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PPT-Unit 4

The document explains the definitions and functions of sensors and transducers, highlighting that all sensors are transducers but not all transducers are sensors. It details various examples of each, their applications, and key differences, particularly in terms of measurement and energy conversion. Additionally, it discusses the classification of sensors, their specifications, and desirable features for robot sensors.

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10 views39 pages

PPT-Unit 4

The document explains the definitions and functions of sensors and transducers, highlighting that all sensors are transducers but not all transducers are sensors. It details various examples of each, their applications, and key differences, particularly in terms of measurement and energy conversion. Additionally, it discusses the classification of sensors, their specifications, and desirable features for robot sensors.

Uploaded by

shahruks1808
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Unit 4

Unit 4

Sensor- A sensor is a device that detects and responds to a physical


stimulus, such as light, temperature, pressure, or motion. It measures a
specific parameter and converts it into a signal that can be read or
interpreted.-

Function: The primary function of a sensor is to sense a change in the


environment and produce an output signal, usually in the form of an
electrical signal.-

Examples: Temperature sensors (thermometers), pressure sensors, light


sensors (photodetectors), and motion sensors.
Unit 4

Transducer- A transducer is a device that converts one form of energy


into another. This can include converting a physical phenomenon (like
temperature or pressure) into an electrical signal or vice versa.-

Function: Transducers can serve various purposes, including sensing (as


in sensors) or actuation (where they convert electrical signals into
physical movement)

Examples: A microphone (which converts sound waves into electrical


signals) is a transducer, as is a loudspeaker (which converts electrical
signals back into sound).
Key Differences-
Purpose: All sensors can be considered transducers because they
convert physical quantities into electrical signals, but not all
transducers are sensors. Some transducers convert signals without
directly measuring a physical quantity.-

Output: Sensors typically provide an output signal that correlates


with the measured parameter, while transducers may convert
signals between different forms (e.g., electrical to mechanical).-

Application: Sensors are primarily used for monitoring and


measuring, while transducers are used in both measurement and
control applications. In summary, while there is overlap, the main
distinction lies in their specific roles: sensors focus on
measurement, while transducers deal with energy conversion.
Sensors & Transducers
Sensors & Transducers
Sensors & Transducers
Sensors & Transducers
Sensors:
1. Thermocouple: Measures temperature by generating a voltage based on the
temperature difference between two junctions.
2. Photodiode: Detects light intensity and converts it into an electrical signal.
3. Accelerometer: Measures acceleration forces and can detect changes in motion or
orientation.
4. Pressure Sensor: Measures the force exerted by a fluid (liquid or gas) and converts it
into an electrical signal.
Transducers:
1. Microphone: Converts sound waves (acoustic energy) into electrical signals.
2. Loudspeaker: Converts electrical signals into sound waves.
3. Strain Gauge: Measures the amount of deformation or strain in an object and
converts it into an electrical signal.
4. Hydraulic Pressure Transducer: Converts hydraulic pressure into an electrical signal
for monitoring or control purposes.

Sensors are often types of transducers because they convert physical quantities into
electrical signals, but not all transducers are strictly sensors.
Sensors & Transducers
Difference between Sensors & Transducers
Transducer
The word transducer is related to the conversion of energy from one form to
another and hence, a transducer provides the means of conversion between two
physical variables, which is representative of a given process. The process variables
such as temperature, strains, etc. are not electrical in nature. However, in most
instrumentation the information is normally processed electronically. Therefore,
some method of conversion is required so as to enable the control system to work
effectively. A transducer makes such conversions. Example: An accelerometer
provides output voltage that is proportional to the mechanical motion of an
object.
Sensor
A sensor is an element in a measurement system that acquires a physical parameter
and changes it into a signal. The sensing element is in contact with the object or
process and provides the output, which depends upon the variation in the process,
or experiences a change, which relates to the process variable being monitored. The
sensor is used to measure physical quantities such as position, force, distance,
strain, vibration, temperature and acceleration. Most sensors work by converting
some physical parameter into an electrical signal. Example: A thermocouple senses
the change in temperature.
Sensors & Transducers
Difference between Sensors & Transducers
Classification of Sensors
Sensors are classified on the basis of the output signal, physical parameters
measured by them, and various other points. Sensors on the basis of the output
signal are classified into analog and digital output sensors.
Classification of Sensors
Classification of Sensors
Classification of Sensors

e.g.Touch Sensor in Mobile


When a finger hits the screen,a tiny electrostatic charge is transferred to the
field that completes the circuit. A voltage drop is created at that point and
causes change in local electric field. This voltage disruption is detected by a
controller and this is how capacitive touch sensor works.
Classification of Sensors

e.g.The Proximity sensor turns off the touch screen during voice calls
when your ear is close to the screen, This prevents you from
unintentionally activating other functions on your device when you are
engaged in a call.

The proximity sensor is located on the upper front of your phone(above


the display)
Classification of Sensors
Classification of Sensors
Classification of Sensors
Classification of Sensors
Classification of Sensors
Internal & External Sensors in Robots
Desirable features of Robot Sensors
Desirable features of Robot Sensors
Sensors Specifications/Characteristics
Sensors Specifications/Characteristics
Sensors Specifications/Characteristics
Sensors Specifications
Sensors Specifications
Sensors Specifications
Sensors Specifications
Summary
• Sensor and transducer definition & differences
• Classification & explanation of sensors.
• Internal and external sensors of Robots and applications of robot sensors
• Desirable features of Robot sensors
• Two essential characteristics of Sensors
• Range, Span, Error, Sensitivity, Resolution, Stability, Dead Band, Repeatability,
Response time
• Accuracy, Precision
• Non linearity characteristic, Hysteresis characteristic in case of Sensors.

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