SVERI’s College of Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering

Pandharpur

PROJECT SYNOPSIS

Final Year B.Tech. Academic Year: 2024-2025

1. Name of the College: SVERIs College of Engineering, Pandharpur

2. Name of the Class: Final Year B.Tech. Mechanical Engineering

3. Name of the Students: 1. Swapnil Bharat Dhage (LY19)

2. Suraj Sanjay Aldar (LY10)
3. Shridhar Panchappa Dhadake (LY18)
4. Ranjit Ravindra Vyavahare ( LY57)
5. Swapnil Mahadev Tarte (LY56)

4. Name of the Project Guide: Prof. P.B.Asabe

5. Project Group No.:09

6. Title of the Project : Experimental Investigation of Mechanical Properties of

Natural Hybrid Composite Material.

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SVERI’s College of Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering
Pandharpur

Introduction:-

The advantage of composite materials over conventional materials stems largely from their
higher specific strength, stiffness and fatigue characteristics ,which enables structural design to
be more versatile. By definition, composite materials consist of two or more constituents with
physically separable phases. However, only when the composite phase materials have notably
different physical properties it is recognized as being a composite material. Composites are
materials that comprise strong load carrying material (known as reinforcement) imbedded in
weaker material (known as matrix). Reinforcement provides strength and rigidity, helping to
support structural load.

The matrix or binder(organic or in organic) maintain s the position and orientation o f the
reinforcement.Significantly,constituentsofthecompositesretaintheirindividual,physicalandchemic
alproperties;yet t o get here produce a combination of qualities which
individualconstituentswouldbeincapableofproducingalone.Thereinforcementmaybeplatelets,parti
clesorfibersandareusuallyaddedtoimprovemechanicalpropertiessuchasstiffness,strength and
toughness of the matrix material. Long fibers that are oriented in the direction
ofloadingofferthemostefficientloadtransfer.Thisisbecausethestresstransferzoneextendsonlyoveras
mallpartofthefiber-matrixinterfaceandperturbationeffectsatfiberendsmaybeneglected. In other
words, the ineffective fiber length is small. Popular fibers available as continuous filaments for
use in high performance composites are glass ,carbon fibers.

The biggest advantage of modern composite materials is that they are light as well as strong. By
choosing an appropriate combination of matrix and reinforcement material, a new material can
be made that exactly meets the requirements of a particular application. Composite s also provide
design flexibility because many of them can be molded into complex shapes. The downside is
often the cost. Although the resulting product is more efficient; the raw materials are often
expensive.

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SVERI’s College of Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering
Pandharpur

Relevance:-

The relevance of studying the mechanical properties of natural hybrid composite materials lies in
understanding their potential applications and advantages over traditional materials. By
conducting experimental investigations, we can gain insights into their strength, durability, and
performance characteristics. This knowledge can be valuable for various industries, such as
automotive, aerospace, and construction, seeking sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives.

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SVERI’s College of Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering
Pandharpur

Literature Review:

The literature review on the experimental investigation of the mechanical properties of natural
hybrid composite materials would involve examining previous studies, research articles, and
publications related to this topic. It would provide a comprehensive understanding of the current
state of knowledge, research gaps, and potential areas for further exploration. This review is
crucial for establishing a solid foundation for your own research and identifying the unique
contributions you can make in this field.2.1 About the Mechanical Properties of Natural Fiber
Based Polymer Composite The growing factors as like environmental challenges,
biodegradability, non-toxicityetc. Lead the researchers to focus their studies on exploring the
features of naturalmaterials like natural fibers. A lot of research is going on to make use of
natural fibersas a reinforcing material in the polymer matrix composites. There are a lot of
challenges faced by the researchers to make the natural fiber suitable for their needsdue to its
hydrophilic nature, thermal and chemical instability. But now a day'snatural fibers can replace
synthetic fibers to some extent by making them compatiblewith polymer matrixes by some
surface modification techniques.

J. santhosh, N. Balanarasimman, et.al [1] they have studied various natural fibers such as coir,
sisal, jute, coir and banana are used as reinforcement materials. In this paper both treated and
untreated banana fiber are taken for the development of the hybrid composite material. The
untreated banana fiber is treated by sodium hydroxide to increase the wet ability. The untreated
banana fiber and sodium hydroxide treated banaria fiber are used as reinforcing material for both
Epoxy resin matrix and Vinyl ester resin matrix Coconut shell powder is used along with both
untreated and treated banana fiber as a reinforcing material. In this process the banana fiber hand
molding process. The mould used for fabricating the hybrid composite material is made up of
aluminum with a de-bonding agent applied on the inner side. The banana fiber content is kept
constant to 30% of weight fraction of entire composite material. The variation in mechanical
properties are studied and analyzed. Here, the tensile strength has calculated by universal testing
machine, impact strength has calculated by pendulum impact tester and flexural strength has
calculated by universal testing machine with flexural test arrangement of the specimen. Then the
treated and untreated specimens are analyzed and compared through Scanning Electron
Microscope to study about its adhesion between fiber and resin matrix and surface morphology.

Rozman et al. [2] have made the conclusion that the coir fiber filled polypropylene composites
with lignin as a compatibilizer was performed better flexural properties than control composites
Tensile properties were not at all improved where lignin was incorporated as a compatibilizer.
The use of cair fiber reinforced polypropylene composite for the panel of automotive interior
applications is studied in this research.

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SVERI’s College of Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering
Pandharpur

Rout et al. [3] have studied the significance of surface treatment on the coir reinforced polyester
composites. The coir fiber was subjected to alkali treatment, vinyl grafting, and bleaching before
adding them with general purpose polyester resin. The mechanical characteristics like tensile
strength, bending and impact strength were increased because of surface treatment. Bleached
fiber composite (at 650C) showed better flexural strength. NaOH treated fiber/polyester
composite exhibited better tensile strength Because of the chemical treatments of fibers the water
absorption tendency of composite was reduced.

Monteiro et al. [4] have carried out a study on the mechanical characteristics of coir fiber
reinforced polyester composites. The coir fiber percentage was increased up to 80% and found
that up to 50% fiber loading, composites were become rigid, and afterthat composite behaves
like agglomerates A systematic study on the influence of lignin as a compatibilizer on the
physical property of coir fiber reinforced polypropylene composites was performed.

Satishpujari, A. Ramakrishana et.al [5] Last few decades have seen composite materials being
used predominantly in various applications. Many types of natural fibers have been investigated
for their use in plastics including Flax, hemp, jute, straw, wood fiber rice husks, wheat, barley
oats, cane (sugar and bamboo), graks reeds, Kenaf, ramic, oil palm empty fruit bunch, sisal, coir,
water pennywort, kapok, paper-mulberry, raphia, banana fiber, pineapple leaf fiber and papyrus.
Their volume and number of applications have grown steadily. Natural fibers offer both cost
savingsand reduction in density when compared to glass fibers. Natural fibers are an alternative
resource to synthetic fibers, as reinforcement for polymeric materials for the manufacture is
cheap, renewable and environment friendly. This paper discussesin detail about the uses&
applications of jute and banana fiber composites.

M. sumaila, I. Ambekar et.al [6] they have analyzed the effects of Banana fiber length on the
physical and mechanical properties of banana fiber/epoxy composite were investigated Five
different samples were produced by varying the length of the fiber between 5mm and 25mm at
30% wt. fiber loading using the hand layup molding technique. The mean density, percent
moisture absorption, veld content, tensile strength, temsila mohlo elongation reve strength
impact enero. Desurslitrength and modulus of the composite were analyzed. The results showed
that the percent moliture absorption, vid content and the comprensive strength increased with
increase fiber length while decree in density was observed. However, the tensile strength, teruile
modulus and percent elongation had their highest values of 67.2 MPa.. 653.07 MPa and 5.9%
respectively at 15 mm fiber lengths suggesting arnical fiber length for effective and maximum
stress transfer the impact energy at failure, on the other hand decreased with increase in Fiber
length from 803 to 403 for 5 mm and 25 mm fiber lenghs respectively.

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SVERI’s College of Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering
Pandharpur

S. Raghavendra, Lingaraju, et al [7], they have studied the effect of differentlengths of fiber
content with natural fibers reinforced bio-degradable composites are good shernative for
conventional materials. Natural fibers are cheaper in cost, environmental friendly and
biodegradable. In the present work composites are made using sheet Banana fibers and natural
rubber Composites are prepared using vulcanizing at 1500c and composites obtained were
determined for mechanical properties like tensile strength were determined. Syed AltanfHussain,
et.al [8] has studied that the mechanical properties namely tele strength (TS), flexural strength
(FS) and impact strength (15) of green coconut fiber reinforced polymer composite material.
They are test specimens aconding saguchis 19 orthogonal array concept. The control parameters
considered were fiber volume &fiber length Analysis of variance is used to check the validity of
the model. The result indicated that the developed models are suitable for predictionof
mechanical properties of green coconut fiber reinforced composite.

Y Indraj, et.al [9] has studied the Bamboo, jute and grass fiber reinforced with polyester
composite specimen piece are prepared separately. Their tenuile, flexural properties are
determined using universal testing machine, chemical resistance is studied and compared
scanning Electron microscope analysis is carried out. They have found that flexural strength of
the reinforced composite increase with bamboo fiber content.

Ashwani Kumar et al [10] has studied the Banana fiber reinforced epoxy composite for
evaluation of tensile strength, flexural strength and impact strength they have proposed that
30%weigth fraction of fiber had much better mechanical properties than20%, and 10%
weightfraction of fiber reinforcement in case of both glass fiber as well as banana fiber
reinforced.

P. Shashi Shankar, et.al [11] in this paper they have used epoxy as matrix and Banana fiber are
used as reinforced for preparing the composite. In the preparation of specimen the fiber as taken
as continues fiber. The specimen is prepared by varying the weight percentage of fiber (5% to
20%), and finally they have determined the tensile strength & impact strength to determine the
stresses, strain and displacement.

Samal et al. [12] have prepared bamboo as well as glass fiber filled polypropylene hybrid
composites and examined their mechanical, thermal and morphological properties. They also
added malefic anhydride grafted polypropylene (MAPP) to the composite in order to enhance the
interfacial bonding between the fibers and matrix. Itwas reported that the hybrid composite
shows improved mechanical properties like tensile, impact and flexural strength as compared
with virgin polypropylene, SEM micrograph of the composites showed a reduction in the
interfacial gap between fiber and matrix.

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SVERI’s College of Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering
Pandharpur

Reddy et al. [13] have treated glass/bamboo hybrid fiber reinforced polyester composites with
some chemicals such as sodium carbonates, sodium hydroxide, acetic acid, benzene, carbon
tetrachloride, ammonium hydroxide, toluene and water to check the chemical resistivity of the
composite. It was observed that the hybrid composites showed excellent resistance to chemicals
and the tensile strength of alkali treated hybrid composite was also improved. The reason found
that once the fiber subjected to alkali treatment, the amorphous hemicelluloses can be removed
to certain extent and eventually composite may show some crystalline behavior.

Biswas et al. [14] carried out a study on the significance of fiber length on the mechanical
character of coir/epoxy composite. It was found that the hardness of the composite decreases by
increasing length of fiber up to 20 mm and then after it increases. They also concluded that fiber
length has a major influence on enhancing mechanical properties like tensile strength. flexural
strength and impact strength.

Ayrilmis et al. [15] have proved that the coir fiber would be a vital component in the production
of thermoplastic composites, especially for the effective replacement of comparatively highly
expensive and dense glass fibers. If the coir fiber quantity increased up to 60 wt %, the flexural
and tensile properties of the composites improved by 26% and 35% respectively. Even if the
further increase in fiber quantity caused to decreases the flexural andtensile properties because of
the inadequate coverage of all the surfaces of the coir fiber inpolymer matrix.

Romli et al. [16] have done a factorial study upon tensile strength of coir reinforced epoxy
composite. In their study, the volume fraction, curing time and compression load during the
solidification of composites were taken as parameters. From the results, they concluded that
volume fraction influences the tensile strength of the composites. Authors also increased the
percentage volume fraction of fiber and found that the tensile properties of composites increased
to some extent. Curing time also showed some effects on the characteristics of composites
meanwhile the influences of compression load on the properties of composites were not revealed
properly.

Sreenivasan et al. [17] have compared the mechanical properties of untreated and surface
treated Sansevieria cylindrical fibers (SCFs)/polyester composites. Surface treatments such as
alkali, potassium permanganate, benzoyl peroxide and stearic acid were performed in order to
modify the fiber surface. They concluded that the surface treated fiber showed improved
mechanical property than the untreated fiber Composites with potassium permanganate treated
fiber exhibited better mechanical property due to better compatibility of fiber upon matrix.

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SVERI’s College of Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering
Pandharpur

Mir et al. [18] performed surface treatment on coir fiber, after that a systematic investigation on
the mechanical and physical properties of coir-polypropylene bio composites had conducted. For
improving the compatibility with polypropylene matrix, the coir fiber was reacted with basic
chromium sulfate and sodium bicarbonate salt in acidic solution. Composites with fiber
percentage of 10, 15 and 20 were prepared. The study reveals that the chemically treated fiber
based composite showed good mechanical characters than untreated. The composite with 20%
fiber weight concentration exhibited optimum mechanical property compared to other. During
surface treatment, the OH groups of untreated coir cellulose which were hydrophilic in nature
had been changed to hydrophobic -OH-Cr groups. Because of this, the water absorption amount
of composite was also lowered.

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SVERI’s College of Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering
Pandharpur

Problem Statement:-

The problem statement for the experimental investigation of the mechanical properties of natural
hybrid composite materials would focus on identifying the specific research gap or problem that
needs to be addressed. It could involve investigating the effects of different natural fibers, matrix
materials, or manufacturing techniques on the mechanical properties of the composite. The goal
is to contribute to the understanding and optimization of these materials for various applications.

Objectives: -

1. To study the natural hybrid composite material.

2. To functionalized the core and banana fiber with the treatment of NaOH.
3. To study effect of different fiber length of banana and core fiber material on mechanical
properties of hybrid composite material.
4. To optimize the fiber length for better properties of core and banana fiber natural
composite material.

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SVERI’s College of Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering
Pandharpur

Outline of proposed work:-

1. Introduction:

- Brief overview of natural hybrid composite materials and their significance.

- Statement of the research problem and objectives.

2. Literature Review:

- Review of previous studies on natural hybrid composite materials.

- Identification of research gaps and areas for further investigation.

3. Materials and Methods:

- Description of the materials used, including natural fibers and matrix materials.

- Explanation of the experimental setup and testing procedures.

4. Experimental Results and Analysis:

- Presentation of the obtained data on mechanical properties.

- Analysis of the results and comparison with existing literature.

5. Discussion:

- Interpretation of the findings and their implications.

- Discussion of the strengths, limitations, and potential applications of the natural hybrid
composite materials.

6. Conclusion:

- Summary of the key findings and contributions of the study.

- Suggestions for future research directions.

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SVERI’s College of Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering
Pandharpur

Methodology :-

1. Selection of material
2. Preparation of mold
3. Mixture of epoxy resin and hardener
4. Solidification

Details about Work Carried Out till date:

 Project Completion: 65% complete.

 Material Selection :
1. Natural Fibers: : Common natural fibers (e.g., Cocount fiber, Banana fiber.) and natural
matrices (e.g., biopolymers, epoxy, or polyester resins) are considered for hybrid composites.

1.1 Banana Fiber:

 Species of Banana Plant: Different species of banana may yield fibers with varying properties.
For composites, fibers from Musa spp. are most commonly used.
 Harvesting Method: The method of extraction (manual or mechanical) can affect the fiber's
length, quality, and purity. Fiber extraction involves peeling and cleaning the stem to remove
impurities.
 Fiber Treatment: Banana fibers can be treated to improve their compatibility with the matrix
material. Chemical treatments like alkali (sodium hydroxide) or silane treatments enhance the
fiber-matrix bonding by removing impurities and increasing surface roughness.

Fig. Banana Fiber

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SVERI’s College of Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering
Pandharpur

Properties of Banana Fiber in Composite:

a. Mechanical Property:

 Tensile Strength: Banana fiber exhibits good tensile strength, generally ranging between 200-500
MPa, which is comparable to other natural fibers like jute or flax. This makes it suitable for
reinforcing composite materials.
 Young's Modulus: The stiffness of banana fiber is relatively high, contributing to the rigidity of
the composite material. The modulus is typically in the range of 20-40 GPa.
 Impact Resistance: Due to its flexibility and toughness, banana fiber composites tend to have
good impact resistance.

b. Thermal Property:

 Thermal Conductivity: Natural fibers, including banana fiber, usually have low thermal
conductivity, making them good thermal insulators. This is beneficial for applications requiring
heat resistance.

1.2 Coconut Fiber:

 Type of Coir: There are two types of coir fibers:

o Brown Coir: Extracted from mature coconuts, this fiber is thick, stiff, and stronger,
making it suitable for structural composite applications.
o White Coir: Extracted from immature coconuts, this fiber is finer, softer, and more
flexible, often used for upholstery, matting, and lighter composites.
 Extraction Method: Coir can be extracted manually or mechanically. The method of extraction
influences the fiber’s length, purity, and properties. Mechanical extraction generally yields
shorter fibers, while manual extraction can provide longer, cleaner fibers.

Fig. Coconut Fiber

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SVERI’s College of Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering
Pandharpur

Properties of Coconut Fiber in Composites

a.Mechanical Property:

 Tensile Strength: Coir fibers have a relatively high tensile strength (approximately 100-600 MPa)
compared to other natural fibers like jute and sisal. However, it is generally lower than synthetic
fibers like glass or carbon.
 Young’s Modulus: The stiffness of coir fibers is moderate (approximately 10-25 GPa), which
contributes to the rigidity of the composite material.
 Flexural Strength: Coconut fiber composites exhibit good flexural strength, which makes them
suitable for load-bearing applications in automotive and construction materials.
 Impact Resistance: Coir fibers contribute to enhanced toughness, providing good impact
resistance, especially when combined with flexible matrix material

b.Thermal Property:

 Thermal Conductivity: Coir has low thermal conductivity, making it a good thermal insulator.
This property is beneficial for applications where heat resistance is important, such as in building
materials or automotive interiors.

1.3. Epoxy Resign And Hardener:

a. Type of Epoxy Resin:

 Bisphenol-A (DGEBA): The most common type of epoxy resin, which provides good mechanical
properties and ease of processing. It is typically used in general-purpose composites.
 Novolac Epoxy: A variation of epoxy with higher thermal resistance and chemical resistance,
making it suitable for high-performance composites or when operating in harsher environments.

b. Curing Agent (Hardener) Selection:

The choice of curing agent is crucial because it directly affects the curing time, temperature, and
mechanical properties of the composite. The main categories of hardeners are

Provide good heat resistance and chemical resistance, but the can be toxic and cause long cure
times.

They tend to cure faster but may offer less heat and chemical resistance.

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SVERI’s College of Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering
Pandharpur

Fig. Epoxy Resign

. Properties of Epoxy Resin in Composites:

a.Mechanical Property:

 Tensile Strength: Epoxy resins typically provide high tensile strength, ranging from 50 to 120
MPa, depending on the specific formulation and curing conditions. This makes them ideal for
load-bearing composite applications.
 Young’s Modulus: Epoxy resins are known for their high stiffness, with a modulus typically in the
range of 2 to 4 GPa, contributing to the rigidity and structural integrity of the composite
material.

Preparation of Composite Materials:

Fibers Extraction/Preparation: Natural fibers are sourced from plants or agricultural waste.
They are cleaned, treated (e.g., surface modification or chemical treatments like alkaline or silane
treatment), and dried to improve bonding with the matrix.

Matrix Preparation: The resin or polymer matrix is prepared. For natural composites, bio-based
resins (e.g., epoxy derived from plant oils or polylactic acid) may be used .

Hybrid Composite Fabrication: The fibers are arranged in desired orientations (e.g.,
unidirectional, woven) and combined with the matrix using processes like hand lay-up,
compression molding, or vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding

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SVERI’s College of Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering
Pandharpur

 Environmental and Durability Testing

Water Absorption and Moisture Resistance: Natural fibers are often hydrophilic, meaning
they absorb moisture, which can affect the composite’s mechanical properties. Testing the
water absorption rate and its effects on the mechanical behavior of the hybrid composite is
important.

 Key Takeaways:

The main goal of such a project is to assess the mechanical behavior and potential application
areas of natural hybrid composites, which offer a sustainable alternative to conventional
materials. The experimental work combines material preparation, mechanical testing, and
analysis, focusing on both the performance and environmental impact of these composites

Plan for Completion of Remaining Project Work:

 Timeline:

Fabrication and Assembly: 1-2 weeks

Comprehensive Testing: Max. 1 weeks

Data Analysis and Refinement: 1-2 weeks

Final Report Preparation: 1 weeks

 Key Tasks and Deliverables:

 Mechanical Testing :

Tensile Strength and Modulus Testing: Tensile testing is used to evaluate the maximum
stress a composite can withstand before failure and its elasticity.

Flexural Strength and Modulus: Flexural testing measures the ability of a composite to
resist bending

Impact Testing (Charpy/Izod): To determine the material’s resistance to sudden loads

and impacts.

Hardness Testing: Hardness can be measured using standard methods like the Shore
hardness test.

Compression Testing: Compression tests assess the material's ability to withstand

compressive forces and determine its compressive strength

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SVERI’s College of Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering
Pandharpur

Shear Strength Testing: Measures the material’s resistance to forces that cause one layer
to slide over another.

 Data Analysis and Comparison:

Mechanical Property Comparison: After collecting data from various tests, the
mechanical properties of the hybrid composite are compared to traditional materials
(like synthetic composites) or baseline natural fiber composites.

Optimization of Fiber Volume Fraction: The mechanical performance can be

optimized by adjusting the fiber volume fraction, fiber orientation, and hybridization
ratio to achieve desired strength, stiffness, and toughness.

Available Facilities:-

Based on the available facilities, you can consider utilizing materials testing laboratories
equipped with universal testing machines, which can measure mechanical properties like tensile
strength, flexural strength, and impact resistance. Additionally, facilities for sample preparation,
such as cutting and shaping equipment, may be required. It's also beneficial to have access to
microscopy or imaging techniques for analyzing the composite structure.

References:

Santhosh,N.Balanarasimman,et.al,“studyofpropertiesofcococnutfiberReinforcedcomposite”,Int
ernationalJournalofResearchinEngineeringandTechnologyNov2014.

RozmanH.D.,TanK.W.,KumarR.N.,IshakZ.A.M.,IsmailH.,
(2000).“TheeffectofLigninasaCompatibilizeronthephysicalpropertiesofcoconutfiberpolypropyle
neComposites”,

Europeanpolymerjournal36, pp.1483–1494

Rout,J.,Misra,M.,Tripathy,S.S.,Nayak,S.K.,&Mohanty,A.K.(2001).”TheInfluenceof fibber
treatment on the performance of coir-polyester Composites”.Composites Science
andTechnology,61(9), pp.1303-131

Monteiro S.N., Terrones L.A.H., D’Almeida J.R.M., (2008). “Mechanical performance

ofcoirfiber/polyestercompositesPolymerTesting” 27, pp. 591–595.2

Satishpujari, A. Ramakrishna et.al, “Comparison of Jute and Banana Fiber

composites”,International journal of Currentengineering& Technology,Feb 2014.

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S.Raghavendra, Lingaraju,et.al,“ Mechanical properties of short Bananafiberreinforced natural

rubber composites ”, The International Journal of
innovativeresearchinscience,Engineeringandtechnology,Volume-2,Issue-05may2013.

SyedAltanfHussai,”n,et.al,“,Mechanicalpropertiesofgreencoconutfiberreinforced polymer
composite,”.Vol.3,11Nov2011.

AshwaniKumar,et.al,“Development of paper weight/coconutfiber

reinforced Epoxycomposite”,,Volume3,Nov–Dec2013.

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SVERI’s College of Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering
Pandharpur

Date of Project Synopsis Submission:- 16/05/2025

Name and Signature of the Students: 1. Swapnil Bharat Dhage (LY19)

2. Suraj Sanjay Aldar (LY10)
3. Ranjit Ravindra Vyavahare LY57)
4. Shridhar Panchappa Dhadake (LY18)
5. Swapnil Mahadev Tarte (LY56)

Name and Signature of the Project Guide: Prof. P.B. Aasbe

Name and Signature of Head of Department: Dr. S. B. Bhosale

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