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STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM Grade 9th

The document discusses the structure of the atom, detailing the discovery of subatomic particles: electrons by J.J. Thomson, protons by E. Goldstein, and neutrons by J. Chadwick. It outlines various atomic models proposed by scientists, including Thomson's, Rutherford's, and Bohr's models, highlighting their features and drawbacks. Additionally, it explains concepts such as atomic number, mass number, electron distribution, valence electrons, isotopes, and isobars.

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Abhishek Prakash
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14 views5 pages

STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM Grade 9th

The document discusses the structure of the atom, detailing the discovery of subatomic particles: electrons by J.J. Thomson, protons by E. Goldstein, and neutrons by J. Chadwick. It outlines various atomic models proposed by scientists, including Thomson's, Rutherford's, and Bohr's models, highlighting their features and drawbacks. Additionally, it explains concepts such as atomic number, mass number, electron distribution, valence electrons, isotopes, and isobars.

Uploaded by

Abhishek Prakash
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 5

SISODIA’S WORLD OF SCIENCE Page |

1
Chapter 4 STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM

Introduction
John Dalton considered atom to be an indivisible entity, but his concept had to
be discarded at the end of nineteenth century, when scientists through
experiments were able to find existence of charged (electrons and protons) and
neutral particles (neutrons) in the atom. These particles were called the ‘Sub-
atomic Particles’

QUES: Who discover the electron?


 Discovery of Electrons – Cathode Rays (By J. J. Thomson)
 Thomson explained presence of electrons by cathode rays experiment.

Facts about Electrons


→ Charge on electron = −1.6 × 10-19 C
→Mass of electron = 9.1 × 10-31 kg

QUES: who discover the proton( Anode Rays/Canal Rays) ?


 E. Goldstein by his famous anode rays/canal rays experiment was able to
detect presence of positively charged particles called protons in the atom.

Facts about Protons

→ Charge on proton = + 1.6 × 10-19 C

i.e., Mass of proton ≅ 1840 × Mass of electron


→ Mass of proton = 1.673 × 10-24 gm

QUES: Who discover the neutron?


 J. Chadwick discover the neutron

QUES: How chadwick discover the neutron?


 J. Chadwick bombarded lighter elements (like lithium, boron etc.) with α-
particles and observed emission of new particles having zero charge but
having mass equal to that of proton.
 These particles were called ‘Neutron’ i.e., neutral particle of the atom.
 Neutron are absent in Protium isotope of hydrogen atom.(1H1)
 Since, mass of electrons are negligible as compared to that of proton and
neutrons hence, sum of masses of protons and neutrons in an atom will
compose its atomic mass
QUES: Describe the atomic model of atom?
From the knowledge of existence of subatomic particles like electron, proton
and neutron in an atom, various atomic models were proposed by different
scientists.
QUES: How many atomic models are proposed by scientist?
(i) Thomson’s Model of Atom (ii) Rutherford’s Model of Atom

CONTACT: DHIRENDRA SINGH SISODIA, 9716816874, 9891848448


SISODIA’S WORLD OF SCIENCE Page |
2
(iii) Bohr’s Model of Atom

→ The most trusted and scientifically established model of atom which is adopted
these days is ‘Quantum Mechanical Model of Atom’. It will be dealt in higher
classes
QUES: Describe the Thomson’s model of atom?
 This model is often called the ‘Water Melon Model’.
 In this model, Thomson predicted the presence of electrons inside positive
sphere (made up of protons), just same as seeds of watermelon are
embedded in red edible part of watermelon.
 Although this model explained neutrality of atom but couldn’t able to
explain other scientific experiments conducted on atom. Hence it was
discarded

QUES: Describe Rutherford’s Atomic Model?


 In his famous ‘α-ray Scattering Experiment’, Rutherford bombarded α-ray
(Helium nucleus 2He4) upon thin gold foil.

Observations made by Rutherford in his experiment:


(i) Most of α-particles passed through gold foil undeflected.
(ii) Some of the α-particles deflected by foil by small angles.
(iii) One out of every 12000 particles appeared to rebound.

QUES: write the Conclusions made by Rutherford?


(i) Atom consists of predominantly empty space as most of α-particles passed
through gold foil undeflected.
(ii) Atom contains centrally placed positively charged nucleus (carrying positively
charged particles), because few α-particles suffered deflected and very few i.e.,
one in 12000 bounced back.
(iii) Since a minute fraction of α-particles suffered deflections and very few
bounced back, this lead to conclusion that most of the space an atom is empty
and the space occupied by nucleus is negligible compared to this empty space.
Size of nucleus was about 10-5 times that of size of atom.
(iv) Whole of the atomic mass concentrated in the nucleus

QUES: write Features of Rutherford proposed model of atom?


(i) There is positively placed nucleus in an atom. Nearly all the mass resides in
nucleus (Proton + Neutron).
(ii) Electrons revolves round the nucleus in well defined orbits.
(iii) Size of nucleus is very small compared to the size of atom

QUES:Drawbacks of Rutherford’s Model (Unstability of Atom)?


 According to Rutherford, electrons revolve round the nucleus in well-
defined orbits, but electrons being charged particles will lose their energy
and finally will fall into the nucleus.
 This will make atom highly unstable.

CONTACT: DHIRENDRA SINGH SISODIA, 9716816874, 9891848448


SISODIA’S WORLD OF SCIENCE Page |
3
 This was the major drawback of Rutherford which was unexplained by
him.
 To overcome drawbacks of Rutherford’s Model, Neil Bohr in 1912
proposed modified model of structure of atom

QUES: write Assumption made by Neil Bohr?


 Only certain special orbits known as discrete orbits of electrons are
allowed inside the atom.
 While revolving in discrete orbits, the electrons do not radiate energy.
 Energy is emitted or absorbed by an atom only when an electron moves
from one orbit to another

QUES:what is atomic number?


→ The total number of proton lying in the nucleus of any atom is called the
atomic number.
→ An atomic number is the identity of an atom, changing atomic number means
changing the atom.
→ Atomic number is denoted by ‘Z’.
→ Atomic number = no. of protons or a neutral atom, no. of protons and
electrons are equal

QUES:what is mass number?


→ It is the sum of total number of protons and no. of neutrons lying in the
nucleus of an atom.
→ It is denoted by ‘A’.
→ Mass number = no. of protons + no. neutrons
→ Representation of an atom: ZEA or AZE (E= symbol of an element)

Example: Calculate number of protons, electrons and neutrons for 17


Cl35 or
3517Cl
Since Cl is neutral,
No. of electrons = no. of protons = 17
Mass no. of Cl = 35
No. of neutrons = 35 - 17 =18

QUES: By what scheme electron is distributed in various shell?


 The distribution of electrons in various shells is done in accordance to
‘Bohr-Bury Scheme’.

QUES: what is bohr –bury shell?


 The filling of electrons in an atom is done in accordance to ‘2n 2’, where ‘n’
is the number of shell and ‘2n2’ represents the total number of electrons
that can be accommodated in that particular shell.
→ Maximum number of electrons that can be filled in particular shell.
If n = 1, i.e., K = shell, 2n2 = 2×12 = 2 electrons
If n = 2, i.e., L = shell, 2n2 = 2×22 = 8 electrons

CONTACT: DHIRENDRA SINGH SISODIA, 9716816874, 9891848448


SISODIA’S WORLD OF SCIENCE Page |
4
If n = 3, i.e., M = shell, 2n2 = 2×32 = 18 electrons
If n = 4, i.e., N = shell, 2n2 = 2×42 = 32 electrons

(ii) The outermost shell can’t hold more than 8 electrons, while second last shell
can’t have more than 18 electrons, even though they may have capacity to hold
more electrons.

Example: ‘Ca20’, the electron distribution will be :

Ca20 = 2(K), 8(L), 8(M), 2(N)

→ But Ca20 = 2, 8, 10 is wrong although ‘M’ shell can contain upto 18 electrons.

(iii) The outermost shell can’t hold more than 2 electrons and the penultimate shell
can’t hold more than 8 electrons unless the preceding inner shell (antepenultimate
shell) is filled completely obeying ‘2n2’ rule.

Some examples:
(i) Ka19 = 2, 8, 8, 1 (ii) Al13 = 2, 8, 3 (iii) F9 = 2, 7 (iv) Ne10 = 2, 8 (v)
Na11 = 2, 8, 1

QUES: what is valence shell and valence electron?


→ From Bohr-Bury sequence, we know that maximum number of electrons which
can be accommodated in outermost shell is 8.
→ Every element has an urge to have 8 electrons in its outermost shell, in
achieving 8 electrons an atom can either gain electrons or loose electrons.
→ The number of electrons lost or gained by an element in achieving 8 electrons
in its outermost shell will be called its Valence.
→ For elements like H, He, Li, Be and B, these elements lose their outermost
electron to achieve 2 electrons in their outermost shell. These elements will have
valence in accordance to this act

QUES: what is isotopes?


 Isotopes are atoms of same elements having same atomic number and
different mass numbers.
Example: Chlorine has two isotopes of mass numbers 35 and 37 respectively.
17Cl35, 17Cl37

QUES:write the uses of isotopes?


(i) Uranium isotope is used as fuel in nuclear rector.
(ii) Isotope of cobalt is useful in treatment of cancer.
(iii) An isotope of iodine is used in the treatment of goiter

QUES: what are isobars?


 Isobars are the atoms of those elements which have the same mass number
but different atomic numbers are called isobars.

CONTACT: DHIRENDRA SINGH SISODIA, 9716816874, 9891848448


SISODIA’S WORLD OF SCIENCE Page |
5
20
 Ca40 and 18Ar40 have same mass number and different atomic number.
11Na24 and 12Mg24 are another examples.

CONTACT: DHIRENDRA SINGH SISODIA, 9716816874, 9891848448

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