FUNDAMENTALS OF

DEFORMABLE BODIES

ENGR. JOHN PHILIP T. NADAL III

Instructor 2
 Temperature changes cause the body to expand or contract. The amount 𝛿𝑇 , is
given by
𝜹𝑻 = 𝜶𝑳 𝑻𝒇 − 𝑻𝒊 = 𝜶𝑳∆𝑻
Where 𝜶 is the coefficient of thermal expansion in m/m°C, 𝑳 is the length in
meter, 𝑻𝒊 and 𝑻𝒇 are the initial and final temperatures respectively, in °C. For steel,
𝛼 = 11.25 × 10−6 m/m°C.

If temperature deformation is permitted to occur freely, no load or stress will be

induced in the structure. In some cases where temperature deformation is not
permitted, an internal stress is created. The internal stress created is termed as
thermal stress.

For a homogeneous rod mounted between unyielding supports as shown, the

thermal stress is computed as:

Deformation due to temperature changes

𝜹𝑻 = 𝜶𝑳∆𝑻
 Deformation due to equivalent axial stress,
𝑷𝑳 𝝈𝑳
𝜹𝑷 = =
𝑨𝑬 𝑬
𝛿𝑇 = 𝛿𝑃
𝜎𝐿
𝛼𝐿∆𝑇 =
𝐸
𝝈 = 𝑬𝜶∆𝑻
Where 𝜎 is the thermal stress in MPa, 𝐸 is the modulus of elasticity of the rod in
Mpa.

If the wall yields a distance x as shown, the following calculations will be made:

𝛿𝑇 = 𝑥 + 𝛿𝑃
𝝈𝑳
𝜶𝑳∆𝑻 = 𝒙 +
𝑬
Where 𝜎 represents the thermal stress. Take note that as the temperature rises
above the normal, the rod will be in compression, and if the temperature drops below
the normal, the rod is in tension.
 Example 1:
A steel rod with a cross-sectional area of 0.25 in2 is stretched between two fixed
points. The tensile load at 70°F is 1200 lb. What will be the stress at 0°F? At what
temperature will the stress be zero? Assume α = 6.5 × 10-6 in/(in·°F) and E = 29 × 106
psi.
Solution:
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑡 0℉: 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠:

𝛿 = 𝛿𝑇 + 𝛿𝑠𝑡 𝛿𝑇 = 𝛿𝑠𝑡
𝜎𝐿 𝑃𝐿 𝑃𝐿
= 𝛼𝐿∆𝑇 + 𝛼𝐿∆𝑇 =
𝐸 𝐴𝐸 𝐴𝐸
𝑃 𝑃
𝜎 = 𝛼𝐸∆𝑇 + 𝛼∆𝑇 +
𝐴 𝐴𝐸
−6 6
1200 1200
𝜎 = (6.5 × 10 )(29 × 10 )(70) + 6.5 × 10−6 𝑇 − 70 =
0.25 0.25(29 × 106 )
𝝈 = 𝟏𝟕𝟗𝟗𝟓 𝒑𝒔𝒊 = 𝟏𝟖 𝒌𝒔𝒊
𝑻 = 𝟗𝟓. 𝟒𝟔℉
Example 2:
A steel rod is stretched between two rigid walls and carries a tensile load of 5000
N at 20°C. If the allowable stress is not to exceed 130 MPa at -20°C, what is the
minimum diameter of the rod? Assume α = 11.7 µm/(m·°C) and E = 200 GPa.

Solution:

𝛿 = 𝛿𝑇 + 𝛿𝑠𝑡
𝜎𝐿 𝑃𝐿
= 𝛼𝐿∆𝑇 +
𝐸 𝐴𝐸
𝑃
𝜎 = 𝛼𝐸∆𝑇 +
𝐴
−6
5000
130 = (11.7 × 10 )(200000)(40) +
𝐴
5000
𝐴= = 137.36 𝑚𝑚2
36.4
𝜋 2
𝑑 = 137.36
4
𝒅 = 𝟏𝟑. 𝟐𝟐 𝒎𝒎
Example 3:
Steel railroad reels 10 m long are laid with a clearance of 3 mm at a temperature
of 15°C. At what temperature will the rails just touch? What stress would be induced in
the rails at that temperature if there were no initial clearance? Assume α = 11.7
µm/(m·°C) and E = 200 GPa.
Solution:

𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝛿𝑇 = 3𝑚𝑚:

𝛿𝑇 = 𝛼𝐿∆𝑇
𝛿𝑇 = 𝛼𝐿 𝑇𝑓 − 𝑇𝑖
3 = (11.7 × 10−6 )(10000) 𝑇𝑓 − 15
𝑻𝒇 = 𝟒𝟎. 𝟔𝟒℃
𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠:
𝛿 = 𝛿𝑇
𝜎𝐿
= 𝛼𝐿∆𝑇
𝐸
𝜎 = 𝛼𝐸 𝑇𝑓 − 𝑇𝑖
𝜎 = (11.7 × 10−6 )(200000) 40.64 − 15
𝝈 = 𝟔𝟎 𝑴𝑷𝒂
 Example 4:
A steel rod 3 feet long with a cross-sectional area of 0.25 in.2 is stretched between
two fixed points. The tensile force is 1200 lb at 40°F. Using E = 29 × 106 psi and α = 6.5 ×
10-6 in./(in.·°F), calculate (a) the temperature at which the stress in the bar will be 10
ksi; and (b) the temperature at which the stress will be zero.
Solution:
𝑊𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒: 𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒:
𝑃 1200 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑚𝑢𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑝 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 40℉
𝜎= = = 4800 𝑝𝑠𝑖 𝑻 = 𝟒𝟎 − 𝟐𝟕. 𝟓𝟗 = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟒𝟏℉
𝐴 0.25
𝜎 = 4.8 𝑘𝑠𝑖 < 10 𝑘𝑠𝑖 𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑏𝑒 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜:
A drop of temperature is needed to increase
the stress to 10 ksi. See figure below.

𝛿 = 𝛿𝑇
𝑃𝐿
𝛿 = 𝛿𝑇 + 𝛿𝑠𝑡 = 𝛼𝐿∆𝑇
𝐴𝐸
𝜎𝐿 𝑃𝐿 𝑃 = 𝛼𝐴𝐸 𝑇𝑓 − 𝑇𝑖
= 𝛼𝐿∆𝑇 +
𝐸 𝐴𝐸 1200 = 6.5 × 10−6 (0.25)(29 × 106 ) 𝑇𝑓 − 40
𝑃
𝜎 = 𝛼𝐸∆𝑇 + 𝑻𝒇 = 𝟔𝟓. 𝟒𝟔℉
𝐴
1200
10000 = (6.5 × 10−6 )(29 × 106 )(∆𝑇) +
0.25
∆𝑇 = 27.59℉
 Example 5:
Calculate the increase in stress for each segment of the compound bar shown in
the figure if the temperature increases by 100°F. Assume that the supports are
unyielding and that the bar is suitably braced against buckling.

Solution:
𝛿𝑠𝑡 + 𝛿𝑎𝑙 = 𝛿𝑇(𝑠𝑡) + 𝛿𝑇(𝑎𝑙)
𝑃𝐿 𝑃𝐿
+ = 0.00975 + 0.0128
𝐴𝐸 𝑠𝑡 𝐴𝐸 𝑎𝑙

Where 𝑃𝑠𝑡 = 𝑃𝑎𝑙 = 𝑃. Thus,

𝑃(15) 𝑃(10)
𝛿𝑇 = 𝛼𝐿∆𝑇 + = 0.02255
𝛿𝑇(𝑠𝑡) = 6.5 × 10−6 15 100 (1.5)(29 × 106 ) (2)(10 × 106 )
𝑃 = 26691.84 𝑙𝑏
𝛿𝑇(𝑠𝑡) = 0.00975

−6
𝑃
𝛿𝑇(𝑎𝑙) = 12.8 × 10 10 100 𝜎=
𝐴
𝛿𝑇(𝑎𝑙) = 0.0128 26691.84
𝜎𝑠𝑡 = = 𝟏𝟕𝟕𝟗𝟒. 𝟓𝟔 𝒑𝒔𝒊
1.5
26691.84
𝜎𝑎𝑙 = = 𝟏𝟑𝟑𝟒𝟓. 𝟗𝟐 𝒑𝒔𝒊
2.0
 Example 6:
At a temperature of 80°C, a steel tire 12 mm thick and 90 mm wide that is to be
shrunk onto a locomotive driving wheel 2 m in diameter just fits over the wheel, which
is at a temperature of 25°C. Determine the contact pressure between the tire and
wheel after the assembly cools to 25°C. Neglect the deformation of the wheel caused
by the pressure of the tire. Assume α = 11.7 μm/(m·°C) and E = 200 GPa.
Solution:

𝛿 = 𝛿𝑇
𝑃𝐿
= 𝛼𝐿∆𝑇
𝐴𝐸
𝑃 = 𝛼𝐴𝐸 𝑇𝑓 − 𝑇𝑖
𝑃 = 11.7 × 10−6 (90 × 12)(200000) 80 − 25
𝑷 = 𝟏𝟑𝟖𝟗𝟗𝟔 𝑵

𝐹 = 2𝑃
𝑝𝐷𝐿 = 2𝑃
𝑝 2000 90 = 2 138996
𝒑 = 𝟏. 𝟓𝟒𝟒𝟒 𝑴𝑷𝒂
 Example 7:
For the assembly in the figure, find the stress in each rod if the temperature rises
30°C after a load W = 120 kN is applied.

Solution:
𝛿𝑇 = 𝛼𝐿∆𝑇
𝛿𝑇(𝑠𝑡) = 11.7 × 10−6 1500 30 = 0.5265 𝑚𝑚
𝛿𝑇(𝑎𝑙) = 18.9 × 10−6 3000 30 = 1.701 𝑚𝑚

∑𝑀𝐴 = 0
4𝑃𝑏𝑟 + 𝑃𝑠𝑡 = 2.5 120000
4𝜎𝑏𝑟 1300 + 𝜎𝑠𝑡 320 = 2.5(120000)
16.25𝜎𝑏𝑟 + 𝜎𝑠𝑡 = 937.5
𝜎𝑠𝑡 = 937.5 − 16.25𝜎𝑏𝑟 (Equation 1)
 𝐵𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒:
𝛿𝑇(𝑠𝑡) + 𝛿𝑠𝑡 𝛿𝑇(𝑏𝑟) + 𝛿𝑏𝑟
=
1 4
𝛿 𝑇 𝑏𝑟 𝛿𝑏𝑟
𝛿𝑇(𝑠𝑡) + 𝛿𝑠𝑡 = +
4 4
𝜎𝐿 1.701 𝜎𝐿
0.5265 + = +
𝐸 𝑠𝑡 4 4𝐸 𝑏𝑟
𝜎𝑠𝑡 (1500) 𝜎𝑏𝑟 (3000)
0.5265 + = 0.42525 +
200000 4(83000)
0.5265 + 0.0075𝜎𝑠𝑡 = 0.42525 + 0.00904𝜎𝑏𝑟
0.0075𝜎𝑠𝑡 − 0.00904𝜎𝑏𝑟 = −0.10125

𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 1,
0.0075(937.5 − 16.25𝜎𝑏𝑟 ) − 0.00904𝜎𝑏𝑟 = −0.10125
7.03125 − 0.121875𝜎𝑏𝑟 − 0.00904𝜎𝑏𝑟 = −0.10125
0.130915𝜎𝑏𝑟 = 7.1325
𝝈𝒃𝒓 = 𝟓𝟒. 𝟒𝟖 𝑴𝑷𝒂

𝜎𝑠𝑡 = 937.5 − 16.25(54.48)

𝝈𝒔𝒕 = 𝟓𝟐. 𝟐 𝑴𝑷𝒂