Chapter 2

Layouts and Lettering

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 Outline
• Identify Six Types of Technical Drawings Based on Projections
• Identify Line Patterns in Technical Drawings
• Understand Measurement Systems
• Label Drawing Scale Information
• Add Lettering to Sketches
• Identify Standard Drawing Media and Sheet Sizes
• Fill in A Standard Title Block with Appropriate Information

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 Projections
Three “imagined” things:
1. The observer’s eye, or station point
2. The plane of projection
3. The projectors (also called visual
rays or lines of sight).

Perspective Projection

Piercing Points: Imagine that the

drawing is produced by points.
Parallel Projection
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 Types of Projections

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 Drawing Vocabulary
• Drawing Lines

• Lettering ABC

• Measurement Systems mm
Inch

• Scale

• Title Blocks

Title Block

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 Alphabet of Lines

Thick and Thin Drawing Lines

The meaning of each line on a

technical drawing is indicated by
its width (thick or thin) and its
particular line style.

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 Alphabet of Lines

Freehand Line Technique

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 Alphabet of Lines
Line Styles

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 Alphabet of Lines

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 Alphabet of Lines

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 Alphabet of Lines

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 Measurement Systems

U.S. Customary Units

✓ Primary Unit: millimeter (mm);

✓ Secondary: meter (m) and kilometer (km)

The Metric System

Dual-Dimensioned

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 Drawing Scale
Drawing scale is the reduction or enlargement of the drawn object relative to
the real object. It is stated as a ratio of the number of drawing units to the
number of actual units.

The scale is listed in one of

these three ways:
SCALE: 1:2
Scale in the
SCALE: 1/2 Title Block
SCALE: .5
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 Lettering Standards
• Most hand-drawn notes use lettering about 3 mm (1/8") high.
• CAD notes are set using the keyboard and sized to be in the range of 3 mm
(1/8") tall according to the plotted size of the drawing.
• CAD drawings typically use a Gothic lettering style (sans serif) but often use
a Roman style for titles.

Hand-drawn Notes CAD Notes

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 Fractions
Do’s & Don’t
• Never let numerals touch the fraction bar.
• Center the denominator under the numerator.
• Avoid using an inclined fraction bar, except when lettering in a narrow space,
as in a parts list.
• Make the fraction bar slightly longer than the widest part of the fraction.

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 Spacing of Letters and Words
➢ Spacing between Letters
Putting equal distances from letter to letter
causes them to appear unequally spaced.

➢ Spacing between Words

Space letters closely within words to
make each word a compact unit, but space
words well enough apart.

➢ Spacing between Rows

Be sure to leave space between rows of
lettering, usually equal to the letter height.

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 Drawing Pencils

➢ Hard ➢ Medium ➢ Soft

The hard leads in this The softer grades These leads are too
group (left) are used (right) are used for soft to be useful in
where extreme technical sketching, mechanical drafting.
accuracy is required, lettering, arrowheads, These grades are
as on graphical and other freehand used for artwork of
computations and work on mechanical various kinds.
charts and diagrams. drawings. The harder
leads (left) are used
for line work on
machine drawings.
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 Sketching and Drawing Media
Many choices of media (paper and other) are available for particular
sketching or drawing purposes. Whether you are sketching or are plotting a
drawing from a CAD workstation, choose the type of sheet and size that suits
your needs.

Small notebooks or sketch

pads are useful when working
at a site or when it is necessary
to quickly record information.

Graph paper can be helpful

in making neat sketches.

Sketch on Graph Paper

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 Standard Sheets
There are ANSI/ASME standards for international and U.S. sheet sizes.
Note that drawing sheet size is given as height x width. Most standard
sheets use what is called a “landscape” orientation.

* May also be used as a vertical sheet size at 11" tall by 8.5" wide.

“A” Size = “Letter” Size

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 Typical Sheet Sizes and Borders
• Margins and Borders
• Zones

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 Title Block
The title block is located in the lower right corner of the format. Standard areas
in the title block provide the information as shown below.

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 Review
1. Classification of Projections:

• Perspective Projection: Linear Perspective and Aerial Perspective.

• Parallel Projection: Oblique Projection and Orthographic Projection

(Axonometric Projection and Multiview Projection).

2. Drawing Lines: Thick and Thin; Visible and Hidden; Section, Centerline,
Symmetry; Dimension, Extension, Leader; Cutting-lane, Viewing-plane;
Short-break, Long-break, Phantom, Stitch, Chain.

3. Drawing Scale: Ratio of the number of drawing units to the number of

actual units.

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 Questions

For the above two images, explain:

• Which one is perspective projection and which one is parallel projection.
• When perspective projection should be used and when parallel projection
should be used.

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 Questions
1. Identify the correctness of the following statements with YES or NO.

• An oblique projection is a kind of perspective projection.

• An isometric projection is a kind of parallel projection.

• The contrast in different line weights should be in the width of the line, not
in the darkness of the line.

• When lettering text, space the letters so that the space between the letters is
always equal.

2. When drawing thick lines, explain how thick they should be drawn with
relationship to thin lines?

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 Questions
1. Of the below listed grades, which has little usefulness in mechanical drawing?
(a) 4H, (b) 2H, (c) H, (d) HB, (e) 3B

2. Is the scale in the right drawing 1:2 or 2:1?

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