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Dynamic Programming & Greedy Approach

The document discusses various algorithms related to dynamic programming, including Binomial Coefficients, Floyd's Algorithm, Matrix Chain Multiplication, Optimal Binary Search Tree, Traveling Salesperson Problem, and the 0-1 Knapsack Problem, detailing their recursive formulas, time and space complexities. It also compares Prim's and Kruskal's algorithms for minimum spanning trees, and contrasts greedy algorithms with dynamic programming using the Coin Change problem as an example. Each algorithm is presented with its respective pseudocode and explanations of its approach.

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5 views

Dynamic Programming & Greedy Approach

The document discusses various algorithms related to dynamic programming, including Binomial Coefficients, Floyd's Algorithm, Matrix Chain Multiplication, Optimal Binary Search Tree, Traveling Salesperson Problem, and the 0-1 Knapsack Problem, detailing their recursive formulas, time and space complexities. It also compares Prim's and Kruskal's algorithms for minimum spanning trees, and contrasts greedy algorithms with dynamic programming using the Coin Change problem as an example. Each algorithm is presented with its respective pseudocode and explanations of its approach.

Uploaded by

kurkutemrunmay7
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Design and Analysis of Algorithms -

Descriptive Answers
1) Binomial Coefficients using Dynamic Programming
Binomial Coefficients (C(n, k)) count the number of ways to choose k elements from a set of
n elements. It is defined as:

C(n, k) = C(n-1, k-1) + C(n-1, k), with base conditions:


- C(n, 0) = C(n, n) = 1

This recursive relation arises from Pascal's Triangle. Using Dynamic Programming, we store
previously computed values in a 2D array C[n+1][k+1] to avoid redundant computations.

DP Algorithm:
for i from 0 to n:
for j from 0 to min(i, k):
if j == 0 or j == i:
C[i][j] = 1
else:
C[i][j] = C[i-1][j-1] + C[i-1][j]

Time Complexity: O(n*k)


Space Complexity: O(n*k)

2) Floyd’s Algorithm
Floyd’s Algorithm finds shortest paths between all pairs of vertices in a weighted graph. It
uses a dynamic programming approach.

Recursive Formula:
Let D[i][j][k] be the shortest path from i to j using intermediate vertices from 1 to k.
D[i][j][k] = min(D[i][j][k-1], D[i][k][k-1] + D[k][j][k-1])

Final Iterative Form:


for k from 1 to n:
for i from 1 to n:
for j from 1 to n:
D[i][j] = min(D[i][j], D[i][k] + D[k][j])

Example:
For a graph with 3 vertices:
0 5 INF
INF 0 3
2 INF 0
After applying Floyd’s algorithm, shortest paths between all pairs are found.

Time Complexity: O(n^3)

3) Matrix Chain Multiplication using DP


Given matrices A1, A2, ..., An, determine the most efficient way to multiply them. The cost
depends on the order of multiplication.

Let m[i][j] be the minimum number of scalar multiplications needed to compute Ai...Aj.

Recursive Formula:
m[i][j] = 0 if i == j
m[i][j] = min over i <= k < j of {m[i][k] + m[k+1][j] + p[i-1]*p[k]*p[j]}

Where p[] is the dimensions array.


DP reduces redundant computations by memoizing subproblems.

Time Complexity: O(n^3)


Space Complexity: O(n^2)

4) Optimal Binary Search Tree (OBST)


Given keys k1 < k2 < ... < kn with search probabilities p1, p2, ..., pn, the goal is to build a BST
with minimal expected search cost.

Let e[i][j] be the minimum cost of OBST containing keys ki to kj.


Let w[i][j] be the sum of probabilities from pi to pj.

Cost Function:
e[i][j] = min over i <= r <= j of {e[i][r-1] + e[r+1][j] + w[i][j]}

Time Complexity: O(n^3)


Space Complexity: O(n^2)

5) Traveling Salesperson Problem (TSP)


Given n cities, find the shortest possible route that visits each city once and returns to the
origin.
Dynamic Programming Solution:
Let dp[mask][i] be the minimum cost to reach node i having visited nodes in mask.
dp[mask][j] = min(dp[mask ^ (1 << j)][i] + dist[i][j]) for all i != j
Start with dp[1<<0][0] = 0 (start at city 0)

Time Complexity: O(n^2 * 2^n)


Space Complexity: O(n * 2^n)

6) 0-1 Knapsack Problem


Given weights and values of n items, and capacity W, find maximum value that fits into the
knapsack.

Recursive Formula:
if wt[i-1] <= W:
dp[i][W] = max(val[i-1] + dp[i-1][W-wt[i-1]], dp[i-1][W])
else:
dp[i][W] = dp[i-1][W]

Iterative DP:
for i from 0 to n:
for w from 0 to W:
if i==0 or w==0:
dp[i][w] = 0
else if wt[i-1] <= w:
dp[i][w] = max(val[i-1] + dp[i-1][w-wt[i-1]], dp[i-1][w])
else:
dp[i][w] = dp[i-1][w]

Time Complexity: O(nW)


Space Complexity: O(nW)

7) Prim’s vs Kruskal’s Algorithm


Prim’s Algorithm:
- Starts from a node and grows the MST by adding the minimum weight edge from the tree.
- Uses Priority Queue or Min-Heap.
- Time: O(E log V)

Kruskal’s Algorithm:
- Sorts all edges and adds the smallest edge without forming a cycle.
- Uses Disjoint Set (Union-Find).
- Time: O(E log E)

Greedy Nature:
Both are greedy algorithms as they make locally optimal choices to find the global optimum.

8) Pseudocode for Floyd’s Algorithm


for k from 1 to n:
for i from 1 to n:
for j from 1 to n:
if dist[i][k] + dist[k][j] < dist[i][j]:
dist[i][j] = dist[i][k] + dist[k][j]
path[i][j] = k

Tracking Intermediate Nodes:


Use a 2D array path[i][j] to store intermediate nodes. Recurse using path[i][j] to retrieve the
actual path.

9) Greedy vs Dynamic Programming Example


Problem: Coin Change (minimum coins to make value V)

Greedy: Always pick the largest denomination <= remaining amount. May fail if
denominations are non-standard.

DP: Try all denominations and take minimum:


dp[i] = min(dp[i], dp[i - coin] + 1)

DP guarantees optimality, greedy doesn’t.

Example:
Coins = [1, 3, 4], Amount = 6
- Greedy: 4+1+1 = 3 coins
- DP: 3+3 = 2 coins (optimal)

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