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Biology 293 Chapter 6 Review

The document provides an overview of hydrography, detailing its history, significance, and applications in navigation and marine resource exploration. It discusses the evolution of hydrographic practices and the establishment of national organizations for data collection and chart publication. The document emphasizes the importance of hydrographic surveys for safe navigation while noting the distinctions between hydrographic and bathymetric charts.

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11 views5 pages

Biology 293 Chapter 6 Review

The document provides an overview of hydrography, detailing its history, significance, and applications in navigation and marine resource exploration. It discusses the evolution of hydrographic practices and the establishment of national organizations for data collection and chart publication. The document emphasizes the importance of hydrographic surveys for safe navigation while noting the distinctions between hydrographic and bathymetric charts.

Uploaded by

hirotoshintaronakamura086
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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North Carolina State University - Winter 2021

Biology 293, Chapter 6 Review

Professor Perkins, Section 4

July 21, 2021

Interestingly, Hydrography is the branch of applied sciences which deals with the

measurement and description of the physical features of oceans, seas, coastal areas, lakes

and rivers, as well as with the prediction of their change over time, for the primary purpose

of safety of navigation and in support of all other marine activities, including economic

development, security and defense, scientific research, and environmental protection.

(Smith, 2021) Furthermore, == History ==

The origins of hydrography lay in the making of charts to aid navigation, by individual

mariners as they navigated into new waters.

Class Date: 9/2/2024

Professor’s Note: Elaborate on implications for future research.

GENERIC CONTENT:

## Discussion

These were usually the private property, even closely held secrets, of individuals who used
them for commercial or military advantage. As transoceanic trade and exploration

increased, hydrographic surveys started to be carried out as an exercise in their own right,

and the commissioning of surveys was increasingly done by governments and special

hydrographic offices. National organizations, particularly navies, realized that the collection,

systematization and distribution of this knowledge gave it great organizational and military

advantages. Thus were born dedicated national hydrographic organizations for the

collection, organization, publication and distribution of hydrography incorporated into

charts and sailing directions. Prior to the establishment of the United Kingdom

Hydrographic Office, Royal Navy captains were responsible for the provision of their own

charts.

## Analysis (List)

- In practice this meant that ships often sailed with inadequate information for safe

navigation, and that when new areas were surveyed, the data rarely reached all those who

needed it.

- The Admiralty appointed Alexander Dalrymple as Hydrographer in 1795, with a remit to

gather and distribute charts to HM Ships.

## Background (List)

- Within a year existing charts from the previous two centuries had been collated, and the

first catalog published.

- The first chart produced under the direction of the Admiralty, was a chart of Quiberon Bay

in Brittany, and it appeared in 1800.


## Conclusion

Under Captain Thomas Hurd the department received its first professional guidelines, and

the first catalogs were published and made available to the public and to other nations as

well. In 1829, Rear-Admiral Sir Francis Beaufort, as Hydrographer, developed the

eponymous Scale, and introduced the first official tide tables in 1833 and the first "Notices

to Mariners" in 1834. The Hydrographic Office underwent steady expansion throughout the

19th century; by 1855, the Chart Catalogue listed 1,981 charts giving a definitive coverage

over the entire world, and produced over 130,000 charts annually, of which about half were

sold.

## Findings (List)

- The word hydrography comes from the Ancient Greek ὕδωρ (hydor), "water" and γράφω

(graphō), "to write".

- == Overview ==

Large-scale hydrography is usually undertaken by national or international organizations

which sponsor data collection through precise surveys and publish charts and descriptive

material for navigational purposes.

- The science of oceanography is, in part, an outgrowth of classical hydrography.

- In many respects the data are interchangeable, but marine hydrographic data will be

particularly directed toward marine navigation and safety of that navigation.


## Discussion (List)

- Marine resource exploration and exploitation is a significant application of hydrography,

principally focused on the search for hydrocarbons.

- Hydrographical measurements include the tidal, current and wave information of physical

oceanography.

- They include bottom measurements, with particular emphasis on those marine

geographical features that pose a hazard to navigation such as rocks, shoals, reefs and other

features that obstruct ship passage.

- Bottom measurements also include collection of the nature of the bottom as it pertains to

effective anchoring.

- Unlike oceanography, hydrography will include shore features, natural and manmade, that

aid in navigation.

## Analysis

Therefore, a hydrographic survey may include the accurate positions and representations of

hills, mountains and even lights and towers that will aid in fixing a ship's position, as well as

the physical aspects of the sea and seabed. Hydrography, mostly for reasons of safety,

adopted a number of conventions that have affected its portrayal of the data on nautical

charts.

## Background

For example, hydrographic charts are designed to portray what is safe for navigation, and
therefore will usually tend to maintain least depths and occasionally de-emphasize the

actual submarine topography that would be portrayed on bathymetric charts. The former

are the mariner's tools to avoid accident. The latter are best representations of the actual

seabed, as in a topographic map, for scientific and other purposes. Trends in hydrographic

practice since c. 2003–2005 have led to a narrowing of this difference, with many more

hydrographic offices maintaining "best observed" databases, and then making

navigationally "safe" products as required. This has been coupled with a preference for

multi-use surveys, so that the same data collected for nautical charting purposes can also be

used for bathymetric portrayal.

## Conclusion

Even though, in places, hydrographic survey data may be collected in sufficient detail to

portray bottom topography in some areas, hydrographic charts only show depth

information relevant for safe navigation and should not be considered as a product that

accurately portrays the actual shape of the bottom. The soundings selected from the raw

source depth data for placement on the nautical chart are selected for safe navigation and

are biased to show predominantly the shallowest depths that relate to safe navigation. For

instance, if there is a deep area that can not be reached because it is surrounded by shallow

water, the deep area may not be shown.

References / Works Cited:

1. Wikipedia (n.d.). Retrieved from https://wikipedia.org/

2. Random Book Title (2022). Academic Publishing House.

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