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02 Math 270 1.8 NJJ

The document introduces linear transformations, explaining how a matrix A acts as an operator on a vector x to produce a new vector Ax. It defines the transformation T from R^n to R^m, detailing the concepts of domain, codomain, and range, and provides examples of calculating images under T and determining if certain vectors are in the range. Additionally, it outlines the properties of linear mappings, including additivity and homogeneity.

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28 views13 pages

02 Math 270 1.8 NJJ

The document introduces linear transformations, explaining how a matrix A acts as an operator on a vector x to produce a new vector Ax. It defines the transformation T from R^n to R^m, detailing the concepts of domain, codomain, and range, and provides examples of calculating images under T and determining if certain vectors are in the range. Additionally, it outlines the properties of linear mappings, including additivity and homogeneity.

Uploaded by

ureenjavaid
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1.

8 Intro to Linear Transformations

8/28/2018 1
Linear Transformations.

 
=
Consider the matrix equation Ax b . The m × n matrix A can
be thought of as an "operator" or a "function". A operates on
 
the vector x producing a new vector Ax.

 
Thus solving the equation Ax = b amounts to finding all
 
vectors x in  that are transformed into the vector b in
n

 m under the multiplication by matrix A.


 
The correspondence from x to Ax is a function from one
set of vectors ( n ) to another ( m ).

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A transformation (function/mapping) T from  n to  m
 
assigns to each vector x in  a vector T ( x ) in  m .
n

As with functions involving sets of real numbers, the


set  n is called the domain of T , and  m is called the
codomain of T .

The notation T :  n →  m indicates the domain and


codomain of T .
 
If x ∈  , then the vector T ( x ) ∈  m is called the image
n

of x under the action of T . The set of all images is
called the range of T .
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Matrix transformations.
  
For each vector x ∈  , T ( x ) is calculated as Ax, where
n

A is an m × n matrix. The notation for this matrix


 
transformation is x  Ax.

The domain of T is  n when A has n columns and the


codomain of T is  m when each column of A has m
entries (components).

The range of T is the set of all linear combinations of


 
the columns of A, since every image T ( x ) is of the form Ax.

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Example.
 1 −3  3
 2    
 3
    
=
Let A  3 =5 , u =  , b = 2 , c  2 .
 −1 −1
   −5  5
 7     

 
Define T :  →  by T ( x ) = Ax, such that
2 3

 1 −3    x1 − 3x2 
   x  
T ( x) = Ax = 3 5 ⋅  1  =  3x1 + 5x2  .
x
 −1
 7   2  − x1 + 7 x2 

 
a) Find T (u ), the image of u under the transformation T .
 
b) Find an x ∈  whose image under T is b .
2

 
c) Is there more than one x ∈  whose image under T is b ?
2


d) Is c in the range of T ?

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 1 −3  5
     2  
T (u ) = Au
a)= = 3 5    1 .
 −1 7   −1  −9
   

  
b) Solve T ( x ) = b for x, which is the same as solving
    x1 
Ax = b . Let x =   ,
 x2 

   1 −3  x1   3
   
Ax = b ⇒  3 5 ⋅   =  2 . Row reduce the augmented matrix
 −1 7   x2   −5
  

 1 −3 3  1 −3 3  1 −3 3  1 0 1.5

 3 5 2   0 14 −7    0 1 −0.5   0 1 −0.5 .
 −1 7 −5  0 4 −2 
 0 0 0  0 0 0

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We have
 1 0 1.5
    x1   1.5 
 0 1 −0.5 ⇒ x =  =  .
 0 0 0  x2   −0.5

  1.5  
So the image of x =   is the vector b .
 −0.5

   
c) Any x whose image under T is b must satisfy Ax = b .
From our row reduction it is obvious there is only one
 
x whose image is b .

8/28/2018 9
 3
  
d) The vector c =  2 . is in the range of T if it is the
 5
 
  
image of some x ∈ 2 . We must see if Ax = c is
consistent. Row reduce the augmented matrix

 1 −3 3  1 −3 3  1 −3 3  1 −3 3

 3 5 2   0 14 −7    0 1 2   0 1 2 .
 −1 7 5  0 4 8  0 14 −7   0 0 −35

The third row (equation) 0 = −35 shows that the system is



inconsistent. Thus c is not in the range of T .

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Linear Transformations.
Definition.

A transformation or mapping T is linear if:


     
a) T (u + v )= T (u ) + T (v ) ∀u , v in the domain of T .
  
b) T (cu ) = cT (u ) for all u and all scalars c.

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If T is a linear map, then:
 
a) T (0) = 0.
   
b) T (cu + dv )= cT (u ) + dT (v )
 
for all u , v in the domain of T and all scalars c, d .
   
It follows that T (c1u1 +  + c pu= p ) c1T (u1 ) +  + c pT (u p ).

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End Presentation

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