Unit IV

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Content
 Structure of telephone system
 Transmission & Switching
 Trunks & Multiplexing
 Type of Switching
 Introduction to mobile telephone system

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Telephone System: Structure of telephone
system
 The telephone system is organized as a highly redundant,
multilevel hierarchy. Each telephone has two copper wires. The
two wire connections between each subscriber’s telephone and
the end office are known as the Local Loop.

 If the caller and callee both are attached to a given end

office, the switching mechanism is within the office and set a
direct electrical connection between the two local loops.

 caller
End Office

callee

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 If the called telephone is attached to another end office,
a different procedure has to be used.
 Each end office has a number of outgoing lines to one or
more nearby switching centers, called Toll offices (or if
they are within the same local area called Tandem
offices). And these lines are called Toll connecting
trunks.

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 If both the caller’s and callee’s end offices attached with
same toll office, the connection may be established within
the toll office.
 But if they are not in same toll office, the path will have to
be established somewhere higher up in the hierarchy, via
high bandwidth called inter-toll trunks or interoffice
trunks

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 Typical Circuit Route For A Medium- Distance Call.

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 A variety of transmission media are used for
telecommunication. Local loops consists of twisted
pairs. Co-axial cables, microwavesand fiber optics are
widely used between switching offices.

 Analog signals are passed throughout the telephone

system with the actual voice signal being transmitted as an
electrical voltage from source to destination.

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Transmission & Switching
 The transmission link carry both information (e.g. voice,
data) and signaling parts. The common example of
transmission links are as follows.
• Two wire transmission line
• Coaxial cable
• Microwave terrestrial link
• Fiber optic cable
• Satellite based communication link
• Infrared communication

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Transmission & Switching
 The medium of transmission can be guided or unguided.
The guided include copper, fiber etc. while unguided
include microwave, satellite etc. The transmission system
is characterised by three parameters viz. bandwidth of
information to be carried, propagation delay and path
attenuation from source to the destination.

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Transmission & Switching
 Following modules are typically incorporated in transmitter
and receiver parts of the communication system.
• Analog to digital conversion at transmitter and D to A at
receiver.
• Encoding (at transmitter) and decoding (at receiver).
• Modulation (at transmitter) and demodulation (at receiver)
• Multiplexing (at transmitter) and demultiplexing (at receiver)
• Multiple access techniques such as FDMA, TDMA and
CDMA in order to have efficient usage of common resources
of the communication system.

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Switching system
 The system which provides switching of baseband
information such as voice and data at intermediate points
during transmission is known as switching system.
Typically switching system is characterised by number of
input and output lines.
 Examples of switching systems include following modules
or system.
• Telephone Exchanges
• Voice Switches
• Packet or data switches
• Routers or Gateways
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Example of Switching : EPABX
 EPABX stands for Electronic Private Automatic Branch
Exchange.
 As shown in the figure EPABX/PBX facilitates use of
one external telephone line by many internal users in the
office premises. In the office each employee is provided
one telephone set and all the telephones are connected
with PBX. All the employees within the office premises
can communicate using 3-digit or 4-digit number
programmed in EPABX/PBX without any charge.

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Diagram: Working Model of EPABX or PBX

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 EPABX/PBX is connected to PSTN (Public switched
Telephone network) via trunk lines; hence all can use one
external voice line in time shared basis.
 PSTN is connected with MSC (Mobile switching centre)
of cellular networks such as GSM/CDMA/UMTS.
 By this mobile cell phone user can connect to any
telephone set in the office premises using extension
number.

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Trunks & Multiplexing
Trunks
 Trunks are a large-bandwidth communication channels
connecting switching centers, forming the core of the
telephone network.
 A trunk comprises of broadcast frequencies that are
suitable for long distance communication of many voice
and data signals simultaneously.

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Features
 The characteristic features of a trunk are −
 They carry digital information
 They are designed for both voice and data transmission.
 They can carry millions of calls simultaneously over long
distances.
 They have very high bandwidth.
 Another method of achieving high bandwidth is to use a
single high capacity link that can carry many signals
multiplexed together.
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 Trunks used in Telephone Networks
 Toll connecting Trunk − Lines that connect end offices with
toll offices. Fiber optic cables are used here.
 Intertoll Trunk − Very high bandwidth channels that connect
either two toll offices via intermediate switching offices. Fiber
optic cables and microwaves are used here.

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Multiplexing in Trunks
 Multiplexing is best solution for simultaneous transmission of
several signals.
 Multiplexing is a method of combining more than one signal
over a shared medium.
 The commonly used multiplexing techniques in trunks are:
Time division multiplexing (TDM) - In TDM, the users are
allowed the total available bandwidth on time sharing basis.
 Frequency division multiplexing (FDM) - In FDM, signals
of different frequencies are combined for concurrent
transmission.
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Type of Switching
 In large networks, there can be multiple paths from sender
to receiver. The switching technique will decide the best
route for data transmission.
 Switching technique is used to connect the systems for
making one-to-one communication.
 Classification Of Switching Techniques

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Circuit Switching
 When two nodes communicate with each other over a
dedicated communication path, it is called circuit switching.
There 'is a need of pre-specified route from which data will
travels and no other data is permitted. In circuit switching, to
transfer the data, circuit must be established so that the data
transfer can take place.
 Circuits can be permanent or temporary. Applications which
use circuit switching may have to go through three phases:
 Establish a circuit
 Transfer the data
 Disconnect the circuit
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Packet Switching
 In Packet Switching, data can be divided into small pieces
are called packets that can be flow independently in
network based on the destination address that contained
header within each packet. Multiple paths are exist
between sender and recipient in a packet switching
network..
 The main advantage of packet switching network is the
efficiency. The other advantage is that, it is faults tolerant.
In packet switching, the quality of data transmission is
kept high (error free).
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Message Switching
 Message Switching is a switching technique in which a message is
transferred as a complete unit and routed through intermediate
nodes at which it is stored and forwarded.
 In Message Switching technique, there is no establishment of a
dedicated path between the sender and receiver.
 The destination address is appended to the message. Message
Switching provides a dynamic routing as the message is routed
through the intermediate nodes based on the information available
in the message.
 Message switches are programmed in such a way so that they can
provide the most efficient routes.
 Each and every node stores the entire message and then forward it
to the next node. This type of network is known as store and
forward network.
 Message switching treats each
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message as an independent entity.
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Introduction to mobile telephone system
 Mobile telephone service connects mobile radio
telephones with other networks like public switched
telephone networks (PSTN), other mobile telephones and
communication systems like Internet.
 Mobile phones and other mobile devices, called mobile
stations are connected to base stations.
 Communication between the mobile stations and the base
stations are done by wireless radio signals, which may be
both data signals and voice signals.

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 Each base station has a coverage area around it, such that
mobile stations within this area can connect provided they
have access permissions.
 Base stations contain transmitters and receivers to convert
radio signals to electrical signals and vice versa. Base
stations transmit the message in form of electrical signals
to the mobile switching center (MSC). MSCs are
connected to other MSCs and public networks like
PSTNs.
 The system is diagrammatically shown as follows −
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Generations of Mobile Phone Systems
 1G (First Generation) − They were standards for analog
voice mobile phone communications.
 2G(Second Generation) − They were standards for digital
voice mobile phone communications.
 3G(Third Generation) − These standards were for
communications in form of both digital voice as well as digital
data.
 4G(Fourth Generation) − 4G standards provide mobile
broadband internet access in addition to digital voice and data.
 5G(Fifth Generation) − It is the next step of mobile
communication standards beyond 4G which currently under
development.
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