Experiment – 01

Develop program to understand the control structure of python.

num = 7

if num > 0:

print("Positive number")

else:

print("Non-positive number")

# For loop

print("For loop from 1 to 5:")

for i in range(1, 6):

print(i)

# While loop with break and continue

print("While loop demonstration:")

i=0

while i < 5:

i += 1

if i == 3:

continue # skip printing 3

if i == 5:

break # exit loop when i is 5

 print(i)

output:
 Experiment – 02

Develop program to implement list, dictionary & tuple.

# List

fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]

print("List example:", fruits)

print("Second fruit:", fruits[1])

# Tuple

colors = ("red", "green", "blue")

print("Tuple example:", colors)

print("First color:", colors[0])

# Dictionary

student = {"name": "Alice", "age": 20, "grade": "A"}

print("Dictionary example:", student)

print("Student name:", student["name"])

output:
 Experiment – 03

Develop program to implement function with stress on scoping.

x = 10 # Global variable

def outer_function():

x = 20 # Enclosing (nonlocal) variable

def inner_function():

nonlocal x

x = 30 # Modifies the enclosing variable

print("Inside inner_function, x =", x)

inner_function()

print("Inside outer_function after inner_function, x =", x)

def modify_global():

global x

x = 50 # Modifies the global variable

print("Inside modify_global, x =", x)

print("Initial global x =", x)

outer_function()
print("Global x after outer_function =", x)

modify_global()

print("Global x after modify_global =", x)

output:
 Experiment – 04

Develop a program to implement exception handling.

try:

a = int(input("Enter numerator: "))

b = int(input("Enter denominator: "))

result = a / b

print("Result:", result)

except ZeroDivisionError:

print("You can't divide by zero!")

except ValueError:

print("Please enter valid numbers!")

output:
 Experiment – 05

Develop program to implement classes and objects.

# Define a class

class Student:

def __init__(self, name, grade):

self.name = name

self.grade = grade

def display(self):

print("Student Name:", self.name)

print("Grade:", self.grade)

# Create an object of the class

s1 = Student("Alice", "A")

# Call method using the object

s1.display()

output:
 Experiment – 06

Develop program to implement linear search & binary search.

# Linear Search

def linear_search(arr, target):

for i in range(len(arr)):

if arr[i] == target:

return i

return -1

# Binary Search (works only on sorted lists)

def binary_search(arr, target):

low = 0

high = len(arr) - 1

while low <= high:

mid = (low + high) // 2

if arr[mid] == target:

return mid

elif arr[mid] < target:

low = mid + 1

else:

high = mid - 1
 return -1

# Sample list and target

numbers = [3, 6, 9, 12, 15]

target = 12

# Perform searches

print("List:", numbers)

print("Target:", target)

# Linear Search Result

result1 = linear_search(numbers, target)

print("Linear Search: Found at index" if result1 != -1 else "Linear Search: Not

found", result1)

# Binary Search Result

result2 = binary_search(numbers, target)

print("Binary Search: Found at index" if result2 != -1 else "Binary Search: Not

found", result2)
output:
 Experiment – 07

Develop program to implement insertion sort , selection sort, bubble sort, &
merge sort.

# Insertion Sort

def insertion_sort(arr):

for i in range(1, len(arr)):

key = arr[i]

j=i-1

while j >= 0 and arr[j] > key:

arr[j + 1] = arr[j]

j -= 1

arr[j + 1] = key

# Selection Sort

def selection_sort(arr):

for i in range(len(arr)):

min_idx = i

for j in range(i + 1, len(arr)):

if arr[j] < arr[min_idx]:

min_idx = j

arr[i], arr[min_idx] = arr[min_idx], arr[i]

# Bubble Sort
def bubble_sort(arr):

n = len(arr)

for i in range(n):

for j in range(0, n - i - 1):

if arr[j] > arr[j + 1]:

arr[j], arr[j + 1] = arr[j + 1], arr[j]

# Merge Sort

def merge_sort(arr):

if len(arr) > 1:

mid = len(arr) // 2

left_half = arr[:mid]

right_half = arr[mid:]

merge_sort(left_half)

merge_sort(right_half)

i=j=k=0

while i < len(left_half) and j < len(right_half):

if left_half[i] < right_half[j]:

arr[k] = left_half[i]

i += 1

else:
 arr[k] = right_half[j]

j += 1

k += 1

while i < len(left_half):

arr[k] = left_half[i]

i += 1

k += 1

while j < len(right_half):

arr[k] = right_half[j]

j += 1

k += 1

# Sample List

arr = [64, 25, 12, 22, 11]

print("Original List:", arr)

# Insertion Sort

insertion_sorted = arr.copy()

insertion_sort(insertion_sorted)

print("Insertion Sort:", insertion_sorted)

# Selection Sort

selection_sorted = arr.copy()

selection_sort(selection_sorted)

print("Selection Sort:", selection_sorted)

# Bubble Sort

bubble_sorted = arr.copy()

bubble_sort(bubble_sorted)

print("Bubble Sort:", bubble_sorted)

# Merge Sort

merge_sorted = arr.copy()

merge_sort(merge_sorted)

print("Merge Sort:", merge_sorted)

output:
 Experiment – 08

Demonstrate the following conditional statement in python with suitable

example.

(i) If – statement
# Example to check if a number is positive
number = 7

if number > 0:
print("The number is positive.")

output:

(ii) If else – statement

# Example to check if a number is positive or negative
number = -5

if number > 0:
print("The number is positive.")
else:
print("The number is negative.")

output:

(iii) If-elif –else statement

# Example to check if a number is positive, negative, or zero
number = 0

if number > 0:
 print("The number is positive.")
elif number < 0:
print("The number is negative.")
else:
print("The number is zero.")

output:
 Experiment – 09
Demonstrate the following function which operates on string in
python with suitable example.
(i) Len
# Example string
text = "Hello, Python!"

# Using len() function to get the length of the string

length = len(text)

# Display the length of the string

print("The length of the string is:", length)

output:

(ii) Strip
# Example string with leading and trailing spaces
text = " Hello, Python! "

# Using strip() to remove leading and trailing spaces

stripped_text = text.strip()

# Display the stripped string

print("Original string:", repr(text))
print("Stripped string:", repr(stripped_text))

output:
(iii) Rstrip
# Example string with trailing spaces
text = "Hello, Python! "

# Using rstrip() to remove trailing spaces

stripped_text = text.rstrip()

# Display the original and stripped strings

print("Original string:", repr(text))
print("Right stripped string:", repr(stripped_text))

output:

(iv) Lstrip
# Example string with leading spaces
text = " Hello, Python!"

# Using lstrip() to remove leading spaces

stripped_text = text.lstrip()

# Display the original and stripped strings

print("Original string:", repr(text))
print("Left stripped string:", repr(stripped_text))

output:
(v) Find
# Example string
text = "Hello, Python! Welcome to Python programming."

# Using find() to search for a substring

position = text.find("Python")

# Display the result

print("Substring 'Python' found at index:", position)

# Searching for a substring that is not in the string

position_not_found = text.find("Java")
print("Substring 'Java' found at index:", position_not_found)

output:

(vi) Rfind
# Example string
text = "Hello, Python! Welcome to Python programming."

# Using rfind() to search for a substring from the end

position = text.rfind("Python")

# Display the result

print("Substring 'Python' found at index:", position)

# Searching for a substring that is not in the string

position_not_found = text.rfind("Java")
print("Substring 'Java' found at index:", position_not_found)
 output:

(vii) Index
# Example string
text = "Hello, Python! Welcome to Python programming."

# Using index() to search for the first occurrence of a substring

position = text.index("Python")

# Display the result

print("Substring 'Python' found at index:", position)

# Trying to search for a substring that doesn't exist (this will raise
an error)
try:
position_not_found = text.index("Java")
print("Substring 'Java' found at index:", position_not_found)
except ValueError:
print("Substring 'Java' not found in the string.")

output:

(viii) Rindex
# Example string
text = "Hello, Python! Welcome to Python programming."

# Using rindex() to search for the last occurrence of a substring

position = text.rindex("Python")
# Display the result
print("Substring 'Python' found at index:", position)

# Trying to search for a substring that doesn't exist (this will raise
an error)
try:
position_not_found = text.rindex("Java")
print("Substring 'Java' found at index:", position_not_found)
except ValueError:
print("Substring 'Java' not found in the string.")

output:
 Experiment – 10
Write a python program to demonstrate local and global
variables.

# Global variable
x = 10

def my_function():
# Local variable
x=5
print("Inside function, local x =", x)

# Call the function

my_function()

# Print the global variable

print("Outside function, global x =", x)

output: