WELCOME TO

GROUP 6
 GROUP 6

Unit 23 Unit 24 Unit 25

LINKING IDEAS SHOWING YOUR NOMINALISATION
POSITION IN A IN WRITTEN
TEXT ENGLISH
 1. WAYS OF LINKING IDEA
We use conjuctions (e.g but, because) to join two clauses in one sentence:
clause 1 clause 2
Fish has long been a staple food in many cultures, but there has been
some controversy recently about the benefits and risks of fish
consumption.

We can use adverbial expressions (e.g consequently, however) to connect

ideas on separate sentences. These usually go at the beginning of the
sentence or clause:
Fish is known as a “brain food” because of the benefits it has for brain
development. However, recent studies have shown that fish can also contain
mercury.
 1.Ways of linking idea
Some adverbial expressions (e.g. therefore,
however, also) can be used in a variety of
positions:

Ex: People therefore are unsure of whether to eat fish.

People are therefore unsure of whether to eat fish.
People are unsure therefore of whether to eat fish.
1.Ways of linking idea

We can use prepositions (e.g. in spite of,

because of) before a noun phrase or an -ing
form:
The match was cancelled because of the
snow. (not because of it snowed)
In spite of losing the first game, the team
went on ot win the tournament.
2. LINKING EXPRESSIONS
a) ADDING INFORMATION

Conjunctions Adverbials USAGE

also
anyway
besides We use these
and furthermore expressions
as well as in addition to give
likewise additional
moreover information
similarly
2. LINKING EXPRESSIONS

AND AS WELL AS

placed between items placed between

POSITION
or clauses. items or clause

The teacher speaks

She is rich and
English as well as
EXAMPLE famous
Chinese
 2. LINKING EXPRESSIONS

CONJUCTIONS POSISION EXAMPLE

usually before the main verb or -I like tea, and I also enjoy coffee
Also
after the auxiliary verb -She also speaks French

Often used at the beginning or end It was raining, but anyway, we

Anyway
of a sentence went for a walk.

-> at the beginning or middle of the -I don’t want to go, besides, I’m too
Besides sentence tired.
futhermore ->at the beginning of a sentence or clause -The restaurant was fantastic.
->at the beginning of a sentence or after a Furthermore, the service was excellent.
in addition comma. -In addition, the team won the
championship.
 2. LINKING EXPRESSIONS
CONJUCTIONS POSISION EXAMPLE

-She loves reading, and

Likewise likewise, her brother does.
at the beginning or middle of
Similarly -She likes rock music. Similarly,
the sentence
her friends enjoy it too.

at the beginning of a The book was interesting.

Moreover
sentence or after a comma Moreover, it was educational.
 b) Sequencing
Adverbials First , next, after that, then, firstly, secondly, finally
First, Next, After that and Firstly, secondly, finally are used
then decribe the order of to order points in an argument
activities in a process
Firstly, reading expands knowledge
Ex: First, boil some water in a and improves vocabulary.
kettle. Secondly, it stimulates the brain,
Next, place a tea bag into a cup. enhancing concentration and
After that, pour the hot water focus.
into the cup over the tea bag. Finally, reading helps reduce stress
and promotes relaxation.
Cause, reason, result
Preposition Usage Example

Because/ As/ to introduce the

Because/ Since/ As the road was
Since + S + V, reason for
icy, many accidents happened.
S+V something

Because of/ = Because of the icy road, many

accidents happened.
Owning to/
Due to/ On to introduce the
Ex: The match was canceled on
account of + reason for something account of the rain.
V-ing/ Noun
(The match was canceled
phrase, S + V
because of the rain.)
 Due to/ On account of/ Owning to+ the
fact that + clause
Ex: Due to the fact that he was sick, he missed work.
On account of the fact that she was tired, she left early.
Owing to the fact that they were late, they missed the flight.
Because of the fact that she is studying, she has no time for hobbies.

NOT : Due to he was sick, he missed work.

On account of she was tired, she left early.
Owing to they were late, they missed the flight.
Because of she is studying, she has no time for hobbies.
Cause, reason, result
So (Therefore =
Thus = Hence= Usage: introduce the reasult
Consequently= As of situation or action
a result)
Ex: It was cold; therefore, we stayed inside.
He didn't study; consequently, he failed.
They didn't prepare; as a result, the project failed.
Contrasting
Example

I was tired, but I couldn’t sleep.

However / He is very rich, yet he lives a simple life.
Nevertheless / Yet/ He studied hard. However, he failed the exam.
But It was raining heavily. Nevertheless, they continued playing
soccer.

-She wants to save money. On the other hand, she loves shopping.
On the contrary -The city was bustling with life. In contrast, the countryside remained
In contrast quiet and peaceful
On the other hand -He doesn’t hate his job. On the contrary, he loves it and is very
passionate about it.
Contrasting
Conjunction
Example
Preposition

Even though Although the weather was awful, we decided to

Although S + V, S + V. go camping
Though

In spite of Noun phrase / V-ing, In spite of the awful weather, we decided to go

Despite S + V. camping.
Despite/ In spite of + the fact that
+ clause

Ex: I eat fish regularly for health reasons

despite the fact that I don’t like it much.
Usage: we use these expressions to link two clauses that give
the same information in a different way or to give examples

Giving example
Adverbials: that is to say, in other words, that (i,e.), for example
 Giving examples
Adverbials Example

that is to say She’s bilingual, that is to say, she speaks two languages fluently.

That is (i,e) You need to bring personal identification, that is, a passport or an ID card.

In other words The test was a disaster. In other words, we all failed.

You should eat more healthy foods, for example, fruits and vegetables.
For example
Some animals are nocturnal, for instance, owls and bats.
= For instance
Grammar extra: Written and spoken English
Some linking expressions are more common in either written
(formal) or spoken English:

Written: thus, therefore, finally, furthermore, hence, moreover,

nevertheless, in addition, firstly, secondly, finally
Regular comsumption of fish can lower your risk of heart disease
by 17%. Furthermore, it can have a beneficial effect on brain
development.

Spoken: so, then, anyway

Eating fish is good for you so I try to eat it regularly.
Showing your
position in a text
Pronouns
Adverbs
Verbs
Adjectives
1. Pronouns
In formal writing, first person pronouns (e.g. I, you, we) are not very common, but we can
use them to
give our opinion of the topic being discussed with I or we:
Ex: We think the new policy will benefit small businesses in the long run.
show we are part of the group and identify with the reader, usually with we or us.
Compare:
Ex: It is better for us to educate our children at home rather than send them to school
It is better for parents to educate their children at home rather than send them to
school.
The use of us in the first sentence changes the text from objective comment to a more
subjective one.
2.1 Adverbs
To show our attitude, feelings or assessment of something we can use
single adverbs (e.g. actually, frankly, fortunately, unfortunately, personally, luckily,
interestingly, naturally, surprisingly):
Ex: Fortunately, we managed to finish the project on time.
Interestingly, the data showed a completely different result than expected.
In speech we often use actually to correct someone or to show that we disagree with
something that has been said:
Ex: Actually, I think the meeting starts at 2 p.m, not 3 p.m.
adverbial phrases that express the speaker's view of a generalization (e.g. broadly
speaking, by and large, in general, overall, on the whole, to a great extent):
Ex: In general, people prefer online shopping for convenience.
adverbial phrases of opinion (e.g. in my/our view, in my opinion):
Ex: In my view, the new regulations are both necessary and effective.
2.1 Adverbs
To soften the tone of an argument we can use adverbs of possibility (e.g.
certainly, definitely, maybe, perhaps, possibly, presumably, probably):
Ex: Perhaps the issue lies in the lack of communication between teams.
It is probably a good idea to reassess the budget before proceeding.
To show that the information has come from somewhere/someone else, we can
use adverbial phrases that report the views of other people (e.g. apparently,
according to (somebody), evidently):
Ex: According to the report, sales have increased by 15% this year.
Apparently, there was a misunderstanding about the meeting location.
 2.2 Position of adverbs
Comment adverbs often come at the beginning or the end of a clause (e.g.
according to, fortunately, interestingly, luckily, surprisingly, unfortunately):
Ex: Fortunately, we arrived just before the storm started.
The team performed well, surprisingly.
Many adverbs can also come before the main verb or after be:
Ex: She often visits her grandparents on weekends.
He is always on time for meetings.
Definitely is not usually used at the beginning of a clause:
Ex: The movie will definitely start at 7 PM.
( NOT Definitely, the movie will start at 7 PM.)
 3. Verbs
To show our opinion or feelings we can use verbs such as think, suppose, believe,
feel, guess, see:
Ex: I think that's a good point.
I can see that being educated at home would be good for some children.
(= I can understand)
When the subject is I, it is sometimes preceded by personally:
Ex: Personally, I feel the teachers did a really good job.
To show that we are expressing our ideas rather than facts or to sound more
cautious we can use modal verbs of possibility (e.g. may, might, could, must, can)
and verbs like seem or appear:
Ex: I think he must look back at his school days and feel really had.
Schools seem to be more overcrowded and less well-funded these days.
4. Adjectives
We can use adjectives
to show our feelings (e.g. glad, delighted, overwhelmed):
Ex: Anyway, I'm glad that my parents didn't educate me at home.
with it + be + adjective + that to show possibility and opinion (e.g. clear,
possible, probable, likely):
Ex: Yes, but it is likely that those people will be very similar.
Nominalisation in
written English
Nominalisation in written English
Reasons for using nominalisation
1. Nominalisation in written English
1.
In spoken English we usually use a subject + verb to describe an event:
Ex: I reacted badly.
Then really quickly my foot began to go red and swell up.
In formal written language we use language that is less personal, so we often use a
noun form instead of a verb. The written scientific account describes the same
reaction like this:
Ex: Following the bee sting the normal reaction is redness, irritation and irching.
In the spoken example the events are expressed by verbs (go red, swell up). In the
written examples the events have been changed into nouns (redness, swelling).
Notice that the only verb in the written examples is the non-action verb be.
We can also change some adjectives to nouns. Compare:
Ex: The cathedral is tall and can be seen from all over the town.
The cathedral’s height makes it visible all over town.
 The common differences
between spoken and written
English are:
Spoken Written
action or events are expressed actions or events may be
as verbs: swell up expressed as nouns or noun
events happen to people or phrases: swelling
are carried out by people: events are expressed
I reacted badly, my foot impersonally: the normal
began go to red. reaction is...
personal pronouns are used as nouns used as subjects: • verbs
subjects: I, he. are often not action or event
verbs are often action or verbs: a person, the throat.
event verbs: reacted, trod, sentences have a lot of
irched. vocabulary words.
2. Reasons for using nominalisation
Making texts impersonal and authoritative
By turning actions into nouns we make the text sound less personal and more authoritative. We don't use
personal pronouns (e.g. I, you, he) as much.
Compare:

The nominalisations have been underlined. The spoken account is much more personal and uses active
verbs.
Adding information
Nominalisation is particularly useful for Academic Writing Task 1 because we can do several things to add
information to nouns in English:
count: the two charts
describe: the two coloured charts
classify: the two coloured bar charts
We cannot do the same with verbs. It is only by changing verbs into nouns that we can add information
words to a text in such a concise way.
Avoiding repetition
We can use nominalisation to avoid repetition when we
want to refer back to a previously mentioned idea (see
Unit 21):

Nominalisation can also be used to paraphrase what

has been said. In the IELTS Listening and Reading tests
different words are used in the texts and the questions.
Compare:

Listening text:
Then I began to find it difficult to breathe and kept
coughing, although I didn't have a cold.
Conclusion
Encourage everyone to join in
the celebration, whether by
adopting, donating, or simply
spending extra time with their
cats.
 Thank
You for
listening