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2. Power System Transients Assignment

The document discusses power system transients, defining them as short-duration, high-frequency events caused by factors like lightning and switching operations. It outlines the effects of transients, including equipment damage and overvoltages, and describes various phenomena such as current chopping and ferroresonance. Additionally, it highlights protection techniques against lightning, such as grounding and the use of surge arresters.

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Janmejay Barik
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4 views3 pages

2. Power System Transients Assignment

The document discusses power system transients, defining them as short-duration, high-frequency events caused by factors like lightning and switching operations. It outlines the effects of transients, including equipment damage and overvoltages, and describes various phenomena such as current chopping and ferroresonance. Additionally, it highlights protection techniques against lightning, such as grounding and the use of surge arresters.

Uploaded by

Janmejay Barik
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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POWER SYSTEM TRANSIENTS

M.Tech 2nd Sem (EPS & EES) – Assignment

SECTION-A
1. 1. Define transient

A transient in a power system refers to a short-duration, high-frequency event resulting


from sudden changes such as switching operations, faults, or lightning strikes.

2. 2. What are the causes of transients?

Transients are caused by lightning, switching operations, fault occurrences, sudden load
changes, and equipment energization or de-energization.

3. 3. What are the effects of transients in power systems?

Transients can damage insulation, cause maloperation of protective relays, lead to


equipment failure, induce overvoltages, and reduce system reliability.

4. 4. What are the causes of switching surges?

Switching surges occur due to operations like circuit breaker switching, capacitor bank
energization, transformer energization, and line switching.

5. 5. What is meant by lightning?

Lightning is a natural electrical discharge caused by imbalances between storm clouds and
the ground, which can introduce severe overvoltages in power systems.

6. 6. What is current chopping?

Current chopping is the premature interruption of current by a circuit breaker before the
natural current zero, typically in inductive circuits, leading to overvoltages.

7. 7. Write the significance of tower footing resistance?

Low tower footing resistance ensures the safe dissipation of lightning surges into the
ground and reduces back flashover risk in transmission lines.

8. 8. What is the necessity of insulation co-ordination

Insulation coordination ensures that all equipment insulation levels are properly graded to
withstand overvoltages without damage, improving reliability and safety.

9. 9. What is surge impedance of a line?


Surge impedance is the characteristic impedance of a transmission line, defined as the
square root of inductance per unit length divided by capacitance per unit length.

10. 10. What do you mean by travelling waves?

Travelling waves are voltage or current surges that propagate along transmission lines due
to sudden disturbances like lightning or switching operations.

SECTION-B
11. What are the sources and effects of transients on power system? Explain in detail

Sources:
- Lightning strikes
- Switching operations
- Short circuits
- Load shedding or connection
- Fault clearing and reclosing
- Transformer energization

Effects:
- Overvoltages leading to insulation failure
- Malfunction or damage to equipment
- False relay operations
- Voltage sags/swells and harmonics
- Power quality deterioration
- Interruption of service and blackouts

Mitigation:
- Surge arresters, shielding, grounding systems, proper insulation coordination.

12. 2. Discuss different types of lighting?

- Cloud-to-Ground Lightning (CG): Most dangerous for power systems, involves direct
discharge from cloud to earth.
- Intra-Cloud Lightning (IC): Occurs within the same cloud; common but less harmful.
- Cloud-to-Cloud Lightning (CC): Discharge between two clouds.
- Ground-to-Cloud Lightning (GC): Rare upward lightning from ground-based objects to
clouds.
- Forked Lightning: Branching lightning paths from a single discharge.
- Sheet Lightning: Diffused lightning within clouds, seen as flashes.

13. 3. Explain with appropriate waveform: (a) current suppression (b) current chopping (c)
ferro resonance condition

(a) Current Suppression:


Occurs during fault clearing; rapid decrease in current amplitude. Results in damped
exponential waveform.

(b) Current Chopping:


Abrupt current interruption by circuit breakers, usually in inductive circuits. Causes
overvoltage peaks post interruption.

(c) Ferroresonance Condition:


Non-linear resonance between inductance and capacitance in a saturated magnetic core.
Leads to sustained overvoltages. Waveform: distorted, high amplitude voltage oscillations.

14. Write short notes on ferroresonance effect.

Ferroresonance is a non-linear resonance that occurs in circuits with saturable inductors


and capacitors. It often happens during single-phase switching in transformers and voltage
transformers (VTs). The result is high, sustained overvoltages, distorted waveforms, and
possible damage to equipment. It is mitigated by using damping resistors, avoiding isolated
neutral systems, and controlled switching.

15. Describe about the Current chopping phenomenon in AC system?

In inductive AC circuits, when the current is interrupted before natural zero crossing
(current chopping), the stored magnetic energy is released as high-frequency voltage
oscillations. This overvoltage stresses insulation and may cause restrikes across the
breaker. Vacuum and SF₆ circuit breakers are more prone to this phenomenon. The severity
depends on chopping current magnitude and system impedance.

16. Discuss the various techniques of protection of power system against lightning?

- Overhead Ground Wires: Intercept direct strikes and direct current to ground.
- Lightning Arresters (Surge Arresters): Divert overvoltages safely to the ground.
- Shielding of Substations: Grounded masts and mesh shielding.
- Tower Grounding: Low resistance ground paths to dissipate surge energy.
- Insulation Coordination: Proper insulation levels for equipment.
- Use of Wave Traps and Line Traps: Prevent high-frequency waves from entering sensitive
zones.

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