MISR JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING ISSN-Print: 1687-384X

https://mjae.journals.ekb.eg/ ISSN-Online: 2636-3062

Misr J. Ag. Eng., 41 (4): 341 – 358 DOI: 10.21608/mjae.2024.308306.1142
A NEW HYBRID SYSTEM WITH A SOLAR PV
AND A HYDROGEN FUEL CELL
Kassem A.S. 1 , A. E. Eissa2 , Abdalla Zaineldin 1,
S. G. Hemeda3 and Abdelaziz I. Omara1
1
Prof. of Ag. and Biosystem Eng. Dept., Fac. of Ag, Alex. U., Egypt.
2
Assistant Lect., Fac. of Ag. Saba Basha, Alex. U., Egypt.
3
Researcher, Ag. Eng. Res. Inst., Ag. Res. Centre, Egypt.
* E-mail: ameraeissa@alexu.edu.eg
ABSTRACT
This research focuses on developing a hybrid energy system using
photovoltaic cells and hydrogen fuel cells. The system provides
electricity during the day and produces electricity at night without
batteries. The study was conducted at a testing station for tractors
and agricultural machinery, Alexandria Governorate latitude
31°11' 34.6"N, longitude 29°54' 17.5"E, and 15 meters above sea
level. The tilt angle was adjusted 46 ˚. The hybrid system consists of
three main units: PV solar panel, electrolyzer, and fuel cell units.
The project intends to create a hybrid energy system capable of
meeting specified system requirements both during the day and at
night. A computer program will explain the system and calculate
© Misr J. Ag. Eng. (MJAE) the energy of the solar panels, fuel cell stacks, and the flow rate
of hydrogen from the electrolyzer. It will also compute the number
Keywords: of units required in all phases of the hybrid system. The study
Photovoltaic; Electrolyzer; found great harmony between experiment results and
PEM fuel cell; Modeling; mathematical models at each phase of a hybrid energy system
Performance assessment. using solar panels and fuel cells, including power generation,
hydrogen production, and energy production.
1. INTRODUCTION

T he ever-increasing demand for petroleum-based such as natual gas, Petroleum crude,

and burning coal is driving society's development of renewable energy sources
(Rusdianasari et al.). Many sources of energy that is sustainable, such as wind turbines
(W-T) and solar photovoltaic, clean and abundant in nature, are now sophisticated, cost-
effective, and widely used, while others, such as proton exchange membrane fuel cells-
(PEMFC), to convert hydrogen's chemical energy directly to electricity, leaving only pure
water and potentially valuable heat as byproducts.(Touati et al., 2012). PV applications have
become more prevalent in both industrialised and underdeveloped countries. The primary
energy consumed globally is only 1/10,000 of the available consumption on the surface of
sunny countries. Egypt is geographically located in the heart of the global solar belt between
latitudes 22° and 32° north of the equator, and, therefore, if solar energy is adequately
exploited, it may become powerful enough to provide enough energy for humanity in the future.
Whereas natural changes in solar radiation and temperature cause energy fluctuations in the PV
system, making it difficult to store the energy generated by the PV system for backup. So, The

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greatest solution to this issue is to suggest a hybrid energy system that incorporates energy-
efficient practices (Kamal & Hassan, 2016). Hydrogen is an adaptable energy carrier that may
be used to satisfy virtually any end-use energy need. (Roy & Pramanik, 2023). A fuel- cell is
a type of electrochemical gadget. Employs fuel source, such as hydrogen, and an oxidant to generate
electricity. A fuel- cell, like the batteries found under the hoods of vehicles or in flashlights,
transforms chemical energy to electrical energy. Fuel- cells have various advantages over traditional
power sources such as internal combustion engines and batteries. Fuel -cells can reduce pollution
resulting from the combustion of fossil fuels; only byproduct of hydrogen fuel cells at the time of
use is water. They are more fuel-efficient, make less noise, and emit no hazardous pollutants at the
time of use. (Chakraborty et al., 2022). Several research works have been reported in literature
on fuel cell systems depending on methanol fuel cell. The aim of this research is to develop a
hybrid PV/fuel cell system for remote desert areas in Egypt, where the remote desert area lacks
both electricity and other sources of energy. In addition, all the traditional sources of energy
harm the environment by increasing the carbon dioxide in the environment, which may cause
the destruction of the ozone layer. Due to the above obstacles in the Egyptian desert, the hybrid
PV/fuel cell will offer a good environment-saving solution It also aims to create a mathematical
model that simulates the hybrid energy system of solar energy and hydrogen fuel cells, as it was
used to a simulation software, or model, was created for the system using a mathematical
approach. Using various mass fluxes of air and salt water, the HF membranes' performance was
evaluated in order to maximize the system's operational efficiency (Elewa et al., 2023).
The work aims to develop a hybrid energy system that can meet specific system requirements
both day and night. A computer program will describe the system, determine solar panel energy,
fuel cell stacks energy, and hydrogen flow rate from electrolyzer. It will also calculate the
number of needed units in all phases of hybrid system.
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1. Materials:
Figures 1 show the hybrid solar-proton exchange membrane fuel cells system as a renewable
energy system consists mainly of five main units a photovoltaic panels unit, an inverter unit,
hydrogen electrolyzer, hydrogen tanks, and a fuel cell.

Fig. (1): Diagram of hybrid solar-fuel cells system

2.1.1. The photovoltaic Solar Cell module:

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A photovoltaic module manufactured by Trina Solar company model TSM-325-DD06M.05. Table 1

show solar panel specifications.
Table (1): PV module's characteristics:

2.1.2. Inverter unit:

Regarding the inverter, as shown in figure 2 that is manufactured by generic, type
B09KNWWPWD, it has already been reported with more details as Power Inverter-1000 Watt.
The home and outdoor inverter transforms 12V DC battery power into conventional 220V AC
power output with two continuous 220V AC outlets, two USB ports, and two AC outlets.

Fig. (2): Perspective view of e Inverter unit.

2.1.3. Wet Electrolyzer unit:
An electrolyzer was used as shown in figure 3 to produce hydrogen, which is collected and then
used when needed. The wet electrolyzer was used like a dry electrolyzer unit in the case of design,
but it is encircled by an outer box that permits the electrolyzer unit to be submerged in water. Which
increases the efficiency of electrolyzer.

Fig. (3): The manufactured wet type electrolyzer.

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2.1.4. Hydrogen tanks unit:

As depicted in figure (4) a hydrogen tank is a container used to store hydrogen in its gaseous state.
They may also go by the name hydrogen cans, cartridges, or cylinders It’s has specification:
• The Composite Overwrapped Pressure Vessel (COPV) H2 Max 29L hydrogen liquid
has superior fast-filling capabilities.
• Perfect for harsh environments and cryogenic applications
• A working pressure of 3.5 bar for the custom cylinder.

Fig. (4): Hydrogen cylinder tank.

2.1.5. Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFC) unit:

An apparatus for producing electricity that directly transforms the chemical energy of hydrogen and
oxygen is a hydrogen fuel -cell. The reversible reaction of water electrolysis is the fundamental idea .
The anode and cathode receive supplies of hydrogen and oxygen, respectively. Electrons are
delivered to the cathode by external convection after hydrogen diffuses through the anode and
interacts with the electrolyte. Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell parameters are displayed
in Table (2) and Figure 5, respectively.

Fig. (5): Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFC).

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Table (2): The specifications of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells:

2.2. Theory of the system methodology work:

The Theory of the system methodology work depends on three aspects:
1. Solar radiation is captured by photovoltaic cells that convert solar radiation into electrical
energy. The electrical energy obtained is used to operate the required electrical loads.
2. Electrical energy and an increase in operating need is also used to use it in the electrical
analyst for water, where the water molecule (H2O) is available as a molecule of hydrogen
(H2) and a molecule of oxygen (O2). These molecules are stored in tubes or hydrogen tanks.
3. The stored hydrogen can also be used in the period of the sun's absence to feed the fuel cell
to supply the farm with the necessary electrical energy.
At the end, each unit is studied separately to reach the best results and specifications for each
group, then they are combined to reach the best results and specifications for the required
system. A number of solar panels are used that are sufficient to operate the loads during the
day and sufficient to operate the electrolyzer to produce hydrogen, which must be of a size
Sufficient hydrogen is able to feed a sufficient amount of hydrogen fuel cell units that operate
the loads at night during the absence of the sun.
2.3. Mathematical Hybrid Power System consideration:
2.3.1. Mathematical consideration of a PEMFC:
The theoretical power request (Pld) from the stack for a given external load resistance (Rstk) is
computed by (Altork, 2010) :
2
𝑉𝑙𝑑
𝑃𝑠𝑡𝑘 = …………………………………………….………………...………..(1)
𝑅𝑠𝑡𝑘
where:
Vld : The external load voltage (18 V).
External load resistance (Rstk), which is affected by the change in the operating temperature of
the fuel cell, which is also affected by the change in operating loads, can be calculated as in the
following equations (Carmo et al., 2011).

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𝜎∗𝐿
Ro = ……………………………………………………………………………..(2)
𝐴

Rstk = Ro (1+α ΔT) ……………………..……………………………………...……..(3)

Where:
Ro: the initial load resistant in (Ω).
𝜎 : The specific resistance of the wire material in Ω.m is (0.0000172 Ω.m) for copper.
L: Length of the wire in m (0.485m)
A: wire section area in m2 , ( the radius r 0.002 m )
α: coefficient of resistivity in ℃-1 (0.1)
ΔT: temperature change in ℃.
The efficiency of the fuel cell stuck (ηstk) According (Omran et al., 2021) , stuck (ηstk) can be
calculated by dividing its output power (Pout) by its input power.
The stuck efficiency is calculated by:
𝑃𝑠𝑡𝑘 − 𝑃𝑎𝑢𝑥 𝑃𝑠𝑡𝑘 − 𝑃𝑎𝑢𝑥
𝜂 𝑠𝑡𝑘 = = ……………………………………………….(4)
𝑃𝐻2 𝑉̇𝐻2 𝑄𝐿𝐻𝑉,𝐻2

Where:
PH2 is the hydrogen's power input (W), which is calculated by multiplying the lower heating
value QLHV, H2 (Wh/l) by the hydrogen's flow rate V̇_H2 (l/h).
PH2 = 𝑉̇𝐻2 ∗ 𝑄𝐿𝐻𝑉,𝐻2 = 2.8 𝑉̇𝐻2 ……………………………………….………………….…(5)
Where: 2.8 is a constant equivalent the value of LHVH2 (Wh/l).
2.3.2. Mathematical consideration of wet electrolyzer:
One promising approach for producing green hydrogen using renewable energy is water electrolysis
(Shen et al., 2011).
1
𝐻2 𝑂 + 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝐻2 + 2 𝑂 2 ………………..………..…………………...(6)
To ascertain the overall rate of hydrogen production in the electrolyzer, which is made up of many
parallel cell connections, the (Koundi & EL FADIL, 2019) equation for operation is stated below.
𝑛𝑐 𝑅 𝑎 𝐼𝑒𝑧 𝑇
𝑉 𝑒𝑧 𝐻2 = * 3600 *1000 …………..………………………………...(7)
𝑧 𝑃 𝐹

Hydrogen production rate (L/h) can be determined

nc = the number of electrolytic slices in parallel
I ez = the electrolyzer current (0.2 A/cm2).
a = the area of electrolytic slices (cm2).
F = the Faraday constant, (96485.33 C mol-1 coulombs per mole)
R = the gas constant (8.3144 m3·pa·K−1·mol-1)
T = Operating temperature of the electrolyzer (298.15 K)
z = the number of electrons (2 for hydrogen and 4 for oxygen)
P = pressure of the electrolyzer (101325 pa)

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2.3.3. Mathematical consideration of a PV system:

According to (Zhang et al., 2023) the following is the worldwide formula to calculate the
electricity produced in the output of a solar system:
PPV = A × r × H × PR……………………………………...……………………..(8)
PPV = photovoltaic Power generated (W), A = Area of all solar panels combined, (m2) (1.6 x 3
= 4.8 m2)
r = solar panel yield or efficiency, (%) (The term "Watt-peak" refers to the nominal power of
the solar panel in these circumstances (Wp or kWp=1000 Wp or MWp=1000000 Wp).
where the solar panel's yield is calculated by dividing the electrical power (measured in
kWp) of a single panel by its area.
For instance, the solar panel yield of a 1.6 m2 PV module with a 325 Wp capacity is
((325/1.6)/1000) * 100 = 20.3%.
H = Annual average solar radiation on tilted panels (shadings not included),
PR = Performance ratio, coefficient for losses (range between 0.5 and 0.9, default value = 0.75)
is a very important value to evaluate the quality of a photovoltaic installation because it
gives the performance of the installation independently of the orientation, inclination of
the panel. It includes all losses.
2.3.4. Estimating the rate of hydrogen production from the electrolyzer:
Under laboratory circumstances, the water displacement metering device Figure (6) was used to
volumetrically measure the hydrogen generation rate (l/h) by cumulated hydrogen per
replication.

Fig. (6): The water displacement system.

2.3.5. System modeling:
Mathematical model equations were solved using the MATLAB software. Matrix and array
mathematics are directly expressed in MATLAB, a high-level programming language designed
for scientists and engineers. Moreover, there are numerous uses for MATLAB, from simple
interactive commands to large-scale application development. The Simulink module offers
direct access to mathematical, graphic, and software resources via the MATLAB GUI
(Graphical User Interface). On the other hand, using the Symbolic Math toolbox to generate
analytical solutions, create interactive simulations with user interface control, and produce
stand-alone applications using the MATLAB Compiler and the MATLAB C and C++ Library
(Petrov et al., 2020). The simulation tool MATLAB is a popular and potent software suite.
Because of its easy-to-use GUIs, extensive compatibility across several computing systems,
Simulink libraries, graphical capabilities, interactive mode of operation, and straightforward
programming, MATLAB was selected as the programming tool for this project. These

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characteristics make MATLAB a formidable research and useful problem-solving tool, as well
as an outstanding language for teaching. Simulink, Dynamic system simulation software, such
as a MATLAB toolbox, offers an easy-to-use interface for building equation-based system
models. GUIDE, a tool used by MATLAB to develop GUIs, lets users design gueridons that
incorporate graphical elements. A graphical user interface program (GUI) consists of buttons,
text fields, sliders, and menus, among other graphical features. These definitions are not
unfamiliar to most computer users. GUIs control how the user and the MATLAB computational
engine communicate (Altintas, 2011).
To demonstrate the system and validate the experimental results, a computer program was
developed, and a software program was created using MATLAB R2021a version 9.10.0.16. In
this application, the system consisting of three stages was implemented: the fuel cell unit, the
electrolyzer unit, which produces hydrogen, and the solar cell unit. The equations for each unit
or each stage were applied. Of the three stages, the three stages were also linked as a single
system to achieve the goal, which is to produce an integrated renewable energy system during
daylight hours and night hours without the need to connect to the electricity grid or use batteries
and produce the energy required for a specific energy load. The flow chart of our hybrid system
shows the diagram and flow of equations, inputs, and outputs. For each stage, as shown in
Figure (7).
Figure (8) also shows the graphical interface of the implemented application for the hybrid
energy system of solar and hydrogen fuel cell energy, which shows the 22 buttons of inputs to
the program, which consists of five inputs for the solar energy unit, which are solar panel Area
(A) in m2, solar radiation on tilted panels (H) in W/m2, number of PV panel units (npv),
Performance Ratio of PV panel (PR) and Power of one Panel (Ppanel) in W. seven inputs for the
hydrogen production unit, which are number of electrolyzer slices (nc) in parallel from 1 to 10,
Area of electrolytic slices (a) in cm2, number of electrolyzer units (nez), consumed power of one
electrolyzer unit (Pez) in W, electrolyzer current (Iez) in A/cm2, operating temperature (T) in K˚
and operating pressure (P) in pa. nine inputs for the hydrogen fuel cell unit contain three
Parameters of Load resistance (Rstk) the specific resistance of the wire material (σ) in Ω.m, Wire
length (L) in m and Wire radius (r) in m, three Parameters show the effect of temperature in
resistance (ΔT) the initial operation temperature (Ti) in ℃, final operation temperature (Tf) in
℃ and Coefficient of resistivity (α) in ℃-1, other Parameters like number of fuel cell stakes
units, stake voltage (V) in volt and minus power consumption of one fuel cell unit ,in addition
to Average load usage (L) in W.
The output data consists of 10 data which are the power of one photovoltaic panel generated
(Ppv) in W was calculated as shown in equation (8), total power of photovoltaic system
generated (TPpv) in W, hydrogen production rate from one electrolyzer unit (Vez_H2) in l/h was
calculated as shown in equation (7), hydrogen production rate from all electrolyzer units
(TVez_H2) in l/h, Power of one fuel cell unit (Pstk) in W was calculated as shown in equation (1),
total Power of fuel cell units (Pfc) W, Fuel cell efficiency % (ηstk) was calculated as shown in
equation (4), number of designed fuel cell units(nfc), number of designed electrolyzer units (nez)
and number of designed PV panels (npv). There is also a graph showing the relationship between
the efficiency of the fuel -cell stack and the- actual power produced from the fuel- cell unit.

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Fig. (7): hybrid system PV/FC Renewable Energy Flow Chart.

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Fig. (7): hybrid system PV/FC Renewable Energy Flow Chart (continued).

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Fig. (7): hybrid system PV/FC Renewable Energy Flow Chart (continued).

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Fig. (8): MATLAB graphical user interface of the hybrid energy system of solar and
hydrogen fuel cell energy.

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

3.1. Comparing the results of experimental hydrogen production with the model result:
When comparing the results of hydrogen production resulting from applying the rates to MATLAB
and the results obtained from the experiment, we find that in general there is a great agreement
between the experimental results and the model results is showing in Figure 9.

Fig. (9): Comparing the hydrogen production rate of the model

and the experimental results.

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3.2. Mathematical and experimental PV system results:

Solar radiation was measured in W/m2 during the day, as shown in Figure (10) The highest
radiation was at 1 p.m., with a value of 975 W/m2,. These data were measured using the
meteorological station at the Horticultural Research Institute in Sabahia, where the sun rose and
set at 4.59 and 19.08, respectively, and the number of daylight hours was about 14.09 hours.
Figure (11) show the value of the resulting power generated by the photovoltaic cell system
generated from a single solar panel with a nominal capacity of 325 watts and an area of 1.6 m2,
The maximum power is generated during the day at one o’clock in the afternoon at 975 W/m 2
of radiation, with a value of 235.35 and 237.65 W for both the experimental and the model
results, respectively, while the lowest power generated was at 100 W/m2 of radiation at 7 p.m.,
with a value of 21.06 and 24.37 W for the results of the experiment and the model, respectively.
This shows a great agreement between the experimental results and the results of the
mathematical model used.

Fig. (10): shows hourly profiles solar radiation at the experimental site W/m2
on August 1, 2021.

Fig. (11): The model and experimental PV power generated.

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3.3. The PEMFC fuel cell experimental results:

3.3.1. Effect of external load resistance on stack power:
In Fig. (12) with decreasing external load resistance, the stack output power increases. The
highest power produced by one stack was 406.58 and 488.26 W for both the experimental
results and the model, respectively, at the lowest internal load resistance of 0.66 Ω, with a
difference in power percent of 16.72 %. the lowest power produced was 94.36 and 97.65 W for
both the experimental results and the model, respectively, with the lowest percentage difference
in power estimated at 3.2 %.

Fig. (12): Effect of external load resistance on output stack power.

3.3.2. Effect of output stack power on hydrogen flow rate.

Both the model and the measurements demonstrate correlation of hydrogen-consumption on
stack-power, when producing large power, we need a higher flow rate of hydrogen. The greatest
disparity Percent was 7.19 % at 147.3 W. Plotting hydrogen flow-rate against output power
shows increasing values, even when linearity is lost. A similar pattern has been noticed by other
writers. Figure (13) demonstrate how hydrogen flow rate varies with output power.

Fig. (13): Effect of stack power on hydrogen flow rate.

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3.3.3. System efficiency.

Figures (14) demonstrate the overall model and system efficiency estimated from the
experiments. Peak efficiencies of 42.41 % (model) and 38.82 % (experiments) were achieved
at 487.06, 93.16 W, respectively.

Fig. (14): PEMFC system efficiency with output stack power.

4. CONCLUSION
The research aims to develop a hybrid energy system capable of meeting the requirements of a
specific system during the day and night. The hybrid system consists of three basic units:
photovoltaic cells, an electrolyzer to produce hydrogen, and hydrogen fuel cells. During the
day, the system relies on several photovoltaic cell units sufficient to produce the energy required
to operate the system and sufficient to operate a number of electrolyzer units to produce the
required hydrogen rate to feed the fuel cells at night. During the night and in the absence of
sunlight, the system relies on hydrogen fuel cells to provide the energy required for the system.
Thus, the hybrid energy system is suitable for providing energy even in remote areas far from
the electricity grid because it relies entirely on renewable energy sources throughout the day. A
computer program is implemented that can describe the hybrid energy system and determining
the results obtained during each of the three stages and predicting the performance of each
stage. The number of required and sufficient units of photovoltaic cells, electrolyzers, and fuel
cells and their specifications can be determined. In general, at each stage there is a great
agreement between the experimental results and the mathematical model used. This agreement
includes the solar panel power generation stage used in the presence of sunlight, the hydrogen
production stage from the water electrolyzer, and the hydrogen fuel cell power generation stage
used in the absence of sunlight.
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‫نظام هجين جديد باستخدام الطاقة الشمسية الكهروضوئية وخاليا وقود الهيدروجين‬
‫أ‪.‬د‪ .‬عبد الوهاب شلبي قاسم‪ ،١‬م‪.‬م‪ .‬أميرة عيسى علي عيسى‪ ،٢‬أ‪.‬د‪ .‬عبد هللا مسعد زين الدين‪،١‬‬
‫د‪ .‬سامي جمعة حميدة‪ 3‬و أ‪.‬د‪ .‬عبد العزيز إبراهيم عمارة‪١‬‬

‫‪ ١‬أستاذ ‪ -‬قسم الهندسة الزراعية ‪ -‬كلية الزراعة ‪ -‬جامعة اإلسكندرية ‪ -‬مصر‪.‬‬

‫‪ ٢‬مدرس مساعد ‪ -‬كلية الزراعة سابا باشا ‪ -‬جامعة اإلسكندرية ‪ -‬مصر‪.‬‬
‫‪ 3‬باحث ‪ -‬معهد بحوث الهندسة الزراعية – وزارة الزراعة ‪ -‬مصر‪.‬‬
‫الملخص العربي‬
‫يهــدا ال حــث الـ تطــوير نظــا طاقــة ينــيد قــا ر علـ تل يــة متطل ــا نظــا‬
‫معــيد لــيل خــال النهــار قــ ولكــد خــال النهــار والليــل اي ــا يتكــو‬
‫نظـــا الطاقـــة الهنـــيد مـــد اـــالث وحـــدا اساســـية ال اليـــا الكهروضـــو ية‬
‫ومحلــل الهيــا الكهربــ ياإلليكتروليــزرج إلنتــاو الهيــدروجيد وخاليــا الوقــو‬
‫الهيدروجينيــة نانــاد النهــار يعتهــد النظــا علــ عــد مــد وحــدا ال اليــا‬
‫الكهروضــو ية يك ــ إلنتــاو الطاقــة الهطلوبــة لتشــييل النظــا ويك ــ اي ــا‬
‫لتشــــييل عــــد مــــد وحــــدا اإلليكتروليــــزر إلنتــــاو معــــد الهيــــدروجيد‬
‫الهطلــول لتيذيــة خاليــا الوقــو لــيال واانــاد الليــل و ـ غيــال اشــعة الشــهل‬
‫يعتهــد النظــا علــ خاليــا الوقــو الهيدروجينيــة ــ تــو ير الطاقــة الهطلوبــة‬
‫للنظــا بــذلو يكــو نظــا الطاقــة الهنــيد اــالة لتــو ير الطاقــة حتــ ــ‬
‫الهنــاطا النا يــة ال عيــدة عــد شــ كة الكهربــاد ألنــ يعتهــد بشــكل كلــ طــوا‬
‫اليــو عل ـ مصــا ر متنــد ة للطاقــة ‪.‬ويــتم تن يــذ برنــامك كه يــوتر قــا ر عل ـ‬
‫واــن نظــا الطاقــة الهنــيد وتحديــد النتــا ك الهتحصــل عليهــا خــال كــل‬ ‫© المجلة المصرية للهندسة الزراعية‬
‫مرحلــة مــد الهراحــل الثالاــة لهــذا النظــا الهنــيد والتن ــ بــن اد كــل مرحلــة‬
‫ويهكــد تحديــد عــد الوحــدا الهطلوبــة والكا يــة مــد ال اليــا الكهروضــو ية‬
‫الكلمات المفتاحية‪:‬‬
‫واإلليكتروليـــزر وخاليـــا الوقـــو وموااـ ـ اتهم لتصـــهيم نظـــا طاقـــة ينـــيد‬
‫نظـــا كهروضـــو محلـــل الهيـــا‬
‫قا ر عل تل يــة حهــل طاقــة معــيد مطلــول‪ .‬وبشــكل عــا ـ كــل مرحلــة مــد‬
‫الكهربـــا الرطـ ـ خاليـــا وقـــو‬
‫مراحــل نظــا الطاقــة الهنــيد مــد األلــواال الشهســية وخاليــا الوقــو ننــد‬
‫غشـــــــاد الت ـــــــا ال روتـــــــون‬
‫تناغهــا ك يــرا بــيد نتــا ك التنربــة والنهــوذو الرياض ـ الهســت د ‪ .‬وشــهل يــذا‬
‫النهذجة تقييم األ اد‪.‬‬
‫االت ــام مرحلــة توليــد الطاقــة مــد األلــواال الشهســية الت ـ تســت د ـ وجــو‬
‫ضــود الشــهل ومرحلــة انتــاو الهيــدروجيد مــد محلــل الهــاد الكهربــا‬
‫ومرحلــة انتــاو الطاقــة مــد خاليــا الوقــو الهيــدروجين التــ تســت د ــ‬
‫غيال أشعة الشهل‪.‬‬

‫‪358‬‬ ‫)‪Kassem et al., (2024‬‬