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Excretion & Healthy Fetus - Adam (Marked)

The document discusses the structure and function of the human excretory system, including the role of kidneys and the process of filtering waste from the blood. It also presents exercises on organizing data related to pregnancy duration and the impact of caffeine and smoking on birthweight. Additionally, it includes tables and questions aimed at analyzing correlations and drawing conclusions from the data.

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Cody MY
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10 views7 pages

Excretion & Healthy Fetus - Adam (Marked)

The document discusses the structure and function of the human excretory system, including the role of kidneys and the process of filtering waste from the blood. It also presents exercises on organizing data related to pregnancy duration and the impact of caffeine and smoking on birthweight. Additionally, it includes tables and questions aimed at analyzing correlations and drawing conclusions from the data.

Uploaded by

Cody MY
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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4 Maintaining life

4.3 Excretion in humans


Exercise 4.3 Structure and function of the
excretory system
In this exercise, you will check that you know the structure of the excretory system
and can describe the functions of the different organs that are part of this system.

Focus
1 Complete the sentences. Use words from the list. Use each word once.

kidneys renal urea urine water

The are part of the excretory system.


This is also known as the system.
In the excretory system, a waste substance called is filtered
out of the blood.
It dissolves in , forming a liquid called .

Practice
2 Complete the diagram of the excretory system.

right kidney

artery bringing
blood to the kidney

vein taking blood


away from the kidney

3 Add labels to the diagram. You should label four other structures.

78 Original material © Cambridge University Press 2021. This material is not final and is subject to further changes prior to publication.
4.4 Keeping a fetus healthy

Challenge
4 Describe the function of each of the structures that you have
labelled on the diagram.

4.4 Keeping a fetus healthy


Exercise 4.4A Length of pregnancy
Focus
In this exercise, you will practise organising data in the best way.
You will also think about the meaning of the word ‘correlation’,
and practise using data to support an argument.

79
Original material © Cambridge University Press 2021. This material is not final and is subject to further changes prior to publication.
4 Maintaining life

The table shows the mean mass of an adult female of eight different species
of mammal, and the mean time for which pregnancy lasts in that species.

Species Mean mass of a female in kg Mean length of pregnancy in days

moose (elk) 550 245

llama 113 330

goat   15 150

wolf   40 64

lion 150 108

rabbit    1 33

elephant 5000 640

chimpanzee   40 227

1 In the table below, rearrange the data so that it is easier to see if


there is a relationship between the mean mass of a female and the
mean length of pregnancy.

Species Mean mass of a female in kg Mean length of pregnancy in days

80 Original material © Cambridge University Press 2021. This material is not final and is subject to further changes prior to publication.
4.4 Keeping a fetus healthy

2 Is there a correlation between the mean mass of a female and the


mean length of pregnancy? Explain your answer and use figures
from the table to support it.

Exercise 4.4B Does caffeine affect


birthweight?
Practice
In this exercise, you will look at some data collected by researchers in
Sweden. You will practise using data to make conclusions and think
about how an investigation could be improved.
A study was carried out in Sweden to investigate the idea that women
who drink a lot of coffee during pregnancy might have smaller babies.
1037 pregnant women took part. They each answered a questionnaire
about how much coffee they drank.
When their babies were born, their birthweights were measured.
The results are shown in the table.

Mean caffeine intake per day in mg Mean birthweight in g

less than 100 3660

100 to 299 3661

300 to 499 3597

500 or more 3694

81
Original material © Cambridge University Press 2021. This material is not final and is subject to further changes prior to publication.
4 Maintaining life

1 Plot these results as a bar chart on the grid. Think carefully about
the range for the scale on the vertical axis. Remember that you do
not need to begin at 0.

2 What conclusion can you make from these results? Explain your
answer and use figures from the table to support it.

Caffeine intake has no effect on mean


birthweight

3 Suggest two ways in which the researchers could have improved


their study.

82 Original material © Cambridge University Press 2021. This material is not final and is subject to further changes prior to publication.
4.4 Keeping a fetus healthy

Exercise 4.4C Smoking and


birthweight
Challenge
In this exercise, you will analyse data about smoking and birthweight. You will
use the data to draw conclusions and explain how you made these conclusions.
Scientists in Japan studied how the birthweight of a baby is affected if
the mother smokes while she is pregnant.
They interviewed 53 386 mothers whose babies were born between 2004
and 2007 in a large city in Japan.
They asked the mothers whether they had smoked during pregnancy.
They also recorded the mass of the baby at birth. If the baby’s mass was
less than 2500 g at birth, this was recorded as low birthweight.
The table shows their results.

Mother did not smoke during


Mother smoked during pregnancy
pregnancy
Birth year Percentage of Percentage of
Number of Number of
babies with low babies with low
babies born babies born
birthweight birthweight
2004 to 2005 2609 14.0 23 713 9.6
2006 to 2007 2109 14.5 24 955 9.9

Look at the row for 2004 to 2005.


1 How many babies were born in total in 2004 to 2005?

2 Did most mothers smoke during pregnancy in 2004 to 2005?


Use the numbers in the table to explain your answer.

83
Original material © Cambridge University Press 2021. This material is not final and is subject to further changes prior to publication.
4 Maintaining life

3 Did smoking during pregnancy increase the risk of a baby having low
birthweight? Use the numbers in the table to explain your answer.

Now look at the next row as well – the row for 2006 to 2007.
4 Look at the number of babies born. Is there any evidence that
fewer women smoked during pregnancy in 2006 to 2007, than in
2004 to 2005? Use the numbers in the table to explain your answer.

5 Do you think that the results in the table prove that smoking during
pregnancy is harmful to a fetus? Explain your answer.

84 Original material © Cambridge University Press 2021. This material is not final and is subject to further changes prior to publication.

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