A guideline to utilize automatic code

checking capabilities of building

information modelling applications
simultaneously in the design cycle of
building construction.

Shaikh Hafizur Rahman

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A guideline to utilize automatic code checking
capabilities of building information modelling
applications simultaneously in the design cycle of
building construction.

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Contents Page
List of Figures 6

Abstract 7

1.0 Introduction 8

1.1 Background to the research

1.2 Research question, Research Aims and Research Objectives

1.2.1 Research question

1.2.2 Research Aims

1.2.3 Research Objectives

1.3 Research Scope

1.4 Research significance

1.5 Brief description of the contents of subsequent chapters

2.0 Literature Review 12

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Origin of CAD & BIM

2.3 Design process & BIM

2.4 Automatic code compliance check

2.5 Conclusion

3.0 Research Method 29

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Research Subjects

3.3 Critical Discourse

3.4 Application of Methodology

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 3.5 Limitations

3.6 Conclusion

4.0 Discussion 37

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Automatic Building Code Check using BIM

4.3 Suggested design process utilizing BIM

4.4 Limitation

4.5 Results

4.6 Conclusion

5.0 Conclusion 51

5.1 Research Objective

5.2 Research Aims

5.3 Research Question

5.4 Scope for Further Research

Reference: 54

Appendix: 57

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List of Figures Page
Figure 2.1 Graphic representation of nD BIM technology. 14

Figure 2.2 The logical basis of integrated design process. 16

Figure 2.3 Integrated design process 17

Figure 2.4 The four classes of functionality a rule checking system should support. 19

Figure 2.5 Overview matrix of rule checking systems. 21

Figure 2.6 Automated code conformance checking ACCC System. 22

Figure 2.7 An approach to code compliance check. 23

Figure 2.8 A framework for the EDM prototype system. 24

Figure 2.9 A framework for the SMC prototype system. 25

Figure 2.10 A framework of model checking system based on SMARTCodes. 26

Figure 2.11 A framework of DesignCheck system. 26

Figure 2.12 Automatic code checking in building design process. 27

Figure 3.1 Disciplinary model. 30

Figure 3.2 Economic models: Methodology flow chart. 31

Figure 3.3 Applied research method. 33

Figure 4.1 Example of BASIX Certificate. 40

Figure 4.2 Example of Ecotect Solar radiation analysis. 41

Figure 4.3 Example of Ecotect Shading analyses. 41

Figure 4.4 Example of Ecotect indoor Light analyses. 42

Figure 4.5 Example of Ecotect Building surface analysis. 42

Figure 4.6 Example of Solibri space analyses. 44

Figure 4.7 Example of Solibri Escape route analyses. 44

Figure 4.8 Object modelling using UK component grade. 46

Figure 4.9 Architectural modelling based on Level of Details AIA BIM standard E202. 47
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Abstract
Automatic building code check using building information modelling is an emerging field of study.
BIM has progressive implications in the building design and construction industry. Building design
and construction industry is in the process of accommodating BIM technologies. Limited and
controlled building design and construction projects proved that BIM applications are capable of
checking building codes automatically. Interpretation of linguistic building codes into logical verifiable
digital codes remains a significant challenge in the development of automatic code checking BIM
applications. Regulatory authority manages code compliance check of building design and
construction. Automatic code check using building information modelling applications to achieve
maximum benefit of code compliance building construction is the research interest. A hypothesis of
improved BIM skills and knowledge of automatic code checking building information modelling
applications to wrench maximum benefits out of code compliance check is generated to answer the
research question. A cyclic process of alteration and modification to hypothesis to filter out research
findings is implemented. Mixed methods of holistic and qualitative research data collection approach
have been utilized. Informative data are collected from published literature on Building information
applications, building design processes, code checking process and automatic code check. These
collected data are synthesized and evaluated to formulate results and answers against the
hypothetical answer. Suitable design stage to use automatic code check BIM applications in the
design process is given investigative measures. Building design processes varies significantly at an
individual level to achieve desired creative outcome. Practice of building design and construction
requires moderately standard processes for collaboration and coordination between professional
consultants. Desired design phase in which automatic code checking BIM applications will be used in
the design cycle is synthesized out of BIM standard. The research formulates a conceptual guideline
to use automatic code checking BIM applications simultaneously in the design cycle of building
construction.

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1. Chapter One: Introduction

1.1 Background to the Research

Building construction is regulated by building codes. These building codes vary according
to the origin of the site and regulatory authority. Building codes have been developed in
accordance with needs, tastes and visions of the time to construct safe, comfortable and
coherent buildings. There are various codes that regulate building’s life span from design
stage, to construction stage, to occupancy stage, to demolition or to redevelopment stage.
Concept of a building, designed as code compliant will have lesser regulatory obstruction to
construct. Building information modelling is capable of checking an object against a
parameter. Building code as a parameter can be used to check code compliance of a
building. Code compliance checked in the earlier stages of a design cycle can maximize the
efficiency in the process of code compliant building construction. The research proposes to
investigate available building information modelling applications and their code checking
capabilities that can be used effectively in the design cycle to minimize regulatory
compliance obstruction and thus to maximize efficiency in the code compliance process of
building industry. Superfast development of information technology in recent decade has
contributed to the virtuality of our current modern life. Building information modelling
applications have also been developed at the similar pace. Building industry is in the process
of this transformation to accommodate virtual skills and needs of our time. Recent building
information modelling applications have developed capabilities which can be used
effectively in the design cycle of building industry to check codes automatically. Proposed
research aims to investigate those code checking capabilities of current Building
information modelling applications. This research study will enrich building designers,
educators, students and practitioners with concurrent knowledge of auto code checking
capabilities of existent building information modelling applications and will contribute as a
guideline in the implementation of BIM applications in the design cycle, to construct code
compliant buildings in practice.

1.2 Research Question, Research Aims and Research Objectives

1.1.1 Research Question

The research seeks to find an answer to the research Question: At what stage in
the building design cycle should building information modelling Auto-code checking
systems be used to achieve maximum benefit for compliance checking?

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Critical points of the research question are to find out the ‘stage’ or ‘phase’ in the design
cycle and how to achieve ‘maximum’ benefit.

A hypothetical answer to the research question is formulated:

Improved BIM skills will create auto-code checking capabilities of BIM as an integral part
of building design cycle to be used simultaneously to produce code compliant design
outcome.

The hypothesis put emphasis on ‘BIM skills’, Auto code checking capabilities of BIM and
‘simultaneous usages while designing’.

A logical structure is utilized to derive the hypothetical answer.

To find out the ‘stage’ or ‘phase’ in the process: the hypothesis utilize ‘Simultaneous’ as
unknown and accept it as true.

The ‘maximum benefit’ element is logically dependable on: Who is deriving, how it is
derived and what it will be derived with. ‘BIM Skills’ satisfy who and how, with what part
is satisfied by the ‘code check process’. But ‘code check process’ itself does not indicate
any metric quality unless ‘capability’ is attached. The research will investigate BIM &
skills, Auto code checking capabilities of BIM and a suitable ‘phase’ or ‘stage’ to utilize
the code checking capabilities of BIM.

1.1.2 Research Aims:

Aims of the proposed research are to:

• Investigate BIM process and Skills involve.

• Evaluate code checking capabilities of BIM.

• Synthesize information to compose a suitable ‘phase’ or ‘stage’.

1.1.3 Research Objectives :

• Investigate BIM applications.

• Investigate Design process.

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 • Investigate code compliance checking capabilities of BIM Applications.

• Synthesize the information to compose a suitable ‘phase’ or ‘stage’.

1.3 Research Scope:

Discussions on the research topic can be expansive. The research project will be limited
within the scope of the course outline and assessment. Following parameters will be used in
restraining the research topic within an achievable outcome:

• Qualitative information from literatures will be used to compose an outcome.

• Discussion will be minimized within the scope of the collected literature to

synthesize findings.

1.4 Significance of Research:

The research on automatic building codes check using BIM applications will enrich
building designers, educators, students and practitioners with concurrent knowledge of
auto code checking capabilities of existent BIM applications. Contribution of the research
will manifest as a guideline in implementing BIM applications simultaneously in the design
cycle of code compliant building construction.

The research will reveal the knowledge range of practical uses of automatic code checking
capabilities of BIM applications. The process involved in such operations.

Success of this project may have an impact on the progress of automatic code checking
process and on the constructing of code compliant building construction utilizing BIM
applications.

1.5 Brief description of the contents of subsequent chapters:

Chapter Two: Literature Review

Origin of CAD and BIM, Design process & BIM and automatic code compliance check in the
literature are broadly investigated in this chapter.

Chapter Three: Research Methods

Research method suitable for the research project is explored and explained in this chapter.
A mixed methodology is applied with quality data collection, analysis, synthesis and
evaluation of findings as a methodological process.

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Chapter Four: Discussion

Discussion focuses on auto code checking capabilities of BIM applications, processes

involve in design and construction and synthesis these information to find a suitable stage
in the design cycle to use auto code checking capabilities of building information modelling
applications simultaneously.

Chapter Five: Conclusion

Conclusion on research aims, objectives and questions are drawn from research findings
using stated research methods. Scope of further research will allow the research subject to
be explored in depth with survey, and quantitative data to support this qualitative research
conclusion.

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2. Chapter Two: Literature Review

2.1 Introduction

Extensive research study indicates BIM is more than a digital drafting instrument. Race
(2013) argued to interpret BIM acronym as Building information management instead of
Building information modelling to indicate BIM’s capacity, capability, potential and future
growth. Russel, Cho, Y. & Cywik (2012) interchanged BIM (Building information Modelling)
acronym with VDC (Virtual design and construction) to explain functionality of BIM.
Weygant (2011) invented a simple algorithmic formula (CAD + SPECS = BIM) to describe
BIM. In the linear growth of BIM, it is common understanding that 2d CAD (Computer aided
design) is BIM’s predecessor but BIM is more than ‘dumb’ 3d representation, BIM’s 3d
space embodies smart objects (Heidari, Allameh, de Vries, Timmermans, Jessurun &
Mozaffar, 2014) which provide exploratory benefits of 4D or 5D technology (Lee, Dossick &
Foley, 2013). Succar (2009) & Russel et al. (2012) agrees that this nD quality of BIM
facilitate information to be retrieved from BIM models for purposes other than 3d
representation such as cost estimation, code checking, product manufacturing &
performance simulation. Eastman, Teicholz, Sacks & Liston (2011) dismissed 3d models that
does not contain object attributes, behaviour, building definitions and automatic reflection
of changes in all view as BIM. Study shows academic investigations (Lam, 2004; Tan,
Hammad & Fazio, 2010; Ding, Drogemuller, Jupp, Rosenman & Geor, 2004; Eastman, Lee,
Jeong & Lee, 2009; Nawari, 2012) and implemented building design checking mechanism
(Corenet, 1998; Basix, 2005) provide sufficient evidences that BIM has the capacity to
check compliance of building design automatically against building codes by retrieving
information embedded in the BIM objects. However, progressive utilization of BIM in
checking building code compliance automatically is at the stage of development and will
require considerable moderation in the coming years before wide spectrum of knowledge
and skills on checking building codes using BIM application will be available. (Eastman et
al., 2009). This review of the literatures examines progression of BIM, processes involve
while using BIM as a design tool, methods and processes involve in checking compliance of
building design against building codes using BIM.

2.2 Origin of CAD & BIM:

Historical analysis on the origin of CAD suggests “the first graphic system was in mid -
1950 the US Air Force's SAGE (Semi Automatic Ground Environment) air defence system.
The system was developed at Massachusetts Institute of Technology's Lincoln Laboratory.
The system involved the use of CTR displays to show computer-processed radar data and
other information. Dr. Patrick J. Hanratty known as "the Father of CADD/CAM" for his
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pioneering contributions to the field of computer-aided design and manufacturing,
developed in 1957 PRONTO, the first commercial numerical-control programming system.
In 1959 the CalComp company is founded. In 1960, Ivan Sutherland used TX-2 computer
produced at MIT's Lincoln Laboratory to produce a project called SKETCHPAD, which is
considered the first step to CAD industry. Bill Barnes established in his garage in Denver on
15 January 1962, Auto-trol and manufactured the first product, a digitizer. Mr. Barnes
named the company Auto-trol as a shortened version of automated control, which he had
given to a product he developed in the 1950s. Parallel projects were developed at ITEK and
General Motors. The ITEK project was called The Electronic Drafting Machine and used
PDP-1 computer from Digital Equipment Corp., a vector -refresh display and a large disk
memory device used to refresh the graphic display. Inputs commands were done with an
electronic light pen while at General Motors Research Laboratories in the 1960s, Dr.
Hanratty was a co-designer of DAC (Design Automated by Computer), the first production
interactive graphics manufacturing system. In 1960 McDonnell Douglas Automation
Company (McAuto) founded. It will play a major role on CAD developments with the
introduction of CADD program”. (CAD chronology: before 1970, 1999). CAD’s
representation of graphics progressed from 2 dimension to 3 dimension.

Eastman et al. (2011) and Azhar, Khalfan & Maqsood (2012) explained differences between
3D CAD and BIM. On the origin of 3D CAD and BIM, Eastman et al. (2011), stated 3D
geometric model using CAD was first developed in 1960s. Two different branches, B-rep
and CSG were developed to create early 3D geometric models. Models based on 3D solid
modelling was first developed in the late 1970s. Parametric objects who contain shape
instances & defining properties and are controllable at the assembly, sub-assembly and
object level according to hierarchy of parameters are the originating concept of present
day developed BIM. Parametric modelling emerged from an extension of B-rep and CSG
technologies and a mixture university research and intense industrial development in the
1980s.

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 Figure 2.1 Graphic representation of nD BIM technology. (Image Courtesy: Kymmell)

nD (n=…..,4,5,6 and so on) BIM technology is a project simulation consisting of 3D

virtual models of the project components with links to all the required information
connected with the project planning, design, construction or operation. (Kymmell, 2008).

Chang & Shih (2013) refer BIM as an evolution form CAD in the domain of CAAD
(Computer aided architectural design) and links the evolution to the development of
computer hardware and information technology. The periodic development of computer
hardware and CAAD research chart separated in five different ages (Mainframe, Work
Station, PC, Internet and Cloud) records this evolution and progress of functionality
provided by the CAD & BIM software.

2.3 Design Process & BIM:

Case studies shows instances of Inspiration and motivation for Design cannot be
described in a standard format however, design practice maintains phases to collaborate
and exchange information in intervals (Shoshkes, 1989). Creation of building and spaces is a
continuing process of assimilating, modifying and reinventing bases of practical building
knowledge. (Miller, 1995). Shoshkes (1989) states design solution needs to respond to
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various aspects of building, both intangibility of ideas as well as tangibility of human,
environment and technical reality. The design process is an evolution of the interactions of
people, events, problems, ideas and images, contains certain mystique and so hard to
explain and to describe the exact moments. Miller (1995) describes design process in the
group of ‘Known’, ‘Unknown’ and ‘return to known’ to manage and respond to the
intangible and tangible aspects of design. This managing information (known, unknown,
return to known) connects to the description of the architect as a composer by Architect
Robert Geddes who explains acts of design as a collaborative orchestrated efforts with
innovation, imagination and creativity and emphasizes on design decisions as the key to
successful projects but renders importance on the design of the processes involving the
intervals of the projects and shared understanding of the vocabulary to profit on collective
actions which guide the design process (Shoshkes, 1989).

Individuality in design process is observed in the architect’s interviews presented by

Miller(1995):

Steve Badanes described his practice as Old fashioned involving one building design at a
time, travelling to the site and occasionally living in the site. The practice constructed
structures on site which he compared with a painter receiving instant feedback for the
artwork and thus extended design process to the site. On actual design process, He stated it
was two parts of his brains working at once which began with the program, then building
decision, client consultation & solving problems, at the same time generating & integrating
Light bulb ideas.

Robert Doran with 15 years of academic experiences of design theory and practice settled on
European “Atelier” style practice with the idea of ‘anything but the normal hierarchical, ego-
driven practice’ and took organic induction process to design, spending time with clients at
the predesign stage to learn and to deliver.

Scott Johnson ran a research driven practice and assessed and interpreted knowns into
programming and selected a set of values to process the acquired knowledge into design by
sketching, drawing or modelling.

Stan Laegreid’s practice designed commercial buildings with mostly defined programs by
industry standards and client’s prior experience. He declined to any conscious design process
to generate design rather stated quick drawing to generate idea as a method.

Szalapaj (2005) commented on processing the known and unknown information in digital
format as a cyclic process: changed interactions and particular prominences of design criteria

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require continual cyclical process of model generation irrespective of the priorities of criteria
in different phases.

It is to mention that the standard project phases typically consist of planning, programming,
schematic design, design development, contract documentation and contract
administration. (Shoshkes, 1989.)

Information acquired, produced or generated in various phases are processed differently

while designing in traditional process or in BIM process. (Azhar et al., 2012).

BIM process is integrative and collaborative that increases accuracy and efficiency in design
with optimized design quality, aesthetics, constructability, affordability, timeliness and
seamless flow into lifecycle management while traditional process is more linear (Azhar, et
al. 2012). This notion of BIM resonates with IDP (Integrative design process). Mcdonald &
Persram (2011) credited IDP with helping buildings to achieve high performance and
significant reduction of cost and disruption by maximum integration at the beginning.

Figure 2.2 The logical basis of integrated design process ( Courtesy Larsson/ iiSBE).

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 Figure 2.3 Integrated design process ( Courtesy Larsson/ iiSBE).

Larsson (2004) as cited in Mcdonald & Persram (2011) emphasized IDP contained no
radically new elements, but integrated ‘well proven approaches into systematic total
process’. Gaps of knowledge while shifting from traditional to BIM process might raise some
operational project issues. In a laboratory exercise environment addressing issues of
previous experiences with CAD and mood of output as drawings to share information
generated necessary anticipation of needs of design collaboration while building models
which helped to overcome initial barriers and improved quality of the collaborative approach
(Plume & Mitchel, 2007).

Eastman et al (2008), considered role and process of design using BIM from four different
viewpoints: Concept design, design and analysis, developing construction level information
and design & construction integration: Conceptual design requiring generation of basic
building plan, its massing and general appearance, determining the building’s placement and
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orientation on the site, structure and basic building programs can be greatly enhanced using
BIM. Analysis requires intense collaboration among team members of specialists which can
be effectively generated by mix of configurable tools. Construction level information is still
outputted by drawings but in future practice, BIM model itself can serve as the legal basis for
construction documentation. Design and construction integration can easily be processed by
BIM as a collaboration facilitator to provide benefits of early identification of long lead-times
and shorten procurement process, value engineering as design proceeds, early exploration
and setting of design constraints related construction issues, facilitating identification of the
interaction, reducing differences between designed construction model and manufactured
model, significantly shortened cycle times for fabrication detailing.

2.4 Automatic code compliance check:

Investigative study refers parts of building codes as linguistically complex and are often
structured arbitrarily convoluted clusters requiring expert interpretations (Eastman et al,
2011). Fenves’ (1966) work initially addressed these issues of building codes and put efforts
in logical structure of building codes in decision table. Decision trees, regulation
management, families of related codes, question and answer user interface were some of
developing methods to address those issues.

Manual methods of building code check require analysis of presented building information,
counterchecks of references and output results against building codes by designers and so
has an increasing possibility of making mistakes during the process of code compliance
checking. (Tan, Hammad & Fazio, 2010). Wu and Handzuik (2013) found code checking for
‘Aging-in-Place’ projects daunting with manual code checking methods. Because, this
method involves building’s life cycle analysis. Building code changes over the life time of the
buildings and so maintaining consistency with changed building codes becomes
systematically complex with layers of codes that needed to be checked against the
submitted ‘Aging-in-place’ building proposal.

Industry contributions and academic research have responded to the issues. An institutional
approach to accommodate automatic code check was introduces in 1995 by Singapore
building officials considering code checking on two dimensional drawings which evolved to
CORENET in 1998 working with IFC (industry foundation classes) building models (Nawari,
2013). There have been other intensive research and dedicative efforts made to facilitate
automatic code compliance check. SmartCode initiative in the USA, Design check & Basix for
part of the codes in Australia are to be mentioned. Platforms that have initiated Automatic

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code checking and continued progress till this days were Solibri Model Checker, Jonte ED
model Checker and Fornax. The field of rule checking is only emerging (Eastman et al, 2011).

Eastman et al (2009) has articulated automatic code checking process in four different
stages: Rule interpretation, Building model preparation, Rule execution and Rule check
reporting; to evaluate case studies of Automatic code compliance check.

Rule interpretation is a logic-based method that interprets from natural language to process
able form of machine language using a predicate logic which is well defined and can be
evaluated as true or false. Ontology of names and properties translate rules onto context
and properties in which the rules apply. Implementation method tests contextual condition
using computer language encoded rules and parametric tables. Language driven is a longer
term rule implementation method that has been envisioned as predicate logic-based or

domain oriented.

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Building model preparations require adjustment to model views, derive implicit properties
using enhanced objects, and derive new models, performance-based model and integrated
analysis, Visibility of layout rule parameters. Model views might require purging of
unnecessary data and to include necessary details for code checking. Deriving implicit
properties using enhanced objects responses issues of insufficient information in the models
by precluding them in the object oriented programming principles. Deriving new models
require other efforts to prepare the model for code check. Performance-based model and
integrated analysis requires a specially derived model view, with its own geometry, materials
or other parameters as an input for executing the analysis/simulation. Visibility of layout rule
parameters on a drawing are assessed with instances of some type of layout requiring
filtering of redundant graphic checking.

Rule execution phase brings together the prepared building model with rules that apply to it
which can be performed by model view syntactic pre-checking and management of view
submissions. Model view syntactic pre-checking simplify rule execution by checking the rules
have been interpreted into computable forms consistent with functions. These functions
have been prepared to match the capabilities and information in the building model.
Management of view submissions is required to manage the completeness of rule checking
and model version consistency.

Rule check reports are rule instances graphical reporting and reference to source rule. Rule
instances graphical reporting represents the outcome of the check in a graphic format.
Reference to source rule can report much effectively outcome with references to the specific
rule.

The table is much explanatory of the overview of currently available rule checking systems.

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Figure 2.5 Overview matrix of rule checking systems (Courtesy C. Eastman)

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Figure 2.6 Automated code conformance checking ACCC System (Courtesy C. Eastman)

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 Figure 2.7 An approach to code compliance check. (Courtesy Tan)

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Figure 2.8 A framework for the EDM prototype system. (Courtesy Ding).

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Figure 2.9 A framework for the SMC prototype system. (Courtesy Ding)

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Figure 2.10 A framework of model checking system based on SMARTCodes. (Courtesy Wastman)

Figure 2.11 A framework of DesignCheck system (Courtesy DesignCheck)

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An overview of the proposed auto code checking frameworks presented above shows
approaches in which Auto code checking can be performed which differs in details but
maintain basic phases ( what are the basic phases) of Building code checking process as
articulated by Eastman et al (2011).

Nawari (2012) has proposed a cyclic process in which automatic code checking in building
design is integrated in the design process.

Figure 2.12 Automatic code checking in building design process. (Courtesy Eastman).

Eastman et al (2011) presented auto code checking process that mostly deals with post facto
application of rules. A cyclic code check evaluation applied during and supporting design
development might be utilized to check every design move and would allow immediate
identification of the action violating a rule to facilitate corrections. If the corrections are not
made when an error first occurs, then this association of the design action and the rule
violations should be saved for later management for correction to a design.

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2.5 Conclusion:

This can be concluded from the review of the literatures that BIM as a design process can
use time efficiently; check clashes & design errors early in the construction simulation stage
and save project time, cost & efforts. In theory, automatic code compliance check is
achievable utilizing BIM applications. There are areas of automatic code compliance check
using BIM applications need to be addressed. There are not many examples of fully
functional automatic code compliance checking applications. This is an emerging field of
BIM’s capacity. It is accepted that BIM as a design tool and a process requires new ways of
thinking than designing in a traditional process. Automatic code compliance check using BIM
as an emerging addition to BIM’s functional capacity will require further studies to be
conducted to utilized it’s full potentials. The following discussion fits in that space.

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3. Chapter Three: Research Method

1.1 Introduction

The research project introduces a question which seeks to find out an optimum time span
in the building design cycle in which automatic building code checking capabilities of BIM
will be utilized in code compliant building construction. The research question is analysed
to find out the key elements in the question. Analysis of the research question formulates
the hypothesis. Key elements of the hypothesis are designed to satisfy the key elements
of the research question. A methodological approach will be applied to research the key
elements of the hypothesis. Depending on the research findings, the hypothesis will
become a valid answer to the research question or the hypothesis will formulate a partial
answer with directions for future research.

1.2 Research Subjects

‘Automatic code compliance check using BIM’ is the primary research topic. An optimum
time span for applying the automatic code compliance check in the design process and
required skills are the secondary topic for the research. A suitable methodological
approach that will integrate with the initial approach to formulate the hypothetical
answer in response to the research question is investigated in the literature on research
methodologies.

The research hypothesis presumed BIM’s code checking capabilities in its operational
potential, and so, improved BIM skill would automatically determine an optimum time
span for the code checking task in the design cycle of code compliant building
construction at an individual level.

Presumptions of the hypothesis was investigated in the published literatures which have
indicated automatic building code check utilizing BIM applications is an emerging
capability of Building information modelling. Multiple theoretical code checking
frameworks with intensive research prove the possibility of such operation using BIM
applications. However, there remains a gap in the development and practical utilization of
such BIM application.

There are differences in BIM design process and traditional design process. Synthesisation
of information on stages of design process can suggest an optimum time span to draw out

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maximum benefits of utilizing BIM applications in the design cycle of code compliant
building construction.

1.3 Critical Discourse

Primary methodological formats often restrain research enquiries. In construction

management research studies use of liberated methodologies are observed frequently.
Quantitative, Qualitative, Mixed and Review are the four broad methodological
classifications in the building construction management industry research (Dainty, 2008.)

Strategies implied in architectural qualitative researches are holistic, prolonged contact,

Open-Ended, Research as Measurement Device, Analysis through words or visual material
and personal or Informal Writing Stance. (Groat & Wang, 2013).

Paul Chynoweth (2008) in his search to determine methods in ‘Legal research’ has utilised
Biglan, (1973) disciplinary model. This disciplinary model graphs contain

Figure 3.1 Disciplinary model. (Biglan, 1973).

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parameters from applied to pure on the vertical axis and hard to soft on the horizontal
axis. The model indicates law resides in the ‘Applied Soft’ quarter.

The proposed research topic: Automatic building code check using BIM applications
relates to fields of studies of technology, management, design and law. Applying Biglan
(1973) disciplinary model indicates the research dwells near the neutral axis in ‘Applied
soft’ quarter of the spectrum.

Les Ruddock (2008) explained an economic research method starting with a hypothesis. In
that systematic approach, it included theoretical identification, data collection and pre-

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Figure 3.2 Economic models: Methodology flow chart (based on Maddala, 2000).
 processing, statistical selection and usage.

This methodology of identifying a hypothesis and collecting, processing and selecting data
to synthesize an outcome conceptually resonate with this research initiative.

Grounded theory approach in architectural qualitative research (Gorat & Wang, 2013)
investigates the subject matter holistically and without preset opinions or notions.
Grounded theory approach suits the uncertainty of finding a suitable time span.

1.4 Application of Methodology

The research project proposes to utilize a mixed methodology to wrench out the
suitability of hypothetical answer to the research question.

The proposed research method was initially separated in three different stages. The
intention of the separation was to help identifying particular methods to be applied in
each stages and simplify the cognitive process.

First stage of the research was to collect data on building construction codes, regulatory
authorities and other compliance checks bodies for building construction. Arrays of the
collected data would be used to create a possible syntax which could be used in stages of
the design cycle in a progressive manner. This stage of the research requires collection
and processing of qualitative data.

In the second stage of the research, BIM applications’ code checking capabilities would be
investigated. The investigation process would include review of BIM applications, case
studies of BIM applications in checking building construction code. A comparison of the
BIM applications in their capabilities of automatically checking building codes would be
conducted and would be presented in a formative manner.

Third stage of the research would include quantitative methods. A questionaries survey of
building designers’ knowledge on BIM applications’ code checking capabilities would be
conducted. Questions would mostly be closed ended. Data collected in this process would
direct the research quantitatively. A conclusion could be drawn from this stage of the
research in conjunction with the research hypothesis.

Outcome of first and second stages of the research would be used in composing a
guideline to utilize BIM applications code checking capabilities. Findings of first and
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second stages of the research would be a complement to the third stage of the research
in proving the hypothesis. Third stages of the research needed not to be conducted if BIM
applications’ code checking capabilities lacked significantly behind the requirement of a
code compliant building construction. Building designers knowledge of BIM would be
taken as concurrent and the hypothesis will be proven wrong.

However, a reviewed research method was proposed after initial research findings in the
literature which indicated auto code checking capabilities of building information
modelling is at a developing stage. Industry initiatives and academic researches exploring
the possible suitable frameworks to implement auto code checking capabilities in Building
information modelling applications are gradually progressing. There are examples of
practical utilization of auto code checking capabilities in real projects to prove the
functional capacity of proposed auto code checking framework. Available auto building
code compliance check using building information modelling skills with in the building
design and construction industry are expected to be significantly marginal. A survey to
collect quantitative data from users of auto building code compliance check utilizing
building information modelling to determine a suitable time span of wrenching out
maximum benefit has been abandoned for future exploration.

The reviewed research method to derive hypothetical answer to the research question

Figure 3.3 Applied research method.

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 has four different stages starting with analysis, collection, synthesis and evaluation.

Analysis stage comprises critical investigation of the research question with prior
knowledge of the research topic. This investigation points out the key issues hidden in the
research question. Key issues are then neutralizing with hypothetical answers. The
hypothetical answer is then critically analysed to find out key topics. Key topics are then
separated. These separated key topics are then prepared to be investigated.

Collection of data stage includes literature reviews of published articles, books, building
information modelling applications. These are more qualitative data than quantitative
data. Holistic data collection approach on each separated topic is utilized. These data gets
synthesized.

Synthesis process is latent with in the data collection stages. This process is more about
connecting the collected data on those separated topics. Collected data logically connects
or disconnects to each other which are discussed in the discussion. This process will
inevitably lead to the outcome of the hypothetical answer to the research question.

Evaluation stage indicates success of the research hypothesis in relation to the research
questions. This stage also discusses the failure of the hypothesis or areas of the
hypothesis require improvements or corrections. Depending on the findings this stage can
raise new hypothesis and create a cyclic process starting with analysis.

1.5 Limitations

The research project utilizes mixed method to eliminate constraint of a strictly formulated
research method. This mixed method has strength and limitation when applied to this
research project.

Firstly, the research project is limited within the time span of the course. This time
limitation attribute of the research project restricts data collection stage of this project.
Collection of data on topics which have been separated in the analysis stage might not be
covered with in this limited time span. Time limitation also partially blocks out the
opportunity in reapplying the method to formulate different hypothetical answers to the
research questions.

Secondly, the research method has cyclic order imbedded within the research process. This
cyclic order of method requires intuitive initiative to terminate the research process at a
certain point to verify the hypothetical answer to the research question. Otherwise,
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application of this research method will continue endlessly without any fruitful research
outcome which will become waste of time and effort.

Thirdly, data collection process in this research applies holistic approach. This holistic
approach does not clarify funnelling or ordering system in gathering qualitative data.
Qualitative data collected in this process only maintain a vogue separation in accordance
with the separated topics.

While researching, the above mentioned limitations will be given appropriate consideration
to minimize their effectiveness on finding the suitability of the hypothesis of the research
question.

1.6 Conclusion

The method applied to conduct this research includes mixed mode of methodology. The
point of departure for this research project is a hypothetical research question. After
analysis of the question a hypothetical answer was formulated. Further analysis was
conducted on hypothetical answer to find out topics to collect data. These collected data
was synthesised to find out the suitability of the hypothetical answer to the research
question.

Grounded theory approach (Gorat & Wang, 2013) which investigates the subject matters
holistically will be utilised here while collecting quality data. The research method also
implements part of the economic research approach as explained by Les Ruddock (2008).
The systematic design model (Duerk, 1993 as cited in Goart & Wang, 2013) approach
consisting of Analysis, Synthesis & Evaluation has much commonality with the proposed
research method for this research project. The systematic design model has been argued as
a design process to generate design ideas though good design ideas do not follow analysis
and there is no solid boundary between analysis and synthesis.

The proposed research method introduces data collection stage in between analysis and
synthesis stage and an evaluation stage at the end. Similar to the systematic design model
approach as a design process, it can be argued that after the analysis stage of the research
process the research hypothesis might not logically make sense to the research question
without the collection, synthesis and evaluation stages.

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4. Chapter Four: Discussion

4.1 Introduction:

Building information modelling is comparatively a new mood of design, documentation and

representation in the building construction industry. Automatic building code check is a
developing technology with in building information modelling. This research project
investigate an answer to the research question of finding a suitable stage to utilize the
automatic code checking capabilities of building information modelling for maximum
benefit. Literature review and qualitative data collected in this research study suggests
building design process is individualistic. Building design method varies from person to
person. But, building design practice and building construction industries follows moderately
standard design process. Research study suggested building information modelling requires
different design process approach than traditional design process. Building design process
utilized in the building design & construction industry will play a vital role to decide the
stages in which automatic code checking capabilities of building information modelling can
be used effectively. This research points out structured building information modelling
design process which can facilitate automatic code checking in the stages of building design
process. However, translation and interpretation of building codes remains a challenging
barrier to automatic code compliance checking technology of building information
modelling. Research studies and collected research data suggests only part of building codes
has been interpreted in the practical example of auto code checking using building
information modelling in real life construction projects. This research project envisions the
possibilities of rearranging regulatory building codes. These rearranged regulatory building
codes can be applied in the stages of building information modelling in building design
process. This discussion points out the possibilities of above narrated hypothetical method
with limited examples form the collected data to support research findings.

4.2 Automatic Building code check using BIM:

Building code check is a stage of building construction process mostly comes after design
and documentation stages when building design documents are submitted to the building
code checking authority. Building code checking authority processes submitted building
design documents applying mostly manual methods. Singapore Corenet is the automated
building code checking system initiated by Singapore building construction authority in
1995 to process 2D Cad documents online. The Corenet system was further developed to
check 3d models in 2009. (Eastman, 2009). Corenet is an example of checking codes by
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building code checking authority’s automated code checking system at the end of the
design and documentation process. In building and construction industries, building code is
a vital component to get building design approved to be constructed. Eastman (2009) has
investigated five different automatic code checking systems: Corenet Singapore,
Norwegian Statsbygg’s design rule checking efforts, Design check by cooperative research
centre for construction innovation in the Australia, International code council, General
services administration design rule checking. These rule checking systems have been
arrayed in a table format which indicates the comparative overview of rule checking in
accordance with the narrated rule checking process. This comparative study recommends
that building information modelling has the capability of checking building codes
automatically. Focus of this research study circulates around capabilities of automatic
building code checking system than any specific stages of the design process in which these
rule checking systems should be applied for maximum benefits.

Review of different design processes provide enough evidences to conclude that building
information modelling requires different approach to building design and construction.
Larsson’s (2005) integrated design process indicates building design process using building
information modelling follows a circular sequence of design steps. Preliminary design step
includes checking of existing site conditions and site boundaries and regulatory site
restrictions. From develop concept design step to preliminary verification step building
design requires different regulatory issues to be checked and resolved such as site
development restrictions, selecting building types and structures, developing building
envelope design, developing and resolving environmental performances. These suggested
approximate design steps require preliminary regulatory building design codes to be
consulted. Building design processes using building information modelling require intuitive
restructuring of building design codes. These intuitive restructuring of building design code
varies in accordance with the experience and skills of the designer. Current Auto code
checking applications using building information modelling have limited capability and
capacity to accommodate such restructuring of building design codes. Regulatory
environmental performance requirement of Australian building design code commonly
named as Part J can be effectively checked by Building information modelling applications.
Australian Building sustainability index Basix implies a user oriented web based input
system. A basic Building information model with required environmental information is
uploaded in this web based auto code checking system to measure environmental
performance of building design. An environmental performance certificate is issued after
the completion of code checking. This certificate accompanied with marked plans is
submitted to the regulatory authority for development or construction approval. In this
process of regulatory code checking, automatic code check of environmental performance
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plays a partial and complementary role. At what stage of the building design process this
environmental performance check will be conducted to satisfy Part J of Australian Building
code depends on the designer. Review of BASIX compliance audit program (April, 2013)
informs most building designer marks plans with detailed Basix elements in their submitted
plan documents at DA stage which differs very little from CC document submission, though
DA documentation requires fewer details to be marked on the submitted documents.
These apparent user-behaviour suggests Basix Certificate for environmental performance
of building design maintains it’s own space in the building design process and is completed
at an early stage of the building design. This can cause disintegration to the overall building
design outcome which might require further changes in future and might results in
acquiring another environmental performance Basix Certificate at developed building
design stage. Retrospectively, design decisions made on the environmental grounds at an
early stage of the building design might dominate the building design process and future
changes to building design. This is required to mention that Automatic code check of
environmental performance of building design stated in part J of Australian building code is
a progressive process to automatic building code checking process. But the current building
regulatory check process involves two dimensional design documentation preparation and
submission. The disintegration of overall design process or domination of environmental
design decisions at an early stage of building design due to completed and acquired Basix
Certificate is a systematic problem of checking building codes in two dimensional manual
and three dimensional automatic system in which the former process maintains its
systematic priority. The Basix Certificate, a graphic or word format report generation of
automatic building code check, accompanies marked plans in the two dimensional design
documentation submission. This dual systems of checking regulatory building codes
involves significant time demanding preparatory efforts from building designers and
architects. This time demanding preparatory efforts can be improved using solely
Automatic regulatory code checks of building designs using building information modelling
with higher level of efficiency in the building design process. Automatic regulatory code
checks of building designs is expected to take over two dimensional manual regulatory
building code checks in future.

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 Figure 4.1 Example of BASIX Certificate (Courtesy BASIX)

Xiangyang Tan, Amin Hammad and Paul Fazio (2010) demonstrated building envelop can be
checked automatically using building information modelling applications. The discussion
remains within the limit of ‘hygro-thermal’ performance of building envelop. The steady R
value of a wall/roof,steady vapor permeability, the occurrence of condensation within a
building envelope, and condensation rate were obtained using steady-state calculation.
Autodesk BIM software Ecotech (2011) can perform a comprehensive sustainability
analysis on building envelop. Whole building energy analysis: to calculate total energy use
and carbon emissions of building model, thermal performance: to calculate heating and
cooling loads of models and analyse effects of occupancy, internal gains, infiltration and
equipment, water usage and cost evaluation: to estimate water use inside and outside of
the building, solar radiation: to visualize incident solar radiation on windows and surfaces,
daylighting: to calculate daylight factors and illuminance levels at any point in the model,
shadows and reflections: to display the sun’s position and path relative to the model at any
date, time and location are stated capabilities on Ecotech broachers. These environmental

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analysis capabilities will certainly help building designers to design building with required
or higher environmental performance requirements of building codes.

Figure 4.2 Example of Ecotect Solar radiation analysis. ( Courtesy Ecotect)

Figure 4.3 Example of Ecotect Shading analysis. (Courtesy Ecotect)

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 Figure 4.4 Example of Ecotect indoor Light analysis. (Courtesy Ecotect)

Figure 4.5 Example of Ecotect Building surface analysis. (Courtesy Ecotect).

This is required to mention, Autodesk Ecotech building information modelling software

does not guarantee regulatory authorities environmental performance certificate.

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Ecototech is a user oriented stand-alone Autocode checking software using building
information modelling. Basix Certificate and NatHERS (Nationwide House Energy Rating
Scheme) are regulatory authority’s automatic code checking system which are web based.
Ecotech can help building designers and similar professional to design energy efficient
building to achieve net zero energy ratings in the earlier stages of building design process.
Basix or NER certificate are regulatory requirement submitted with building plans to the
regulatory authorities. Buildings designed with the aid of Autodesk Ecotech have higher
chance to receive Basix certificate or NER ratings certificate with higher efficiency in the
design process by saving times for modification or alteration to the virtual BIM models.
Collaboration between these Automatic code checking BIM applications from early design
stages to certification can transform into a streamline design process to check regulatory
building code automatically which will meet the building and construction industry
demand by improving efficiency in regulatory check process and that in return will impact
the entire economic development.

Further development of regulatory building code checks using building information

modelling application involves Part D of Australian building code on Access and Egress.
‘DesignCheck,’ an automatic code checking BIM application and examines Part D of
Australian building code automatically. DesignCheck has used EDM platform. ‘General
services Administration’ funded similar rule checking system for circulation and security
validation of US Courthouse using Solibri platform. (Graphic evidences). These automatic
rule checking systems provide sufficient evidence that Access and Egress can be checked
automatically using BIM application. These BIM applications also create proven platforms
to transform manual building code checking into automatic building code checking in the
coming years.

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 Figure 4.6 Example of Solibri space analyses. (Courtesy Solibri)

Figure 4.7 Example of Solibri Escape route analyses. (Courtesy Solibri)

Fiatech ran a project feasibility test on Autocodes project. Fiatech worked with Solibri
model checking platform. In phase 1, proof-of-concept’s management report it is evident

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that building code can be automatically checked using BIM application. More than 85% of
the AHJ (Authority Having Jurisdiction) representatives confirmed that they will approve
the submitted building drawings checked by BIM application if all the A&E (Access and
Egress) items that were commented on were fixed. (Fiatech, 2012).

Above discussions on automatic code checks using building information modelling

applications prove that Part J and Part D of BCA (Building Code of Australia) check can be
successfully performed using Building information modelling application. The discussion
only provides indicative direction about the stage Autocode check BIM applications should
be utilized in the design process. Given the specialised performance of specific auto code
check BIM applications, it can be suggested that Building Information model can be
prepared to perform specific code test at a progressive design stage which might require a
different design approach.

4.3 Suggested design process utilising BIM:

Building design process is individualistic with various method of traditional approach.

Building design utilising Building Information Modelling requires different approach.
Standardized building information modelling documentation methods have been
developed which can be utilized in the building design process as an approach. Building
Information Modelling documentation standard can act as a guideline to the method to
design building utilizing BIM application.

Building Information modelling documentation standards guide BIM users to create

professional industry standard building models. Standard BIM models streamline
information exchange between professionals, consultants and regulatory bodies. AEC (UK)
BIM Standard for Autodesk Revit and ANZRS (Australia and New Zealand Revit Standards)
are few of the initiative to meet industry demand in producing standard building
information models.

Graded component creation (BIM standard, 2010) methodology plays an important

direction to create BIM component. According to AEC (UK) BIM standard for Revit,
Component should be created in 3 different stages, Grade 1: Concept. Grade 2: Defined
and Grade 3: Rendered.

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 Figure 4.8 Object modelling using UK component grade (Courtesy Practical BIM)

Similar methodology in modelling with BIM is recommended in AIA (American Institute of

Architect) BIM protocol E202. LOD 100, LOD 200, LOD 300, LOD 400, LOD 500 are the detail
level outlined in AIA BIM protocol.

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Figure 4.9 Architectural modelling based on Level of Details AIA BIM standard E202. (Courtesy VAN).
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Graded component creation or Level of Detail/Development is the most suitable design
process to utilize automatic building code check utilizing building information modelling
applications. These design processes stage out building designs. Building codes staged out
in accordance with these design process stages will allow simultaneous code check.

Building codes essentially guides building designers in the building design process. In
traditional practice building codes are checked by building surveyor before submitting to
the regulatory authority. User oriented automatic building code checking BIM applications
are bound to become helping tool for building designer. If these building codes are
separated and staged in accordance with the stages of building design process, then
automatic building code check becomes much effective tools for building designer to make
building design decisions at early stage. Building design using building information
modelling utilizing Graded Component Creation or LOD (Level of details/development)
methods are segregated and well-staged.

Taking these BIM methods to design buildings, at conceptual stage (Grade 1 or LOD 100),
building designers can check regulatory building codes that apply to this stage such as Site
restrictions, setbacks and/or height requirements or restrictions, mass or volumetric
requirement of specific building types. A simple massing model will allow these checks with
automatic Building information modelling code checking applications. At schematic design
stage (Grade 2 or LOD 200), Access and Egress requirements of regulatory building codes,
Sunlight-daylight & cross ventilation requirements of regulatory building codes, Internal
space requirements of specific building types, opening numbers and types can be checked
automatically using Automatic code checking applications of Building Information
Modelling. Part D of Building Code of Australia (renamed as National Construction Code)
and few elements of Part J can be checked effectively using Automatic code checking
applications at this stage. At construction documentation stage (Grade 3 or LOD 300),
environmental performance of buildings due to selection of building materials and detailed
energy analysis can be conducted with appropriate Automatic Building code checking BIM
applications. Part J of Building Code of Australia can be satisfactorily checked at this stage.
At other stages (LOD 400 or LOD 500), MEP (Mechanical, Electrical and Plumbing)
requirements of Building Code of Australia can be checked using automatic code checking
BIM applications.

Automatic building code check using BIM applications using BIM modelling methods
facilitate simultaneous and stream line design process. Designers can utilize automatic
code checking BIM applications simultaneously with other design inputs to make
alterations & modifications to building design which effectively helps to make right design
decisions at an early stage to design code compliant buildings. This perspective of checking
automatic building code check using BIM application is user oriented and designer friendly.
Other perspective of using automatic code check using BIM applications is regulatory
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authorities’ certification. It is also possible to utilize automatic building code check in stages
with regulatory authorities regulation check process namely Development Application,
Construction Certificate, Occupation Certificate. It can be argued that automatic building
code check utilizing BIM applications would provide maximum benefit to building designers
if these automatic building code checking BIM applications are utilized simultaneously with
BIM design methods.

4.4 Limitation:

Building design is not confined within any singular design method or any standardized
design process. Building designers’ motivation to create and to produce good designs still
remain with in individual’s skills, ability and capacity to accumulate and to translate
‘unknown’ into ‘known’. BIM design methods or standards are well defined to be used as a
guideline to reach the end point of that particular design stage.

Building code check has widely been perceived as only regulatory requirements with
restrictions to creative development in the arena of creative designers. As such, this has
been argued that regulatory building code check at an early stage of building design limits
creativity and unlimited capacity of imagination.

Authoritative and administrative capacity of regulatory bodies does not always support
user oriented environment. Regulatory building code check maintains an authoritative
requirement to meet a minimum standard for safety, security and wellbeing of the building
users.

Automatic building code check using Building information modelling applications are
mostly in the early stage of development with much complexity to interpret linguistics into
logics. Exemplary works on automatic code check using BIM applications were mostly
conducted on parts of building codes to prove concept.

4.5 Results:

BIM standard as a design method suits simultaneous use of automatic code check using
BIM applications. Design process differs significantly at an individual level for creative
works. Moderately standard design stages are followed in practice of building design and
construction to facilitate collaboration and efficient workflow. Knowledge and
understanding of design process improves communications with in building industry
professionals. Standard design method or protocol becomes essential in that respect.

Automatic building code check using BIM application is in a stage of development.

Complexity of building code automation is a barrier to this development which will be
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overcome in coming days. Automatic building code check using BIM applications in
accordance with design stages will certainly become a great design tool to design code
compliant building.

4.6 Conclusion:

Automatic building code check using BIM application is inherently connected to design
method applied in the building design process to execute maximum benefit. This discussion
maintains a conceptual state of the proposed research subject. Evidential proves of the
concept in practice would require significant exemplary data collection from suitable auto
code checking BIM applications. This conceptual discussion will guide development of
automatic building code checking BIM applications. BIM modelling standard as a design
method in the design process along with developed automatic code checking BIM
applications in a suitable data collection environment will provide evidential prove of
simultaneous usage to execute maximum benefits of automatic code checking applications
in the design cycle.

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5. Chapter Five: Conclusion

5.1 Conclusion – Research Objective

The research studies has investigated BIM applications, design process, code compliant
capabilities of BIM applications and stages or phases in a design process utilizing BIM
standard or methods.

Originating from CAD (Computer aided design/drafting) tools, BIM (Building information
modelling/management) has evolved. Two dimensional line design work has transformed
into three dimensional design models and further information regarding models attributes
have been embedded in those design models to be represented as BIM models. Capacity of
embedding information in BIM models is increasing with the development and upgrade of
computing and information technology.

Design process is individualistic but follows moderately standard design stages in practice.
Design motivation, influence and creative output are dependent on individual’s capacity to
collect, analyse & synthesize ‘unknown’ into ‘known’ representation. Applying same design
method design outcome differs individualistically.

BIM applications are capable of checking building codes automatically. Several BIM
applications have been developed based on different ‘rule interpretation’ platform.
Translating ‘Linguistic’ into ‘logic’ remain as a challenge to the development of auto
building code checking applications. Pilot projects have proven BIM applications’ ability to
check building codes automatically.

Qualitative data of this investigation has been discussed in a synthesising manner to

compose a suitable ‘stage’ or ‘phase’ in the design process to execute maximum benefit of
auto code checking capability of BIM applications. It has been suggested that stages of BIM
standards or BIM modelling methods provide the best suitable phasing for simultaneous
usage of ‘staged out’ auto code checking BIM applications.

5.2 Conclusion – Research Aims

The research aimed to investigate BIM process and skills involved, evaluate code checking
capabilities of BIM application and Synthesize information to compose a suitable ‘phase’ or
‘stage’ to execute maximum benefit.

Literature review and collected qualitative data suggested that building design using ‘BIM’
applications require different approach than traditional method of building design. BIM
standards or modelling methods is capable of constituting a ‘BIM’ design process which
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might help to streamline ‘BIM’ processes involved in building design and construction
industries.

Investigation of literatures solidified that extensive researches have been conducted to

evaluate automatic code checking capabilities of BIM applications which will generate
future directions.

Synthesisation of collected qualitative data has been discussed to composed out suitable
‘stage’ or ‘phase’ to utilize automatic building code checking capabilities of BIM
applications simultaneously in the design process.

The research maintains the status of a conceptual guideline to streamline BIM process in
building design and construction industries with simultaneous usage of auto code check
BIM applications in the building design process.

5.3 Conclusion – Research Question

The research started with an investigative question of finding a suitable usage stage of
Building Information Modelling auto code checking systems in the building design cycle to
achieve maximum benefit for compliance checking.

The research has hypothesized an answer to the research question with emphasize on
improving BIM skills to create auto-code checking capabilities of Building Information
Modelling as an integral part of building design cycle to be used simultaneously to produce
code compliant design outcome. Within the limit and scope of the research, the focus was
to find a suitable design stage in the building design process to utilize automatic build code
checking building information modelling applications simultaneously to execute maximum
benefit of compliance checking.

A mixed research method was applied to find an answer to the research question.
Qualitative data was collected on design processes, BIM (Building information
modelling/management) applications, automatic building code checking BIM applications,
BIM design methods or standards. Analysis and synthesis of the collected qualitative data
and evaluation of the hypothetical answer to the research question formulated a suitable
‘stage’ or ‘phase’ in the design process for simultaneous use of automatic code checking
building information modelling applications. The research finding maintain a conceptual
guideline to utilize auto code checking capabilities of BIM applications simultaneously in

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the design cycle of building construction to achieve maximum benefit of compliance
checking.

5.4 Scope for Further Research

Automatic building code check is relatively new research area in the progression of building
information modelling. The research subject has broader prospect. The research was
completed within the time limit of the course.

Further research should be conducted to materialise the concept. A proof of concept pilot
project with appropriate Building information modelling applications and BIM design
method is essential to evaluate the hypothetical answer to the research question.

A survey of users of the automatic building code checking building Information modelling
applications would provide indication of BIM skills present in the building and construction
industry.

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Appendix
A Preliminary Survey Questionaries was formulated to evaluate knowledge and skills of Building
Information Modelling and Automatic building code checking capabilities of BIM applications
available in the building construction industries. Due to limitation of time, a human ethics
approval was not received to conduct the survey.

Automatic building codes check using BIM

applications.
Your participation in the survey is earnestly requested.
This survey is a part of the Master of Architecture dissertation research project. The
research on automatic building codes check using BIM applications will enrich building
designers, educators, students and practitioners with concurrent knowledge of auto code
checking capabilities of existent BIM applications. Contribution of the research will manifest
as a guideline in implementing BIM applications in the design cycle of code compliant
building construction.
The survey will contribute to the research in understanding the knowledge range of practical
uses of automatic codes checking capabilities of BIM applications with in the building
industry. The survey results will be used in determining a suitable stage to utilize automatic
code checking capabilities of BIM applications in the design cycle of building construction.
Success of this project may have an impact on the progress of automatic codes checking
process and designing codes compliant building using BIM applications.

1. What type of organisation do you work for?

(Mark only one oval.)
Architecture and Building design
Building Construction
Building Surveying
Other:

2. What role do you perform with in the organisation?

(Mark only one oval.)
Designer
Documenter
Drafter
Other:

3. Which Australian States does your organisation construct building?

(Mark only one oval.)
NSW
VIC
QLD
ACT
NT
WA
SA
TAS
Other:

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4. Does your company use BIM applications?
(Mark only one oval.)
Yes
No

5. What purpose do you use BIM applications?

(Mark only one oval.)
Design
Documentation
Design presentation
Construction Management
Code checking
Other:

6. Are you aware of automatic code checking capabilities of BIM applications?

(Mark only one oval.)
Yes
No

7. How do you ensure codes compliance of building design?

(This question is relevant to building designer)
(Mark only one oval.)
In house building codes consultant
Independent Building surveyor's certificate
Other:

8. Do you use different methods to check different building codes?

(Mark only one oval.)
Yes
No
Other:

9. Are you aware of Basix Certificate?

(Mark only one oval.)
Yes
No

10. How do you obtain Basix Certificate?

(Mark only one oval.)
In house Basix consultant
Independent Basix consultant
Other:

11. Do you use any BIM applications in documenting Basix Certificate Applications?
(Mark only one oval.)
Yes
No

12. Are you aware of Nathers assessment?

(Mark only one oval.)
Yes
No
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13. Which Nathers software have you used?
(Mark only one oval.)
FirstRate 5
BERS pro
Accu Rate
None
Other:

14. Are you aware of BIM applications to check accessibility?

(Mark only one oval.)
Yes
No

15. Have you used solibri model checker?

(Mark only one oval.)
Yes
No

16. Have you used Express data manager?

(Mark only one oval.)
Yes
No

17. Have you used any other applications to check building codes?

18. If all the building codes are automated, at what stage in design cycle would you
utilize the application to check code compliance?
(Mark only one oval.)
Early in the concept design stage
Schematic design stage
Developed design stage
End of design stage
Simultaniously in every stages
Other:

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