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Topology Midterm Scheme

The document contains the answer key and evaluation scheme for the MTL507 Topology mid-semester examination. It includes various questions related to set theory, topological spaces, continuity, and specific examples illustrating topological concepts. The document also outlines definitions, theorems, and proofs relevant to the topics covered in the examination.

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13 views3 pages

Topology Midterm Scheme

The document contains the answer key and evaluation scheme for the MTL507 Topology mid-semester examination. It includes various questions related to set theory, topological spaces, continuity, and specific examples illustrating topological concepts. The document also outlines definitions, theorems, and proofs relevant to the topics covered in the examination.

Uploaded by

ashokrkt1212
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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MTL507 Topology

Mid-semester Examination
Answer Key and Scheme of Evaluation

1. Let Z be the set of integers. For a, b ∈ Z with b ̸= 0, define Na,b = {a + bn : n ∈ Z}.


Consider the topology J on Z consisting of subsets U of Z, where U is a union of sets
of the form Na,b or U is the empty set.

(a) By the definition of topology J , the set Na,b is open. (0.5 Marks)
Now,
C
Na,b = Z \ Na,b = {x ∈ Z : x ̸= a + bn for any n ∈ Z}
[
= Nc,b .
0≤c<b
c̸≡a (mod b)

C
Since Nc,b is open, it follows that Na,b is open, that is, Na,b is closed. (1.5 Marks)
(b) {+1, −1} is a nonempty finite subset, and hence not open by the definition of J .
(1 Mark)
(c) Since each integer other than +1, −1 has prime factors, note that

∪p pZ = Z \ {−1, 1},

where the union is over all the primes (1 Mark). Each pZ is closed and the union
of finitely many closed sets are closed. Hence, if set of all primes is finite, then
∪p pZ is closed, that is, Z \ {1, −1} is closed. This is a contradiction to the fact
that {1, −1} is not open. (1 Mark)

2. (a) Complete the following definition.


Definition 0.1. If X is a topological space and A is a subset of X, then the
closure of A in X is

A = {x ∈ X : for every open set U containing x, A ∩ U ̸= ∅}.

(2 Marks)
(b) A = {(x, y) ∈ R2 : x2 + y 2 < 1} (1 Mark)
Explanation.(2 marks)

3. (a) Let X be the set of positive integers, and let B be the collection of all arithmetic
progressions of positive integers. Let m ∈ X. For a fixed p ∈ X, the set B ∈ B
defined by B = {m + (n − 1)p : n ∈ N} contains m. (1 Mark)
Let B1 , B2 ∈ B be two arithmetic progressions containing m, say

B1 = {a1 + (n − 1)p1 : n ∈ N}, B2 = {a2 + (n − 1)p2 : n ∈ N},

1
where p1 , p2 ∈ N are fixed. Since both progressions contain m, there exist n1 , n2 ∈
N such that
m = a1 + (n1 − 1)p1 , m = a2 + (n2 − 1)p2 .
Define
B = {m + (n − 1)p : n ∈ N},
where p := lcm(p1 , p2 ). Then,
m ∈ B ⊆ B1 ∩ B2 .
(2 Marks)
(b) Note that {a} = [a − 1, a] ∩ [a, a + 1]
Therefore, every singleton set is in J . (1 Mark)
Consequently, J is the discrete topology. (1 Mark)
4. (a) Let (X, J ) be a separable topological space. Assume that J is metrizable and d
is a metric that induces J .
Let D = {xn }n∈N be a countable dense subset of X. Consider
B = B(xn , r) : xn ∈ D, r ∈ Q+ ,


which is countable. Then B is a basis for J . (1 Mark)


To see this, we note the following. Let U be open and y ∈ U . Since J is induced
by a metric, there exists ϵ > 0 such that B(y, ϵ) ⊆ U. Since D is dense, we can
find xn ∈ D such that
ϵ
d(xn , y) < .
2
Choose r ∈ Q such that
ϵ
d(xn , y) < r < .
2
Then B(xn , r) ⊆ B(y, ϵ) ⊆ U, because z ∈ B(xn , r) implies
ϵ
d(z, y) ≤ d(z, xn ) + d(xn , y) ≤ r + < ϵ.
2
This proves that B is a basis, and consequently X is second countable. (2 Marks)
(b) The real line endowed with the semi-open interval topology is separable, but not
second countable. Hence it cannot be metrizable from Part (a). (0.5 Mark)
Justification for separability of R endowed with the semi-open interval topology
(0.5 Mark) and that it is not second countable (1 Mark).
5. (a) Any bounded open interval (a, b) is homeomorphic to R and hence length and
boundedness are not topological invariants. (1 Mark)
Consider the function f : (0, 1) → (1, ∞) defined by f (x) = x1 . Then f is a
homeomorphism. On the other hand, ( n1 ) is a Cauchy sequence, but the image
sequence (n) is not a Cauchy sequence. (1 Mark)
(b) Let (X, JX ) be the discrete space and Y ⊆ X. By the definition of subspace
topology JY , open sets in JY are precisely of the form G ∩ Y , where G ∈ JX .
For each y ∈ Y , {y} is open in JX . Since {y} = {y} ∩ Y , it is open in JY .
Consequently, JY is the discrete topology on Y . (1 Mark)
Let f : (X, JX ) → (X, JY ) be a quotient map, and JX be the discrete topology
on X. Since f is a quotient map, JY is the strongest topology on Y which makes
f continuous. Since JX is discrete, any topology on Y makes f continuous.
Consequently, JY is the strongest topology on Y . That is, JY is the discrete
topology on Y . (2 Marks)

2
6. Complete the following theorem by filling in the blanks.

Theorem 0.1. Let X and Y be topological spaces, and let f : X → Y be a function.


Then the following conditions are equivalent:

(i) f is continuous, i.e., for every open subset U of Y , f −1 (U ) is open in X.


(ii) For every closed subset C of Y , f −1 (C) is closed in X.
(iii) For every subset A of X, one has f (A)⊆ f (A).
(iv) For every subset B of Y , one has f −1 (B)⊇ f −1 (B).
(v) For every point x ∈ X and every neighborhood V of f (x) in Y , there is a neighborhood U
of x in X such that U ⊆ f −1 (V ).

(2.5 Marks)
Proving two implications from the above theorem (2.5 Marks).

7. Let V1 be an open interval containing −1, but not containing 1, and V2 be an open
interval containing 1, but not −1. Since f is continuous, U1 := f −1 (V1 ) and U2 :=
f −1 (V2 ) are open sets in R. If f (R) = {−1, 1}, it follows that R = U1 ∪ U2 , where
U1 , U2 are open and U1 ∩ U2 = ∅. (3 Marks). Now prove that this is not possible, by
preferably not using the connectedness idea. (2 Marks). That is, f must be a constant
function.

8. (a) For instance, the identity function I : (R, Jdiscrete ) → (R, Jusual ) is a continuous
bijection, whose inverse is not continuous. (2 Marks)
(b) Let X be the subspace [0, 1] ∪ [2, 3] of R, and let Y be the subspace [0, 2] of R.
Consider the map p : X → Y defined by
(
x, for x ∈ [0, 1],
p(x) =
x − 1, for x ∈ [2, 3].

Note that p is surjective, continuous and closed. hence by a theorem, p is a


quotient map. (2 Marks)
It is not, however, an open map; the image of the open set [0, 1] of X is not open
in Y . (1 Mark)

9. (a) Let X be a set and {(Xi , Ji ) : i ∈ I} be an indexed family of topological spaces.


For each i ∈ I, let fi : X → Xi be a function. The smallest topology on X that
makes each fi continuous is called the weak topology determined by {fi : i ∈ I}.
(2 Marks)
(b) Proof done in class. Correct proof will be awarded (3 marks).

***************

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