NAME: BRIDGETTE LEE HA DATE: 16/03/2024

SCHOOL: Trinity College East / Bishop Anstey High School East

SECTION 5 – FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRONICS

Context: Digital systems are said to be constructed by using logic gates. Logic Gates are an
integral part behind the operation of many electronic devices.

Project: Design and build a circuit to verify the truth table of an AND gate

Objectives: At the end of the exercise you should be able to:

 Distinguish between integrated circuits and discrete components

THEORY & RESEARCH:

1. What is a logic gate and where is it used?

An elementary building block of digital circuits that performs a Boolean function in

which when used in combination (multiple gates in one ) they can be used to control

complex systems . It is used in computer processors, memory units, and electronic

devices to process and control binary information.

2. What is an I.C.?

An Integrated Circuit (IC) known as a miniature electronic circuit consisting of

semiconductor devices and passive components integrated onto a single semiconductor

substrate. ICs are widely used in various electronic devices, as it contains transistors that

determines how it works, due to their compact size and high reliability.

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 3. What is an AND gate?

A digital logic component that outputs a high signal only when all of its inputs are high.
It represents the logical operation of multiplication and is fundamental in Boolean algebra
and digital circuit design.

4. What is a truth table and why is it important?

A truth table is a tabular representation of the possible input combinations and

corresponding output states of a logical expression or circuit. It's important in digital

logic design for analyzing and verifying the behavior of logic gates and circuits, aiding in

the understanding of their functionality and ensuring accurate operation.

APPARATUS & MATERIALS:

 One solderless breadboard  One 7408 AND gate I.C.

 Connecting wires / jumper wires  One 1KΩ resistor

 Three 1.5V cells with cell holder  One LED

DIAGRAM:

Figure I Figure II

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OR GATE OFF

3
OR GATE ON

4
 AND GATE OFF

AND GATE ON

MY DIAGRAMS : FIGURE 2

OPEN CIRCUIT CLOSED CIRCUIT

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PROCEDURE:

1. Insert the I.C. into the solderless breadboard.

2. Identify the pins for power supply and ground for the I.C.

3. Identify the pins for the inputs and output of the AND gate.

4. Test the AND gate using Figure I and verify the truth table for the gate.

5. Using Figure II, verify with the help of a truth table, how an AND gate functions can be

replaced by two mechanical switches.

RESULTS & OBSERVATIONS:

Truth Tables –

Figure 1:
Fill in the table using the states: high/low; lit/unlit

Input - A Input - B Output - LED

Low Low Unlit

High Low Unlit

Low High Unlit

High High Lit

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Figure 2:
Fill in the table using the states: opened/closed; lit/unlit

Input - A Input - B Output - LED

Opened Opened Unlit

Closed Opened Unlit

Opened Closed Unlit

Closed Closed Lit

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Screenshot of Circuits:

For Figure 1:

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 For Figure
2:

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DATA ANALYSIS:

1. How do you identify pin connections on a 7408 AND I.C. chip?

First step taken was to identify the notch on the transistor in which the first pin was

found. IC 7408 has fourteen pins, including the ground and Vcc pins. Pin 1 is the input of

the first AND gate, pin 2 is the second input, and pin 3 is the output of the first AND

gate. Pin 4 to 6 are the inputs and outputs of the second AND gate. Pin 7 is the ground

pin that provides power to the chip.

2. Which logic gate is similar to the function of two series switches?

AND gate is similar to two series switches because for the light to be on both switches

must be closed as well as both inputs must be true to obtain true results. Therefore, it

gives output only when both inputs are high.

3. Which logic gate is similar to the function of two parallel switches?

OR gate is similar to two Parallel switches. Any of the both input is high output will be

high.

4. Explain briefly, why one will consider an operational amplifier as an I.C. chip?

An operational amplifier (op-amp) is considered an IC (integrated circuit) chip because it

integrates multiple electronic components, including transistors, resistors, and capacitors,

onto a single semiconductor substrate. This integrated circuit increases the difference in

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 voltage between two inputs . Op-amps are widely used in various electronic applications

such as amplifiers, filters, and voltage regulators due to their versatility and performance.

CONCLUSION:

In conclusion, this experiment provided valuable insights into digital systems and the role of

logic gates, particularly focusing on the AND gate. By distinguishing between integrated

circuits and discrete components, identifying pin connections of an AND gate IC, and

constructing a circuit to verify its truth table, participants gained a practical understanding of

digital logic principles. Additionally, the experiment illustrated how the function of an AND

gate can be mirrored by two mechanical switches, emphasizing the fundamental concepts

underlying digital electronics. Overall, this project enhanced comprehension of logic gate

operations and their significance in electronic device functionality.

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