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Science Chapter 1

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7 views2 pages

Science Chapter 1

Uploaded by

hive6790
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chapter 1

Chemical Reactions and Equations


Daily Life Situations and Chemical Reactions

Consider the following everyday situations and what happens during them:

 Milk left at room temperature during summers: The milk spoils due to the growth of
bacteria, leading to a sour taste and thickened texture, indicating a chemical change.

 Iron tawa/pan/nail exposed to a humid atmosphere: The iron rusts, forming a reddish-
brown coating of iron oxide, which is a chemical change.

 Grapes getting fermented: The sugars in grapes are converted into alcohol and carbon
dioxide by yeast, showing a chemical reaction called fermentation.

 Cooking food: The ingredients undergo chemical changes due to heat, resulting in new
flavors, textures, and aromas.

 Food digestion in our body: The food is broken down into simpler substances by enzymes
and acids, a chemical process essential for absorption of nutrients.

 Respiration: Oxygen is used to break down glucose in cells, releasing energy, carbon dioxide,
and water, which is a chemical change.

In all these examples, the original substance changes in nature and identity, indicating that a
chemical reaction has occurred.

Understanding Chemical Reactions

Whenever a chemical change happens, we say a chemical reaction has taken place. But what exactly
is a chemical reaction, and how can we identify it? Let's explore this through some activities.

Activity 1.1: Burning of Magnesium Ribbon

Note: This activity requires a teacher's assistance, and students should wear eye protection.

1. Clean a magnesium ribbon about 2 cm long by rubbing it with sandpaper.

2. Hold it with a pair of tongs. Burn it using a spirit lamp or burner.

3. Collect the ash formed in a watch-glass, keeping the ribbon as far from your eyes as possible.

Observation:

 The magnesium ribbon burns with a bright white flame, producing a white ash (magnesium
oxide). This is a chemical reaction where magnesium combines with oxygen in the air.

Activity 1.2: Reaction of Lead Nitrate with Potassium Iodide

1. Take lead nitrate solution in a test tube.

2. Add potassium iodide solution to the same test tube.

Observation:
 A yellow precipitate of lead iodide forms immediately. This is a visible indication of a
chemical reaction between lead nitrate and potassium iodide.

Activity 1.3: Reaction of Zinc with Acid

1. Take a few zinc granules in a conical flask or test tube.

2. Add dilute hydrochloric acid or sulphuric acid to the flask or tube.

Caution: Handle the acid with care.

Observation:

 Bubbles of hydrogen gas are produced around the zinc granules, indicating a chemical
reaction.

 When you touch the flask or test tube, you may feel it getting warmer. This temperature
change confirms that a chemical reaction is occurring, releasing heat.

Identifying a Chemical Reaction

From the activities above, we can conclude that a chemical reaction can be identified by observing
one or more of the following:

 Change in state: For example, solid zinc granules react to form a gas.

 Change in colour: As seen when lead nitrate reacts with potassium iodide to form a yellow
precipitate.

 Evolution of a gas: The formation of hydrogen gas in the zinc and acid reaction.

 Change in temperature: The warmth felt during the zinc and acid reaction.

As we look at our surroundings, we can observe many chemical reactions happening all around us.
This chapter will further explore the different types of chemical reactions and how they are
symbolically represented.

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