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PHYS 101: PHYSICS FOR ENGINEERS (CALCULUS-BASED)

ASSIGNMENT NO. 2: OSCILLATIONS AND FLUIDS
NAME: Marc Vincent P. Noro SECTION: A DATE APRIL 4, 2025 RATING ______

OSCILLATIONS

I. DISCUSS WHAT IS IN THE OSCILLATIONS

The Ideal Spring and Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM) - An ideal spring follows Hooke’s Law, F = −𝑘𝑥,
where F is the restoring force, k is the spring constant, and x is the displacement from equilibrium. When a
mass-spring system oscillates without energy loss, it exhibits simple harmonic motion (SHM), described by the
equation:

𝒙(𝒕) = 𝑨𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝝎𝒕 + 𝝓)

𝒌
where A is the amplitude, 𝝎 = √ is the angular frequency, and ϕ is the phase angle. In civil engineering,
𝒎

base isolation systems in earthquake-resistant structures function similarly to springs, absorbing seismic
energy and reducing building vibrations. These isolators allow a structure to oscillate with minimal
transmission of destructive forces.

Simple Harmonic Motion and the Reference Circle - SHM can be visualized using a reference circle, where
the oscillatory motion is the horizontal or vertical projection of uniform circular motion. This analogy helps in
understanding phase relationships and harmonic behavior.

For example, tall buildings under wind loads experience periodic swaying that can be modeled using SHM
principles. Engineers analyze these motions to ensure structural stability and occupant comfort.

Energy and Simple Harmonic Motion - In an undamped SHM system, the total mechanical energy remains
constant, oscillating between kinetic and potential energy:

𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟏
𝑬= 𝒌𝑨 = 𝒎𝒗𝟐 + 𝒌𝒙𝟐
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐

This energy conservation principle is applied in tuned mass dampers (TMDs), such as those in the Taipei 101
skyscraper. A TMD consists of a large mass-spring system that counteracts building oscillations by transferring
energy away from the primary structure.

The Simple Pendulum - A simple pendulum exhibits SHM for small angular displacements, with a period
given by:

𝑳
𝑻 = 𝟐𝝅√
𝒈

where L is the pendulum length and g is gravitational acceleration. In civil engineering, suspension bridges
can experience pendulum-like oscillations. The infamous Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapse (1940) was caused
by wind-induced resonance, where the bridge’s natural frequency matched the wind’s vibrational frequency,
leading to catastrophic failure. Modern bridge designs now incorporate damping mechanisms to prevent such
occurrences.
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Damped Harmonic Motion and Resonance - Real-world oscillations experience damping due to friction, air
resistance, or material hysteresis. The displacement of a damped oscillator follows:

𝒙(𝒕) = 𝑨𝒆 − 𝜸𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝝎′𝒕 + 𝝓)

where γ is the damping coefficient, and ω′ is the modified angular frequency.

Resonance occurs when an external force matches a system’s natural frequency, leading to large-amplitude
vibrations. This phenomenon is critical in civil engineering, as seen in:

• Earthquake-induced resonance (e.g., the 1985 Mexico City earthquake, where buildings with natural
frequencies matching the seismic waves collapsed).

• Wind and traffic vibrations in bridges, mitigated using shock absorbers and tuned mass dampers
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FLUIDS

MASS DENSITY

A prismatic object 200 mm thick by 200 mm wide by 400 mm long is weighed in water at a depth of 500 mm and found to be 50
N

1. Find its weight in air

2. Find its specific gravity
3. Find its specific weight
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PRESSURE AND DEPTH IN A STATIC FLUID

Assuming the specific weight of air to be constant at 12\ N/𝑚^3, What is the approximate height of Mount Banahaw if
a mercury barometer at the base of the mountain reads 654 mm and at the same instant, another barometer at the top of the
mountain reads 480 mm?
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PRESSURE GAUGE

For the open tank with piezometers attached on the side, contains two different liquids.

1. Find the elevation of the liquid in piezometer A.

2. Find the pressure at the bottom of the tank.
3. Find the elevation of the liquid in piezometer B

PASCAL’S PRINCIPLE
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The figure shown shows a setup with a vessel containing a plunger and a cylinder. What force F is required to balance
the weight of the cylinder if the weight of the plunger is negligible?

ARCHIMEDES PRINCIPLE

A hydrometer weighs 0.002 kg has a stem at the upper end, which is 3 mm in diameter. How much deeper will it float
in oil (sp.gr. = 0.78) than in alcohol having sp.gr. of 0.82?
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FLUIDS IN MOTION

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN STEADY AND UNSTEADY FLOW

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• Steady Flow refers to a fluid motion in which the fluid properties such as velocity, pressure, and density at a specific
point do not change with time. This type of flow is characterized by constant conditions at every point in the fluid over
time.

• Unsteady Flow, on the other hand, is characterized by changes in fluid properties at a given point over time. The velocity,
pressure, or other properties of the fluid vary with time at any location.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN COMPRESSIBLE AND INCOMPRESSIBLE FLOW

• Compressible Flow occurs when the fluid density changes significantly in response to pressure variations. This is
typically observed in gases, especially at high velocities or under varying pressure conditions.

• Incompressible Flow assumes that the fluid density remains constant throughout the flow. Most liquids are considered
incompressible for practical purposes due to their minimal compressibility under normal conditions.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN VISCOUS AND NON-VISCOUS FLOW

• Viscous Flow involves internal fluid friction, or viscosity, which resists the motion of fluid layers sliding past one
another. Real fluids exhibit viscous behavior, which leads to energy loss in the form of heat.

• Non-Viscous Flow refers to an idealized condition where internal friction is negligible or absent. In this type of flow,
the fluid offers no resistance to shear stress. It is typically used in theoretical models for simplification.

DEFINITION OF AN IDEAL FLUID

An Ideal Fluid is a hypothetical fluid that is characterized by the following properties:

• It is incompressible.
• It has no viscosity.
• It flows in a steady and irrotational manner.
• It does not conduct heat and experiences no turbulence.

Although no real fluid perfectly meets these conditions, the concept of an ideal fluid is essential in simplifying the analysis of fluid
motion in theoretical studies.

STREAMLINES AND STREAMLINE FLOW

• Streamlines are imaginary lines drawn in a fluid flow field such that the tangent to a streamline at any point indicates
the direction of the velocity vector of the fluid at that point. No two streamlines intersect.

• Streamline Flow, also known as laminar flow, occurs when a fluid flows in parallel layers with no disruption between
them. In this type of flow, fluid particles move along smooth paths in a regular and orderly manner.

EQUATION OF CONTINUITY
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A garden hose has an unobstructed opening with a cross-sectional area of 2.85\ x\ {10}^{−4}\ 𝑚^2, from which water
fills a bucket in 30.0 s. The volume of the bucket is 8.00\ x\ {10}^{−3}\ 𝑚^3\ (about two gallons).

Find the speed of the water that leaves the hose through

(a) the unobstructed opening

(b) an obstructed opening with half as much area.

BERNOULLI’S EQUATION
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Oil of specific gravity of 0.84 is flowing in a pipe under the conditions shown in the Figure. If the total head loss from
point 1 to point 2 is 900mm, find the pressure at point 2.

VISCOUS FLOW
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WHAT IS VISCOSITY?

• Viscosity is a measure of a fluid's resistance to deformation or flow. It represents the internal friction between adjacent
layers of fluid as they move relative to one another. A fluid with high viscosity (e.g., honey) resists motion more than a
fluid with low viscosity (e.g., water).

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN IDEAL AND REAL FLUIDS

• IDEAL FLUIDS
o Theoretical fluids that are incompressible and non-viscous (they have zero viscosity).
o Flow is always steady and irrotational.
o Do not exist in reality; used for simplifying fluid dynamics equations.

• REAL FLUIDS:

o Exist in the physical world and have viscosity.

o Experience energy losses due to internal friction.
o Examples include water, air, oil, and all practical fluids.

NEWTON’S LAW OF VISCOSITY

• Newton’s Law of Viscosity states that the shear stress between adjacent layers of fluid is directly proportional to the rate
of change of velocity (velocity gradient) perpendicular to the direction of flow.

𝒅𝒖
𝝉=𝝁
𝒅𝒚
Where:
τ = Shear stress (Pa or N/m²)
μ = Dynamic viscosity of the fluid (Pa·s or N·s/m²)
𝑑𝑢
= Velocity gradient perpendicular to the flow direction
𝑑𝑦

This law applies to Newtonian fluids, such as water and air, where viscosity remains constant regardless of the flow
conditions.