
2
Arg ( 1+i √ 3 )=tan
−1
( √13 )
¿ √ 1+3 ∴ Arg ( 1+i √ 3 ) =60 °
¿2
∴ 1+i √ 3=2 [ cos 60 ° +isin 60 ° ]
b) 15−8 i
r =|15−8i| <diagram>
¿ √ ( 15 ) + (−8 )
2 2
θ=α =−28.07 °
¿ √ 289 ∴ Arg ( 15−8i )=−28.07 °
¿ 17
∴ 15−8 i=17 ¿
c) (−1+2 i)3
r =|(−1+2 i )3| ↔|(−1+2 i)|
3

r =( √ (−1) +(2)
2 3
2
)
3 2
r =( √ 5 ) → ( √ 5 ) ( √ 5 )
r =5 √ 5
→ Arg (−1+2 i) =3 { Arg (−1+ 2i ) }
3

¿ 3(116.57 °)
¿ 349.71 °
∴(−1+2 i) =5 √ 5 [ cos ( 349.71 ° ) +isin ( 349.71° ) ]
3

(3−4 i)(−1−2 i)3

d)
(−2−i)

r= | (3−4 i)(−1−2 i)3

(−2−i) | 3
|(3−4 i)|×|(−1−2 i )|
r=
|−2−i|
( √(3) + (−4 ) )× ( √(−1)2+(−2)2)
2 2 3

r=
√(−2) + (−1 ) 2 2

5 × √5
r= → 25
√5

( )
3
(3−4 i) (−1−2i )
= Arg ( ( 3−4 i ) (−1−2 i) ) − Arg(−2−i)
3
Arg
(−2−i)
→ Arg ( 3−4 i )+ 3 Arg (−1−2 i )−Arg (−2−i)
↔−53.13 °+3 (−116.57° ) −(−153.43 ° )
↔−53.13 °−349.71 ° +153.43 °
↔−249.41 °

[ ]
3
(3−4 i) (−1−2i )
∴ Arg = (110.59 ° )
(−2−i)
 3
(3−4 i)(−1−2 i)
→ =25 ¿
(−2−i)
e) z=−8 i
z=0−8 i
r =|0−8 i| <diagram>
r =√ (0) + (−8 )
2
2
Arg (−8 i )=−90°
r =8
∴−8i=8 ¿

Further examples:
−1 3
()
1) Given that |z|=15 and Arg ( z )=tan 4 express z in Cartesian form:

Arg ( z )=0 θ=tan

−1
( 34 )
3
tanθ=
4
3 4
→ sinθ= , cosθ=
5 5
From; z=r [cosθ +isinθ ]

[
4 3
z=15 + i
5 5 ]
z=12+9 i
2) Given that Arg [ ( 2 m+ 3 ) +mi ]=45 ° ;find the value of m and hence compute the
modulus of ( 2 m+ 3 ) +mi .
↔ Arg [ ( 2m+3 )+ mi ] → tan−1 ( 2 m+3
m
)=45°
m
∴ ( 2 m+3+ mi )=−3−3 i =tan 45 °
2m+3
|(2 m+3+ mi)|=|−3−3 i| m=2 m+3
¿ √ (−3)2 +(−3)2 −m=3
¿ √ 9+9 m=−3
¿3 √2

Exercise:
5a b
1. Solve the equation : 2+ i + 1−2 i =8 if;
i. a and b are real numbers.
ii. a and b are complex numbers.
APPLICATION OF THE MODULUS-ARGUMENT FORM.
→ DE’MOIVRE’S THEOREM
This theorem is defined as the complex unit of the polar form i.e. r =1
→ r [ cosθ+isinθ ] =(cosθ+isinθ)

Then; (cosθ +isinθ)n=(cosnθ +isin nθ) is the demoivre’s theorem:

PROOF;
Set n=1; (cosθ +isinθ)1=cos ( 1 ) θ+isin (1) θ. It holds.
Set n=2; (cosθ +isinθ)2=(cos 2 θ+isin 2θ)
L.H.S;
2
¿(cosθ+isinθ)
2 2
¿( cosθ) +2 ( cosθ )( isinθ )+(isinθ)
2 2
¿ cos θ+i ( 2 cosθsinθ ) +(−1)sin θ

¿ ( cos 2 θ−sin2 θ ) +i(2 sinθcosθ)

¿ cos 2 θ+isin 2 θ=¿ R.H.S

Set n=3 ;(cosθ +isinθ)3=cos 3θ +isin 3θ

L.H.S;
3
¿( cosθ+isinθ)
2 1
¿(cosθ+isinθ) ∙ ( cosθ+isinθ )

¿(cos 2 θ+isin 2θ)(cosθ+isinθ)

¿ cos 2 θcosθ+isinθcos 2θ+ isin 2θcosθ−sin 2 θsinθ

¿ ( cos 2 θcosθ−sin 2θsinθ ) +i(sin 2 θcosθ+ cos 2θsinθ )

¿ cos ( 2 θ+θ )+ isin(2 θ+θ)

¿ cos 3 θ+isin 3 θ ≡ R.H.S

∴( cosθ+isinθ) =(cosnθ +isin nθ) holds for any n=0 , 1, 2 , 3 … … .. or any value of n.
n

Examples:
1. use de moivre’s theorem to prove that;
a) cos 3 θ=4 cos3 θ−3 cosθ
b) sin 3 θ=3 sinθ−4 sin3 θ
2 4
1−6 tan θ+ tan θ
2. Show that cos 4 θ= 2 4
1+ 2 tan θ +tan θ
Solutions:
 a) cos 3 θ=4 cos3 θ−3 cosθ
From; (cosθ +isinθ)3=cos 3θ +isinθ
3 2 2 3
→ cos 3 θ+isin 3 θ=(cosθ ) +3 (cosθ) ( isinθ ) +3 ( cosθ ) (isinθ) +(isinθ)
¿ cos 3 θ+ isinθ ( 3 cos2 θ ) −3 cosθ sin2 θ−i sin3 θ
∴ ( cos 3 θ ) +i ( sin 3θ )=( cos 3 θ−3 cosθ sin2 θ ) +i ( 3 cos 2 θsinθ −sin3 θ )
→ cos 3 θ=cos3 θ−3 cosθ ( 1−cos 2 θ )
cos 3 θ=cos 3 θ−3 cosθ ( 1−cos2 θ )
3 3
¿ cos θ−3 cosθ+ 3 cos θ
¿ 4 cos θ−3 cosθ As required.
3

b) sin 3 θ=3 sinθ−4 sin2 θ

From; cos 3 θ+isin 3 θ=( cos 3 θ−3 cos sin 32 θ ) +i ¿
2 3
→ sin 3θ=3 cos θsinθ−sin θ
¿ 3 ( 1−sin 2 θ ) sinθ−sin 3 θ
3 3
¿ 3 sinθ−3 sin θ−sin θ
¿ 3 sinθ−4 sin θ As required
3

2 4
1−6 tan θ+ tan θ
cos 4 θ= 2 4
1+ 2 tan θ +tan θ
From; ( cos 4 θ+isin 4 θ )=(cosθ +isinθ)4
4 3 2 2 3 4
→ ( cos 4 θ+isin 4 θ )=(cosθ) + 4 (cosθ) ( isinθ ) +6 (cosθ) (isinθ) +4 ( cosθ )( isinθ ) +(isinθ)
( cos 4 θ+isin 4 θ )=cos 4 θ+ i ( 4 cos3 sinθ )−6 cos 2 sin2 θ−i ( 4 cosθ sin3 θ ) +sin 4 θ
( cos 4 θ+isin 4 θ )= ( cos 4 θ−6 cos 2 θ sin 2 θ+sin 4 θ ) +isin+i(4 cos 3 θsinθ−4 cosθ sin3 θ)
4 2 2 4
cos θ−6 cos θ sin θ+ sin θ
→ cos 4 θ= ;1=cos2 θ+sin2 θ
1
4 2 2 4
cos θ−6 cos sin θ+ sin θ
cos 4 θ= 4 2 2 4
cos θ+2 cos θ sin θ+sin θ

( )
4 2 2 4
cos θ−6 cos θ sin θ+ tan θ
4
cos θ
cos 4 θ=

(
cos 4+ 2 cos2 θ sin2 θ+ sin4 θ
cos 4 θ )
( )
2 4
1−6 tan θ+tan θ
cos 4 θ= 2 4
1+2 tan θ+ tan θ

Simplify:
(cos 3 θ+isin 3 θ)(cos 2 θ+isin 2 θ)
a)
(cos 4 θ−isin 4 θ)(cos 5 θ+isin 5θ)2
 ( )
2
7 7
cos π +isin π
23 23
b)
(cos 233 π −isin 233 π)
3

c)
( cos +isin )
α
2
α
2
α α
(cos −isin )
3 3
Solutions:
(cos 3 θ+isin 3 θ)(cos 2 θ+isin 2 θ)
a)
(cos 4 θ−isin 4 θ)(cos 5 θ+isin 5θ)2
3 2
(cosθ +isinθ) × ( cosθ +isinθ )
¿ −4 10
(cosθ +isinθ) ×(cosθ + sinθ)
5
(cosθ +isinθ)
¿
(cosθ +isinθ)6
−1
¿( cosθ+isinθ)
¿ cos (−θ ) +isin(−θ)
¿ cosθ−isinθ

( )
2
7 7
cos π +isin π
23 23
b)
(cos 233 π −isin 233 π)
3

14
(cosπ +isinπ ) 23
¿ −9
23
(cosπ +isinπ )
23
¿(cosπ +isinπ ) 23 ;cosπ =cos 180°=−1
¿−1

( )
α α
cos +isin
2 2
c) α α
cos −isin
3 3
1
( cosα +isinα ) 2
¿ −1
3
( cosα+ isinα )
1 −1
−
2 3
¿(cosα+ isinα)
5
6
¿ ( cosα +isinα )

[ ( ) ( )]
5
¿ cos α +isin α
6
5
6

Further examples;
1. Given that z=cosθ +isinθ ,use de moivre’s theorem to prove that;
n 1 n 1
z + n
=2 cosnθ and z − n =2isin nθ
z z
Hence;
a) Express cos 5 θ in terms of cos 5 θ , cos 3 θ and cosθ .
b) Solve the equation 5 z 4−7 z 3 +12 z2 −7 z+5=0
2. Use de moivre’s theorem to show that;

(
cos 4 θ=8 cos θ−8 cos θ+ 1 hence show that cos 60° =
4 2 1
2
√2+ √3 )
3. (a) use de moivre’s theorem to express tan 4 θ in terms of tanθ ;
(b) use de moivre’s theorem to solve
i. z 4 −1=0
ii. z 3 +8=0
Solution:
From; z=cosθ +isinθ
n n
z =(cosθ+ isinθ)
n
→ z =cosnθ+ isin nθ … … .(1)
n 1 −n
z = n = ( cosθ+isinθ )
z
1
→ n =cosnθ−isin nθ … …(2)
z
Eqn (1) +¿ eqn (2)
<equation>
Eqn (1) – eqn(2)
<equation>

( )
n 1
z + n
=2cosnθ
∴ z
n 1
z − n =2 isin nθ
z
n 1
a) From; z + n =2 cosnθ
z

( )
5
1 5
z + =( 2 cosθ )
z
5 5
→ 32cos θ=z ¿
5
( 5 1
) (3 1
32 cos θ= z + 5 +5 z + 3 +10 z +
z z ) ( )
1
z
1
cos θ= [ 2cos 5θ+ 10 cos 3 θ+20 cosθ ]
5
32
∴ cos 5 θ= ( 1
16
5 5
cos 5 θ+ cos 3 θ+ cosθ
16 8 )
Similarly; it may be for ( sin 3 θ )
n 1
From; z − n =2isin nθ ; n=1
z

( )
3
1 3
z− = ( 2isinθ )
z

( ) ( )( )
2 3
3 3 −1 −1 2 −1
−8 i sin θ=z + 3 z +3 z +
z z z

3
( z1 ) 1z
−8 i sin θ= z − −3 ( z− )
3
3

3
−8 i sin θ=2 isin 3θ−3 ( 2isinθ )

1
8
5
4
1
[
sin3 θ= ( 6 sinθ−2 sin3 θ ) → sinθ− sin 3θ
4 ]
b) 5 z 4−7 z 3 +12 z2 −7 z+5=0
Dividing through z 2
2 7 5
5 z −7 z+ 12− + 2 =0
z z

( 2 1
) ( )
5 z + 2 −7 z + +12=0
z
1
z
∴ Let z=cosθ +isinθ
n 1
→ z + n =2 cosnθ
z
5 ( 2 cos 2 θ )−7 ( 2 cosθ ) +12=0
10 cos 2 θ−14 cosθ+ 12=0
10 ( 2 cos2 θ−1 )−14 cosθ+12=0
2
20 cos θ−14 cosθ +2=0
14 ± √(−14) + 4 (20)(2)
2
→ cosθ=
2× 20
14 ± √196−160
cosθ=
40
14 ± 6
cosθ=
40
7±3
cosθ=
20
1 1
Either; cosθ= 2 or cosθ= 5

sinθ=± 1−
√√3
1
4
2 2 √
√
or sinθ=± 1− 1
−5
sinθ=± or sinθ=±
2 5
 ∴ either; z= ± i √ or z= ± i √
1 3 1 2 6
2 2 5 5
z= +i √ , z = −i √ , z= + i √ , z= − √
1 3 1 3 1 2 6 1 2 6
2 2 2 2 5 5 5 5

From;
( cos 4 θ+isin 4 θ )= ( cosθ+isinθ )4
4 3 2 2 3 4
cos 4 θ+isin 4 θ=(cosθ ) +4 (isinθ) ( isinθ ) +6 (cos θ) (isinθ) + 4 ( cosθ ) (isinθ) +(isinθ)

cos 4 θ+isin 4 θ= ( cos 4−6 cos 2 sin2 θ+ sin4 θ ) +i ( 4 cos3 θsinθ−4 cosθ sin 3 θ )
2
4
→ cos 4 θ=cos θ−6 cos θ sin θ+sin θ
2 2 4
;sin 4 θ=( sin 2 θ )
2
¿ cos θ−6 cos θ ( 1−cos θ ) + ( 1−cos θ )
4 2 2 2

4 2 4 2 4
¿ cos θ−6 cos θ+6 cos θ+1−2 cos θ+ cos θ
4 2
cos 4 θ=8 cos θ−8 cos θ+ 1

Hence;
Now: if 4 θ=60 ° θ=15 °
2
→ cos 60 °=8 ( cos 15 ° ) −8 ( cos 15 ° ) + 1 ;Let m=( cos 15° )
2 2 2

1 2
=8 m −8 m+ 1
2
2
→ 16 m −16 m+ 1=0

16 ± √ (16)2−4 (16)(1)
m=
2(16)

16 ± √256−64
m=
32
16 ± √ 192
m=
32
16 ± √64 ×3
m=
32
16 ±8 √3
∴ m=
32
2 ± √3
m=
4
But m=( cos 15° ) → m= √
2 2+ 3
( 4 )
→ cos 15 °=√ m

cos 15 °=
√ 2+ √ 3 → √ 2+ √ 3
4 2
1
∴ cos 15 °=
2
√ 2+ √ 3

From;
( cos 4 θ+isin 4 θ )= ( cosθ+isinθ )4

( cos 4 θ+isin 4 θ )=(cosθ )4 +4 (cosθ )3 ( isinθ )+ 6(cosθ )2 (isinθ)2+ 4 ( cosθ ) (isinθ)3 + ( isinθ )4

( cos 4 θ+isin 4 θ )= ( cos 4 θ−6 cos 2 θ sin 2 θ+sin 4 θ ) +i(4 cos 3 θsinθ−4 cosθ sin3 θ)
sin 4 θ
tan 4 θ=
cos 4 θ
3 3
→ sin 4 θ=4 cos θsinθ−4 cosθ sin θ
4 2 2 4
→ cos 4 θ=cos θ−6 cos θ sin θ+sin θ

( 4 cos 3 θsinθ−4 cosθ sin3 θ ) × 14

cos θ
∴ tan 4 θ=
( cos 4 θ−6 cos2 θ sin2 θ+sin 4 θ ) × 14
cos θ

( ) As required
2
4 tanθ−4 tan θ
tan 4 θ= 2 4
1−6 tan θ+tan θ

4
z −1=0 Let z=cosθ +isinθ
cos 4 θ+isin 4 θ=1+ 0i

→ cos 4 θ=1 , →sin 4 θ=0

−1
4 θ=cos (1)
4 θ=0° , 360 ° , 720 ° ,1080 ° ,1440 °

θ={0 ° , 90° , 180 ° ,270 ° ,360 ° }

sin 4 θ=0
 −1
4 θ=sin (0)
4 θ=0° , 180 ° , 360 ° ,540 ° ,720 ° , 900 ° , 1080 ° ,1260 ° ,1440 °

θ={ 0 °, 90 ° , 180° , 270 ° , 360 ° }

But z=cosθ +isinθ

→ At θ=0 ° z=1+ 0i

z=1

At θ=90 ° z=0+i
z=i

At θ=180° z=−1+0 i
z=−1

At θ=270 ° z=0±1(i)
z=−i

At θ=360 ° z=1+0 i
∴ z=1 , z=−1 , z=i, z=−i

Further examples on equations:

1) Given that z=2+i a root of the equation z 3 +az +b=0;find the real numbers a
and b hence determine the other roots.
2) Show that −1+3 i is a root of the equation z 4 +2 z 3+ 14 z 2+ 8 z + 40=0
3) Given that 2+i is a root of the equation; z 3−11 z +20=0;find the remaining
roots.
Solutions:
1) z 3 +az +b=0
3
→ z + az+ b=0+ 0 i
∴ z=2+i
3 2
z =z ∙ z
2
¿(2+ i) (2+i)
2
¿( 4+ 2 ( 2 i ) +i )(2+i)
¿(3+4 i)(2+i)
¿ 6+3 i+8 i−4
3
∴ z =2+11i
∴ ( 2+11i )+ a ( 2+11i )+ b=0+0 i
2+11i+2 a+ai +b=0+ 0i
( 2+2 a+b ) +i ( a+11)=0+0 i
 → a+11=0
a=−11
→ 2 a+b+2=0
−22+b+ 2=0
b−20=0
b=20
∴ a=−11 and b=20

Hence: since a and b are real; z=2−i is also a root

sum¿ 2+i+2−i product ¿(2+ i)(2−i)
¿4 ¿ 4 +1=5
2
→ z −z ¿
2
z −4 z+5=0

∴ z −4 z +5 is a quadratic factor
2

<long division>
∴ ( z+ 4 ) ( z 2−4 z +5 ) =( z 3−11 z+ 20 )

( z +4 ) ( z2 −4 z +5 ) =0

Either; z=−4∧z=2−i
Other roots are z=−4∧z=2−i
2) Let z=−1+3 i∴ z=−1+3 i
2 2
z =(−1+ 3i )
2 2
¿(−1) +2 (−1 ) (3 i ) +(3i)
¿ 1−6 i−9
2 2
z =−8−6 i∴ z =−8−6 i
z 3=z ( z 2)
¿(−1+ 3i)(−8−6 i)
¿ 8+6 i−24 i+ 18
3
z =26−18 i
4
z =¿
¿ [−( 8+ 6 i )¿ ¿2]¿
2 2
¿(8) +2 ( 8 ) ( 6 i ) +(6 i)
¿ 28+96 i
4
∴ z =28+ 96 i
4 3 2
→ z +2 z +14 z +8 z +40=0
L.H.S
 ¿ ( 28+96 i ) +2 ( 26−18i ) +14 (−8−6 i ) +8 (−1+3 i ) +40
¿ ( 28+52−112−8+ 40 ) +(96 i−36 i−84 i+ 24 i)
¿ 0+0 i
¿ 0=¿ R.H.S
∴−1+ 3i is a root of the equation.

If 2+i is a root also 2−i is a root.

Let z=2+i∧z=2−i
Sum of roots; ¿ 2+1+2−i
¿4

Product of roots; ¿(2+ i)(2−i)

2 2
¿ 2 +1
¿5

Quadratic factor ¿ z 2−¿

2
→( z −4 z+ 5)

<long division>
→ ( z+ 4 ) ( z 2−4 z+ 5 )=z 3−11 z +20

( z +4 ) ( z2 −4 z +5 ) =0

Either; z=−4∨z=2+i∨z=2−i
Remaining roots; z=−4∧z=2−i
ROOTS OF COMPLEX NUMBERS:
A complex number has n, nth roots.i. e
4-fourth roots, 3-cube roots, 2-square roots among others.
Example;
1) Find the square roots of −3+ 4 i
Let; a+ ib=√−3+4 i if a and b are real numbers
2
(a+ ib) =−3+ 4 i
2 2
a +2 abi−b =−3+ 4 i
2 2
→ a −b =−¿ 2 ab=4
 ()
2
2 2
−b =−3
b
4 2
2
−b =−3 ;let b 2=m
b
4
−m=−3
m
2
4−m =−3 m
2
→ m −3 m−4=0
( m−4 ) ( m+1 )=0
m=4 ,−1 but; b 2=m
b =4 or b =−1 (ignore)
2 2

2
b ± 2 a=
b
a=± 1
∴ √ −3+4 i=1+ 2i or −1−2 i
2) Find the cube roots of −8
Let; z=√−8
3
z =−8
3
z +8=0
3 3
z +2 =0
( z +2 ) ( z2 −2 z + 4 ) =0
( z +2 ) ( z2 −2 z + 4 ) =0
Either; z +2=0 , z=−2
OR; z 2−2 z+ 4=0 , z= √
2± 4−4 (1)(4 )
2
2 ± √ 12×−1 √−1 ×12
z= →1 ±
2 2
z=1 ±i √ 3
∴ z=−2 , z=1+i √ 3 , z =1−i √ 3
3) Find the fourth root of 16.
Let z=√4 16
4
z =16
4
z −16=0
4 4
z −2 =0
¿
( z 2−4 ) ( z 2 +4 )=0
Either; z 2=4 or; z 2=−4
z=± 2 z=± √ −1× 4
z=± 2 i
∴ z=2 , z =−2 , z=2 i , z=−2i
GENERAL METHOD:
Let R be any complex number and z=√n R
1
→ z=( R) n ……… (1)

Steps:
i. Express R in modulus argument form of;
R=[ r ( cosθ+isinθ ) ]
ii. Express in terms of the general angle as R=r ¿ and then substitute back in
equation (1);the root of R;becomes;
1
z={r [ cos ( θ+360 ° k ) +isin ( θ+360 ° k ) }
n

iii. Then apply de moivre’s theorem;

[ ]
1
1 1
→ z=r n cos ( θ+ 360° k )+isin (θ +360 ° k ) where; k =0 , 1 ,2.
n n

Examples:
1) Find the square roots of −3+ 4 i
Let z=√−3+ 4 i
1
z=(−3+ 4 i) 2
r =|−3+ 4 i| <diagram>
¿ √(−3) +(4)
2 2
Arg (−3+ 4 i )=126.87 °
∴ r=5
→−3+ 4 i=5 ¿

∴ z=5 ¿ ¿

[ }
1
2 1 1
z=5 cos ( 126.87 ° +360 ° k ) +isin ( 126.87 °+ 360° k )
2 2

Set k =0 ;
z=2.2361 {0.4472+ 0.8944 i¿

∴ z=0.999998+1.999968 i

z=1+2 i

Set k =1 ,
z=2.2361 {−0.4472−0.8944 i}

z=−0.999998−1.999968 i

z=−1−2i
∴ Roots are 1+2 i and −1−2 i

2) Find the cube roots of −8

Let z=√3 8
1
→ z=(−8+0 i) 3
r =|−8+0 i| Arg (−8+ 0i ) =(180 °)
¿ √ (−8)2 +0 2
¿8
→ (−8 )=8 [ cos ( 180 ° )+isin ( 180 ° ) ]
1
∴ z=( 8 [ cos ( 180°+360 ° k ) +isin ( 180 °+360 ° k ) ] )
3

[ ]
1
1 1
z=8 3 cos ( 180° +360 ° k ) +isin ( 180 ° +360 ° k ) k=0 ,1 , 2
3 3
Set k =0 ;
z=2 [( 1 √3
2
+i
2 )]
z=1+i √ 3
Set k =1 ;
z=2 [ −1+0 i ]
z=−2
Set k =2 ;
z=2 ([ 12 −i √23 )]
z=1−i √ 3
∴ roots are −2 , 1+ i √ 3 ,1−i √ 3
3) Find the forth roots of ( 1+i √3 )
Let z=√4 ( 1+i √3 )
1
z=( 1+i √ 3 )
4

r =|1+i √ 3| Arg ( 1+i √ 3 )=60 °

√
r = (1)2+ ( √3 )
2
<diagram>
r =√ 1+3
r =2.
→ 1+ i √ 3=2 [ cos ( 60 ° ) +isin ( 60 ° ) ]
1
∴ z={2 [ cos ( 60 ° +360 ° k ) +isin ( 60 ° +360 °k ) ] }
4

[ ]
1
1 1
z=2 4 cos ( 60 °+360 ° k ) +isin ( 60 °+360 ° k )
4 4
Set k =0 ;
1
z=2 4 [ cos 15 ° +isin 15 ° ] → 1.1487+0.3078 i
 Set k =1 ;
1
z=2 [ cos 105 ° +isin 105 ° ] →−0.3078+1.1487 i
4

Set k =2 ;
1
z=2 4 [ cos 195 °+isin 195 ° ] →−1.1487−0.3078 i
Set k =3 ;
1
z=2 [ cos 285 ° +isin 285 ° ] → 0.3078−1.1487i
4

2
4) Evaluate; ( 4−i4 √3 ) 5
2
Let; z=( 4−i 4 √ 3 ) 5
r =|4−i 4 √ 3| Arg ( 4−i4 √ 3 )=60 °
√
¿ (4) + (−4 √ 3 )
2 2
θ=(60 °)
¿ √ 16+ 48 → √ 64
¿8
→ ( 4−i 4 √ 3 ) =8 [ cos (−60 ° ) +isin (−60 ° ) ]
2
∴ z={8 [ cos (−60 °+ 360° k )+isin (−60 ° +360 k ) }
5

[ ]
2
2 2
z=8 5 cos (−60 °+360 ° k ) +isin (−60 ° +360 ° k ) k =0 ,1 , 2 ,3 , 4
5 5
Set k =0 ;
z=2.2974 [ cos (−24 ° ) +isin (−24 ° ) ]
z=2.09878−0.93444 i
Set k =1 ;
z=2.2974 [ cos ( 120 ° )+isin (120 ° ) ]
z=−1.1487+ 1.9896 i
Set k =2 ;
z=2.2974 ¿
z=−0.2401−2.2848 i
Set k =3 ;
z=2.2974 [ cos ( 408 ° ) +isin ( 408 ° ) ]
z=1.5373+1.7073 i
Set k =4 ;
z=2.2944 [ cos ( 552° ) +isin ( 552 ° ) ]
z=−2.2472−0.4777 i
2
∴ ( 4−4 i √ 3 ) =( 2.09878−0.93444 i ) , (−1.1487+1.9896 i ) , (−0.2401−2.2848 i ) , ( 1.5373+1.7073 i ) ,(−2.24
5

LOCUS IN THE COMPLEX PLANE

<diagram>
A complex number ¿ x +iy is represented by (x , y ) in the complex plane.
In this section, we shall study the locus of the point P ( x , y ) .
Note: as the point P(x , y) moves in the plane; |z| and Arg( z) also vary generally the
locus of the point (x , y ) may be a fixed point, a line, a curve or a region.
Examples:
1) Given that z=x +iy ; find the locus of ℜ ( z 2 )=4
Solution:
From; z=x +iy
2 2
z =( x +iy )
2 2 2
z =x + 2 xyi− y
z 2=( x 2− y 2 ) +i ( 2 xy )
ℜ ( z 2 )=x 2− y 2
2 2
4=x − y
→ x − y =4 is the locus.
2 2

z
( )
2) Given that ℑ z−1 =0 ;find the locus of the point representing z.
Solution:
Let z=x +iy
z
z−1
=ℑ
(x +iy
( x−1 )+iy )
z
=ℑ ( ( x +iy )( x−1 ) −iy ¿¿¿ ( x−1 ) + y )
2 2
z−1
z
z−1
=ℑ
(
x ( x−1 )−ixy+ iy ( x−1 ) + y 2
(x−1)2+ y 2 )
z
=¿
z−1
↔ℑ ( )
z
z−1
→
y ( x−1 )−xy
2
x +y
2
=0

xy− y−xy=0
y=0 (x-axis) is the locus.
z+1
3) Find the locus of z if it’s purely imaginary.
Let; z=x +iy
z+1 x +iy+1
=
z x +iy

¿
[ ( x+1 ) +iy ] [x −iy]
x2 + y 2
( x+1 ) ( x )−i ( x +1 ) y +ixy+ y2
¿
x 2+ y 2
 ( )( ) ( ) ( )
2
z+1 x ( x +1 ) + y xy − y ( x +1) z+ 1 z +1
= +i for → purely imaginary; ℜ =0
z 2
x +y
2 2
x +y
2
z z

( )
2
z +1 x ( x +1 ) + y
ℜ → =0
z x2+ y2
( x 2 + y 2+ x )=0 is the locus.
4) Find the locus |z−2+ 4 i|=| z+ 4−2 i| and describe it, hence deduce |z|min .
Solution:
Let z=x +iy → ( 2,−4 )∧(−4 ,2)
→|x+ iy−2+ 4 i|=| x+iy +4−2 i|
|( x−2 )+i ( y+ 4)|=|( x+ 4 )+ i( y−2)|
√ ( x−2 ) +( y +4 ) =√( x + 4) + ( y−2 )
2 2 2 2

2 2 2 2
x −4 x+ 4+ y + 8 y +16=x +8 x+16 + y −4 y +4
8 y−4 x +20=8 x −4 y +20
→ 12 y =12 x
y=x is the locus.
<diagram>
∴|z|min ¿ distance from P(a ,0) to the line
|z|min =0 since the line passes through the origin.
5) If z=4 t+ (3 t−5 ) i where t is a variable number. Find the Cartesian equation of
the point representing hence deduce the minimum value of
i. |z|
ii. |z−2+i|
Solution:
Let z=x +iy
→ x+iy=4 t+i(3 t−5)
x=4 t y=3 t−5

t=
x
4
y=3 ( 4x )−5
4 y=3 x−20
∴ 3 x−4 y−20=0 is the Cartesian equation of z.
hence
i. |z|
<diagram>
→|z|min =
|√
3 ( 0 )±4 ( 0 )−20
(3)2+(−4)2 |
20
¿
5
¿ 4 units
ii. |z−(2−i)|min
 <diagram>
|z−2+i|min=
|√
3 ( 2 )−4 (−1 )−20
(3)2 +(−4)2 |
¿ |6+ 4−20
5 |
¿ ∴|z|min =2 units
6) Find the locus |z−4−3 i|=5,describe it and sketch it, show on different
diagrams the loci,
i. |z−4−3 i|≥ 5
ii. |z−4−3 i|< 5
Let z=x +iy
→|x+ iy−4−3 i|=5
|( x−4 )+i( y−3)|=5
2 2
( x−4) +( y −3) =25
2 2
→(x−4) +( y −3) =25
Description:
|z−(4 +3 i)|=5
∴ the locus is a circle of centre (4 , 3) and radius 5.
Sketch:
<diagram>
Sketch:
<diagram>
Sketch of |z−4−3 i|< 5
<sketch>
The unshaded region is the locus.
ORIGIN OF A COMPLEX VECTOR.
Let z=x +iy the origin of z is the point (0 , 0)
<diagram>
e.g., z=z−(0+0 i);(0 , 0) is the origin of z
e.g., z−1−2i=z−(1+2 i);(1 , 2) is the origin of the vector.
<diagram>
1+2 i+ w=z

w=z−(1+2 i)

Example:
 π
1. Find the locus Arg ( z +1−3 i )= 4 ,hence sketch the locus.
Solution:
Let z=x +iy
π
→ Arg ( x+iy +1−3 i )=
4
π
Arg ( ( x +1 ) +i ( y −3 ) )=
4
tan−1 ( )y−3 π
x+1
=
4
y−3
=1
x +1
y−3=x +1
y=x + 4 is the locus.
Sketch:
π
Arg ( z−(−1+3 i ) ) =
4
O(−1 , 3)
<diagram>
2. Sketch the following loci
−π
a) Arg ( z +i )= 3
π
b) 0 ≤ Arg ( z−2−i ) < 2
π
c) Arg ( z−1−4 i )=± 4
Solution:
−π
a) Arg ( z +i )= 3
→ Arg ¿
O(0 ,−1)
Sketch:
<diagram>
π
b) 0 ≤ Arg ( z−2−i ) < 2
π
→ 0 ≤ Arg ( z −( 2+ i )) <
2
O(2 , 1)
<diagram>
π
The unshaded region is the locus of 0 ≤ Arg ( z−2−i ) < 2

Exercise 18:
 1) Find and sketch the locus; |z−3−4 i|=3 hence deduce;
a) |z|min and |z|max
b) Maximum and minimum of Arg( z)
2) Sketch the loci,
i. |z−1|> 2
ii. 2<|z−4−3 i|≤ 5
−π
iii. Arg ( z +1+3 i )=
2
π 2π
iv. < Arg ( z−1 ) ≤
4 3

COMPLEX NUMBERS REVISION QUESTIONS

Attempt ALL Questions.
( 2 − i )2 ( 3 i − 1 )
1a) Find the modulus and argument of (3 + i ) .
(2+3 i)
b) Show that the complex number (5+i) can be expressed in
(2+3 i)4
4
the form λ (1+i ) where λ is real. Hence, evaluate (5+i) .
2a) Find and describe the equation of the locus of the complex
number defined by:

arg ( zz −+ 11 ) = π4 |
z−1
z +1
|= 2
z  2i  2 zi  1
i) ii) iii)

iv)
Re ( 2z z−+21i )=0 iv)
|
z−1−i
z−1+i
|=2

3a) Find the locus of z which moves such that z + 2 = λi ( z + 8 ) where

λ is a parameter.

b) If the complex number w = x + iy satisfies the expression

w
=2−i
w+2 , find the modulus and argument of w .
2
c) Find the real values of a and b such that ( a + bi ) = i , hence or
2
otherwise solve z + 2 z + 1 − i = 0 , where z = a + bi .
4a) Given that z (5 + 5i ) = a (1 + 3i) + b ( 2 − i ) where a and b are real
π
arg z =
numbers and that 2 and |z|= 7 , find the values ofa and
b.

b) By representing the complex numbers z 1 , z 2 , z 1 + z 2 on an

1 + i√3 5π
z1 = z = i tan = 2 + √3
Argand diagram where 2 , 2 , show that 12
.
1+i
z=
5a) Given that 3 − 2i , express z2 in the form r ( cos θ + isin θ ) .
b) Solve the equation:
__ __ __
i) 3 z − 2 z = 2 + 5i. ii) z z −2z+ 2 z =5 −4i

z1  z 2 8
c) Solve the simultaneous equations: 4 z1  3iz 2 26  8i

−1 + √ 3 i 6
6a) Use De Moivre’s theorem to find the value of 1 + √ 3 i .
( )
b) Use De’Moivres theorem to find the modulus and argument
( √ 3+i)9 (1+i)3
of (−1−i)4

7a) Find the four roots of:

i) (−16 ) ii) 8 (−1 + i √ 3 )

− +√ i
1 3
iii) 5 + 12i iv) 2 2

8a) Find the sum of the first 10 terms of the series

1  2i  4  8i  16  ... in the form a  bi where a and b are constants.

n
b) Prove by induction that (cos θ+ isin θ ) =cos nθ+i sin nθ , hence,
4 2
show that cos 4 θ=8 cos θ−8 cos θ +1
2 2

c) Find the value of:i) (3 − 4 i) 3

ii) (√ 3 + i ) 3
9a) Represent the complex numbers −2−i , −7+ 4 i and −1+i on the
Argand diagram and show that the triangle formed is right
angled.
( cos 3θ + i sin3 θ )5 ( cosθ − i sinθ )3
7 5
= cos 13θ − i sin 13 θ
b) Prove that ( cos5 θ + i sin 5 θ ) ( cos2 θ − i sin 2θ )