Solved Examples

Integral Calculus and Differential Equations (23UBSL1203)

Q. NO. QUESTIONS
1 Trace the Curve
a) 𝑦 2 (2𝑎 − 𝑥) = 𝑥 3
b) 𝑦 2 (𝑎 + 𝑥) = 𝑥 2 (𝑎 − 𝑥)

Solution a) The given curve can be written as 𝒚𝟐 =

𝒙𝟑
… . . (𝟏)
𝟐𝒂−𝒙

i. Equation of curve contains only even power of y, therefore it is symmetrical about X- axis.
ii. Equation does not contain any absolute constant therefore it passes through the origin.
iii. Tangents at origin are obtained by equating to zero the lowest degree term in equation. From (1) we
have 𝑦 2 (2𝑎 − 𝑥) = 𝑥 3 i.e. 2𝑎𝑦 2 − 𝑥𝑦 2 = 𝑥 3
∴ 2𝑎𝑦 2 = 0 ⇒ 𝑦 2 = 0 ⇒ 𝑦 = 0 is a double pole.
Therefore X- axis is a tangent at origin.
iv. Since two tangents at origin are coincident, therefore the
origin is a cusp.
v. For the intersection with X- axis, we put
𝑥3
𝑦 = 0 in 𝑦 2 = we get 𝑥 = 0 and for the
2𝑎−𝑥

intersection with Y-axis, we put x = 0 in

x3
y2 = we get 𝑦 = 0. Thus the curve meets the co-
2a−x

ordinate axis only at (0, 0).

vi. The asymptote parallel to Y-axis can be obtained by
equating to zero the coefficient of highest power of y.
Given: 𝑦 2 (2𝑎 − 𝑥) = 𝑥 3 ,
Therefore 2𝑎 − 𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 2𝑎 is the asymptote parallel to Y-axis.
x3
vii. Special Points: Put x = a, in y 2 = we get y 2 = a i. e. y = a or y = −a.
2a−x

Therefore (𝑎, 𝑎) and (𝑎, −𝑎 ) are the point on the given curve.
viii. From the equation of the curve we observe that, for x < 0 and x > 2a, y2 becomes negative, hence y
become imaginary, therefore the curve does not exist for 𝑥 < 0 and 𝑥 > 2𝑎.
A rough sketch of the curve is shown in the figure.
𝑥 2 (𝑎−𝑥)
b) The given curve can be written as 𝑦 2 = (𝑎+𝑥)
… (1)

i. Equation of curve contains only even power of y, therefore it is symmetrical about X- axis.
ii. Equation does not contain any absolute constant therefore it passes through the origin.
iii. Tangents at origin are obtained by equating to zero the lowest degree term in equation.
From (1) we have 𝑦 2 (𝑎 + 𝑥) = 𝑥 2 (𝑎 − 𝑥) ⇒ 𝑎𝑦 2 + 𝑥𝑦 2 = 𝑎𝑥 2 − 𝑥 3
⇒ 𝑎𝑦 2 + 𝑥𝑦 2 − 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3 = 0
The lowest degree term is 𝑎𝑦 2 − 𝑎𝑥 2
Therefore 𝑎𝑦 2 − 𝑎𝑥 2 = 0 ⇒ 𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2 = 0 ∴ 𝑦 2 = 𝑥 2 ⇒ 𝑦 = ±𝑥
Therefore y = x and y = −x are two tangents at origin.

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 iv. Since two tangents at origin are 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = −𝑥 which are real and different, therefore the
origin is a Node.
v. For the intersection
𝑥 2 (𝑎−𝑥)
a. with X- axis, we put 𝑦 = 0 in 𝑦 2 = (𝑎+𝑥)
we get x = 0 or x = a and
𝑥 2 (𝑎−𝑥)
b. for the intersection with Y-axis, we put x = 0 in 𝑦 2 = (𝑎+𝑥)
we get 𝑦 = 0.

Thus the curve meets the co-ordinate axis at (0, 0) and (a, 0).
vi. The asymptote parallel to Y-axis can be obtained by equating to zero the coefficient of highest power
of y.
a. Given: y 2 (a + x) = x 2 (a − x),
b. Therefore a + x = 0 ⇒ x = −a is the asymptote parallel to Y-axis.
vii. From the equation of the curve we observe that, for
𝑥 < −𝑎 and 𝑥 > 𝑎, y2 becomes negative, hence y
become imaginary, therefore the curve does not exist
for 𝑥 < −𝑎 and 𝑥 > 𝑎.
viii. Since the curve passes through origin and no
branches of the curve exist to the right of 𝑥 = 𝑎,
therefore there is loop between (0,0) and (𝑎, 0).

A rough sketch of the curve is shown in the figure.

∞
2
Write properties of Gamma function and evaluate ∫ √𝑦 𝑒 −√𝑦 𝑑𝑦
0

Solution Properties of Gamma Functions:

i. Γ1 = 1
∞
ii. Γn = ∫0 e−x x n−1 dx
∞ 2
iii. Γn = 2 ∫0 e−x x 2n−1 dx
iv. Reduction formula for Gamma Function: Γ(n + 1) = 𝑛 Γn
1
v. Γ 2 = √π, and Γ0 = ∞
∞ 2
vi. Γn = 2 ∫0 e−x x 2n−1
∞

𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐨𝐟 ∫ √𝐲 𝐞−√𝐲 𝐝𝐲 ∶
𝟎
∞

I = ∫ √y e−√y dy … . . (1)
y 0 ∞
0

Now put √y = t, i. e. y = t 2 , dy = 2t dt t 0 ∞
We get
∞ ∞

I = ∫ t e−t 2t dt = 2 ∫ e−t t2 dt = 2 Γ(2 + 1) = 2 × Γ3 = 2 × 2! = 4

0 0
∞
3 𝑥4 24
Prove that ∫ 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 =
4 (log 4)5
0

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 ∞
Solution x4
I=∫ dx
4x
0

Put 4 = em ⇒ m = log 4 and 4x = (em )x = emx we have

∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
x4 x4
I = ∫ x dx = ∫ mx dx = ∫ e−mx x 4 dx = ∫ e−mx x 4 dx
4 e
0 0 0 0

Γ5 4! 24 ∞ Γn
= = (log = (log Using ∫0 e−ky y 𝑛−1 dx =
m5 4)5 4)5 kn

4 1

Evaluate ∫ (𝑥 log 𝑥)4 𝑑𝑥

0

Solution 1 1

I = ∫ (x log x) dx = ∫ (x )4 (log x)4 dx

4 x 0 1
0 0 t ∞ 0
−𝑡 −t
Now put − log x = t, i. e. x = 𝑒 and dx = e dt
We get
1 0 ∞ ∞
Γ5
I = ∫ (x )4 (log x)4 dx = ∫ (e−t )4 (−t)4 e−t dt = ∫ 𝑒 −4𝑡 𝑡 4 e−t dt = ∫ 𝑒 −5𝑡 𝑡 4 dt =
55
0 ∞ 0 0

5 2
16𝜋
Show that ∫ 𝑥 (8 − 𝑥 3 )1/3 𝑑𝑥 =
9√3
0
2
1
𝐼 = ∫ 𝑥 (8 − 𝑥 3 )3 𝑑𝑥
0
1 2 −2
Now put x 3 = 8t i. e. x = 2t 3 and dx = t 3 dt
3
when x = 2 , t = 1 and when x = 0, t = 0
2 1 1 1
1 1 1 2 −2 2 1 1 −2 8 −1 1
I = ∫ x (8 − x 3 )3 dx = ∫ 2t 3 (8 − 8t)3 t 3 dt = 2 ∫ t 3 2(1 − t)3 t 3 dt = ∫ t 3 (1 − t)3 dt
3 3 3
0 0 0 0

2 4 1 1 1 1 1
8 −1 1 8 2 4 2 𝛤3 𝛤 3 8 𝛤 (1 − 3) 𝛤 (3 + 1) 8 𝛤 (1 − 3) 3 𝛤 3
= 𝐵( + 1, + 1) = 𝐵 ( , ) = = =
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 𝛤 (2 + 4 ) 3 𝛤2 3 1!
3 3
8 1 1 8 𝜋 8 𝜋 16𝜋
= 𝛤 (1 − ) 𝛤 = = =
9 3 3 9 sin π 9 √3/2 9√3
3
6 1
5 1
a) Write Properties of Beta Function and Evaluate ∫ 𝑥3 (1 − √𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 =
5148
0
π/2 π/2
𝜋2
b) Show that ∫ √tan 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 . ∫ √cot 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 =
2
0 0

Solution 𝐚) 𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐭𝐢𝐞𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐁𝐞𝐭𝐚 𝐅𝐮𝐧𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧

1
i. B(m + 1, n + 1) = ∫0 x m (1 − x)n dx

ii. B(m, n) = B(n, m)

π/2
iii. 𝐁(𝐦, 𝐧) = 2 ∫0 sin2𝑚−1 𝜃 cos2𝑛−1 𝜃 dθ
π/2 1 𝑝+1 𝑞+1
iv. ∫0 sin𝑝 𝜃 cos𝑞 𝜃 dθ =
2
𝐵(
2
,
2
)
∞ xm−1
v. B(m, n) = ∫0 (1+x)m+n
dx

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 𝛤𝑚 𝛤𝑛
vi. B(m, n) =
𝛤(𝑚+𝑛)

−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
1
5
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐨𝐟 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑥 3 (1 − √𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
0

Now Put √𝑥 = 𝑡, 𝑖. 𝑒. 𝑥 = 𝑡 2 , 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑡 𝑑𝑡
When x = 0, then t = 0 and when x = 1, then t = 1.
Therefore
1 1 1 1
5
𝐼= ∫ 𝑥 3 (1 − √𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫(𝑡 2 )3 (1 − 𝑡)5 2𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = ∫ 𝑡 6 (1 − 𝑡)5 2𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 2 ∫ 𝑡 7 (1 − 𝑡)5 𝑑𝑡
0 0 0 0

𝛤8 𝛤6 7! × 6! 1
= 2𝐵(8, 6) = 2 =2 =
𝛤(8 + 6) 13 ! 5148
-----------------------------------------------------------
𝛑/𝟐 𝛑/𝟐
𝝅𝟐
𝐛) 𝐒𝐡𝐨𝐰 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 ∫ √𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 𝒅𝜽 . ∫ √𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝜽 𝒅𝜽 =
𝟐
𝟎 𝟎
π π π π
2 2 2 2
sin θ cos θ
Solution ∶ I = ∫ √tan θ dθ . ∫ √cot θ dθ = ∫ √ dθ . ∫ √ dθ
cosθ sin θ
0 0 0 0
𝛑 𝛑
𝟐 𝟐

= ∫ 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟏/𝟐 𝜽 𝒄𝒐𝒔−𝟏/𝟐 𝜽 𝒅𝜽 . ∫ 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏/𝟐 𝜽 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟏/𝟐 𝜽 𝒅𝜽

𝟎 𝟎
π/2
1 𝑝+1 𝑞+1
𝐮𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐠 ∫ sinp θ cos𝑞 𝜃 dθ = 𝐵( , )
2 2 2
0
1 1 1 1
1 +1 − +1 1 − +1 +1 1 3 1 1 1 3 1 3 1 1 3
= 𝐵 (2 , 2 ) 𝐵( 2 ,2 ) = 𝐵( , ) 𝐵( , ) = 𝐵( , ) 𝐵( , )
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

3 1 1 3 3 1 1 3
1 𝛤4 𝛤4 𝛤4 𝛤4 1 𝛤4 𝛤4 𝛤4 𝛤4
= =
4 𝛤 (3 + 1) 𝛤 (1 + 3) 4 𝛤(1) 𝛤(1)
4 4 4 4
1 1 1 1 1 1 𝜋 𝜋 1 𝜋 𝜋 1 𝝅𝟐
= 𝛤 (1 − ) 𝛤 𝛤 𝛤 (1 − ) = 𝜋 𝜋 = = √2 𝜋 √2 𝜋 =
4 4 4 4 4 4 sin sin 4 1 1 4 𝟐
4 4
√2 √2
7 5

Evaluate ∫(x − 2)3 (5 − x )2 dx

2
5

I = ∫(x − 2)3 (5 − x )2 dx
2

Put x − 2 = (5 − 2)t, i. e. x − 2 = 3t, ⇒ x = 2 + 3t & dx = 3 dt

When 𝑥 = 2, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 5 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡 = 1 we have
5 1 1 1

I = ∫(x − 2)3 (5 − x )2 dx = ∫(3t)3 [5 − (2 + 3t)]2 3 dt = ∫ 27 t 3 [5 − 2 − 3𝑡]2 3 dt = ∫ 27.3 t 3 [3 − 3𝑡]2 dt

2 0 0 0
1 1
𝛤4 𝛤3 3! 2! 3! 2! 729
= ∫ 81 t 3 9 [1 − 𝑡]2 dt = 729 ∫ t 3 [1 − 𝑡]2 dt = 729 𝐵(4,3) = 729 = 729 = 729 =
𝛤7 6! 6.5.4.3! 60
0 0

∞
8 x 8 (1 − x 6 )
Evaluate ∫ dx
(1 + x )24
0

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 ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
Solution x 8 (1 − x 6 ) x 8 − x14 x8 x14
𝐼=∫ 24
dx = ∫ 24
dx = ∫ 24
dx − ∫ dx
(1 + x ) (1 + x ) (1 + x ) (1 + x )24
0 0 0 0
∞ ∞
9−1 15−1
x x
=∫ dx − ∫ dx = 𝐵(15,9) − 𝐵(9,15) = 0
(1 + x )9+15 (1 + x )15+9
0 0

9 π/2

a) Verify DUIS Rule − 1 for I(a) = ∫ sin ax dx

0

∞
e−x
b) Evaluate ∫ (1 − e−ax )dx, a > −1
x
0

Solution π/2

a) Given I(a) = ∫ sin ax dx − − − (∗)

0

Here Integration is with respect to the x, therefore x is variable and a is paratmeter

Now Differentiate (∗) with respect to the parameter a using DUIS Rule − 1 we have

π/2 π/2
dI(a) 𝜕
=∫ (sin ax) dx = ∫ 𝑥 cos ax dx
𝑑𝑎 𝜕𝑎
0 0

Integrating above by using integration by parts we get

π
π 2 π π
dI(a) sin ax
2 sin 𝑎𝑥 2 1 − cos ax 2
= [𝑥 ∫ cos 𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥] − ∫ 1. dx = [𝑥 ] − ( )
𝑑𝑎 0 𝑎 𝑎 0 𝑎 𝑎 0
0

π 𝑎𝜋 1 aπ 1
= sin + 2 cos − 2
2a 2 𝑎 2 𝑎

dI(a) π 𝑎𝜋 1 aπ 1
= sin + cos − 2 … … (1)
𝑑𝑎 2a 2 𝑎2 2 𝑎

∞ e−x
b) Evaluate ∫0 (1 − e−ax )dx, a > −1
x

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10 𝑎2

Verify DUIS Rule − 2 for I(a) = ∫ log(𝑎𝑥) dx

a

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 π/2a
dI(a) sin 𝑎𝑥
Find if I(a) = ∫ dx
da 𝑥
π/6a

11 Example on Direct Evaluation of Double Integral

1 2−x

Evaluate 1) ∫ ∫ y dy dx
0 x2

1 y

2) ∫ ∫ xy dx dy
0 0

12 Show that

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 2
1 1 1 −𝑦
2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝜋 −1
1) ∫∫ = 2) ∫ ∫ 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 =
√(1 − 𝑥 2 )(1 − 𝑦2) 4 12
0 0 0 −√𝑦

1 𝑥 1 √𝑥
3 3
3) ∫ ∫ 𝑥𝑦(𝑥 + 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 4) ∫ ∫ (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 =
56 15
0 𝑥2 0 𝑥

13 Evaluate ∬ 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 over positive quadrant of the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1.

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14 Evaluate ∬ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 , over the area bounded by 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 and 𝑦 = 𝑥.

15 1
Evaluate ∬ (𝑥 4 +𝑦2 ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 over region 𝑦 ≥ 𝑥 2 , 𝑥 ≥ 1.

Page 9
 ∞ ∞
16 𝑒 −𝑦
Evaluate ∫ ∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 by changing the order of integration
𝑦
0 𝑥

17 1 2−𝑥

Evaluate ∫ ∫ 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 by changing the order of integration

0 𝑥2

∞ 𝑥
18 2 /𝑦
Evaluate ∫ ∫ 𝑥 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 by changing the order of integration
0 𝑥2

19 1 z x+z

Evaluate ∫ ∫ ∫ (x + y + z) dy dx dz
−1 0 x−z

Solution Here we integrate first with respect to y, then with respect to x and finally with respect to z

1 z x+z 1 z x+z

I = ∫ ∫ ∫ (x + y + z) dy dx dz = ∫ {∫ [ ∫ (x + y + z) dy ] dx} dz
−1 0 x−z −1 0 x−z

1 z x+z 1 z x+z
y2
∫ {∫ [ ∫ [(x + z) + y] dy ] dx} dz = ∫ {∫ [(x + z)y + ] dx} dz
2 x−z
−1 0 x−z −1 0

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 1 z
(x + z)2 (x − z)2
= ∫ {∫ [((x + z)(x + z) + ) − ((x + z)(x − z) + )] 𝑑𝑥} dz
2 2
−1 0

1 z
(x + z)2 (x − z)2
= ∫ {∫ [((x + z)2 + ) − ((x 2 − z 2 ) + )] 𝑑𝑥} dz
2 2
−1 0

1 z
3 (x − z)2
= ∫ {∫ [ (x + z)2 − x 2 + z 2 − ] 𝑑𝑥} dz
2 2
−1 0

1 𝑧
3 (x + z)3 x 3 (x − z)3
= ∫[ − + z2 x − ] dz
2 3 3 6 0
−1

1
3 (z + z)3 z 3 (z − z)3 3 (0 + z)3 03 (0 − z)3
= ∫ {[ − + z2 z − ]−[ − + z2 0 − ]} dz
2 3 3 6 2 3 3 6
−1

1
z3 1 z3
= ∫ {[4z 3 − + z 3 − 0] − [ z 3 − 0 + 0 + ]} dz
3 2 6
−1

1 1 1
z3 1 z3 z4
= ∫ {4z − + z 3 − z 3 − } dz = ∫ 4 dz = 4 [ ] = 0
3
3 2 6 4 −1
−1 −1

20 2 x 2x+2y

Evaluate ∫ ∫ ∫ ex+y+z dx dy dz
0 0 0

Solution Here we integrate first w. r. t. z treating y and x constant, then w.r.t y and finally w.t..x

2 x 2x+2y 2 x 2x+2y

𝐼 = ∫∫ ∫ ex+y+z dx dy dz = ∫ [∫ { ∫ ex+y+z dz} dy] dx

0 0 0 0 0 0

2 x 2 x 2 x
2x+2y
= ∫ [∫{ex+y+z }0 dy] dx = ∫ [∫{e x+y+2x+2y x+y }
−e dy] dx = ∫ [∫{e3x+3y − ex+y } dy] dx
0 0 0 0 0 0

2 x 2
e3x+3y ex+y e3x+3x ex+x e3x ex
= ∫[ − ] dx = ∫ {[ − ]−[ − ]} dx
3 1 0 3 1 3 1
0 0

2 2
e6x e3x e6x e2x e3x
= ∫{ − e2x − + ex } dx = { − − + ex }
6 3 18 2 9 0
0

e12 e4 e6 e0 e0 e0
=( − − + e2 ) − ( − − + e0 )
18 2 9 18 2 9

e12 e4 e6 1 1 1 1 12
= − − + e2 − + + −1= [e − 2e6 − 9e4 + 18e2 − 8]
18 2 9 18 2 9 18

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