RVS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

Kumaran kottam Campus, Kannampalayam (Po), Coimbatore – 641 402

(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi & Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai)
NAAC Accredited and ISO 21001:2018 certified Institution

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

LAB MANUAL

ME3381- COMPUTER AIDED MACHINE DRAWING

LABORATORY
REGULATION 2021

YEAR / SEMESTER: II / III

Prepared By Approved By
Mr.S.RAFICK AP/MECH HOD/MECH
Mr.P.UTCHIMAHALI MUTHU RAJA AP/MECH
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
S.NO. PARTICULARS PAGE NO.
1. Institute V / M 3
2. Department V / M / PEO; PO / PSO Statements 4
3. Lab Course Syllabus 6
4. University Prescribed Lab Experiments
Code of practice for Engineering Drawing, BIS specifications,
Welding symbols, riveted joints, keys, fasteners, Reference to
hand book for the selection of standard components like bolts,
i) nuts, screws, keys etc. Limits, Fits, Tolerancing of individual
dimensions, Specification of Fits, Preparation of production
drawings and reading of part and assembly drawings, basic
principles of geometric dimensioning & tolerancing.
ii) Creation of 2D Drawing, Editing, Dimensioning, Layering,
Hatching, Block, Array, Detailing, Detailed drawing.
Creation of 3D Drawing, Sketcher, Datum planes, Protrusion,
iii) Holes, Part modeling, Extrusion, Revolve, Sweep, Loft, Blend,
Fillet, Pattern, Chamfer, Round, Mirror, Section, Assembly
iv) Drawing of Bush bearing, Plummer block, Safety valves and
5.
non-return valve
v) Part and Assembly of Flange Coupling, Universal Coupling,
Oldham’s Coupling, Muff Coupling and Gear Couplings
vi) Part and Assembly of Knuckle Joints, Gib & Cotter Joints,
Strap Joints and Sleeve & Cotter Joints
vii) Part and Assembly of Piston, Connecting rod, Cross-head,
Stuffing box and multi-plate clutch
viii) Part and Assembly of Screw Jack, Machine Vice, Tail Stock,
Chuck, Vane pump and Gear pump
ix) Introduction to LS-DYNA (BEYOND THE SYLLABUS)

x) Part Programming – Taper Turning (BEYOND THE

SYLLABUS)
 RVS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Kumaran kottam Campus, Kannampalayam (Po), Coimbatore – 641 402
(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi & Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai)
NAAC Accredited and ISO 21001:2018 certified Institution

COLLEGE VISION & MISSION STATEMENT

VISION

“RVS College of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore, will strive to be an

Institution of National Importance and committed to work towards societal and economic
empowerment of the nation through the development of Engineers with technical and
managerial skills.”

MISSION

The RVSCET, Coimbatore, strives to

• Become a center of excellence for engineering education and research with excellent
infrastructure and well-qualified faculty.

• Develop and support faculty who are potential scholars and effective educators.

• Empower the students with newer and newer skills through various training programmes
to face the growing challenges of the industry.

• Enhance competitiveness of the students for economic and social developments.

 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

VISION:
“Mechanical Engineering Department, will strive to produce high-quality graduates to
be creative, entrepreneurial and knowledgeable in advanced fields of Mechanical Engineering
at the national level in order to meet the challenging industrial demands, research and societal
needs”.

MISSION:
• Impart quality education that includes a strong foundation in fundamental theory and
industrial applications.
• Enhance skills in engineering fields to make graduates as competitive Mechanical
Engineer.
• Inculcate entrepreneurial skills and ethical values with opportunities to meet societal
needs
• Motivate and encourage faculty to attain their quality improvement

PROGRAM EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs)

Effectuating success in careers by exploring with the design, digital and
PEO1 computational analysis of engineering systems, experimentation and testing, smart
manufacturing, technical services, and research.
Amalgamating effectively with stakeholders to update and improve their core
PEO2 competencies and abilities to ethically compete in the ever-changing multicultural
global enterprise.
To encourage multi-disciplinary research and development to foster advanced
technology, and to nurture innovation and entrepreneurship in order to compete
PEO3
successfully in the
global economy.
To globally share and apply technical knowledge to create new opportunities that
PEO4 proactively advances our society through team efforts and to solve various
challenging technical, environmental and societal problems.
To create world class mechanical engineers capable of practice engineering
PEO5 ethically with a solid vision to become great leaders in academia, industries and
society.
 PROGRAM OUTCOMES (POs)
After the successful completion of B.E. Program in Mechanical Engineering, the
students will be able to
Engineering Knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science,
PO1 engineering fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of
complex engineering problems.
Problem Analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyse
PO2 complex engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first
principles of mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering sciences.
Design/Development of Solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering
problems and design system components or processes that meet the specified needs
PO3
with appropriate consideration for the public health and safety, and the cultural,
societal, and environmental considerations.
Conduct Investigations of Complex Problems: Use research-based
knowledge and research methods including design of experiments, analysis and
PO4
interpretation of data, and synthesis of the information to provide valid
conclusions.
Modern Tool Usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources,
PO5 and modern engineering and IT tools including prediction and modelling to
complex engineering activities with an understanding of the limitations.
The Engineer and Society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual
PO6 knowledge to assess societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the
consequent responsibilities relevant to the professional engineering practice.
Environment and Sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional
PO7 engineering solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the
knowledge of, and need for sustainable development.
Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and
PO8
responsibilities and norms of the engineering practice.
Individual and Team Work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a
PO9
member or leader in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.
Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities
with the engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to
PO10
comprehend and write effective reports and design documentation, make effective
presentations, and give and receive clear instructions.
Project Management and Finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding
of the engineering and management principles and apply these to one’s own work,
PO11
as a member and leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary
environments.
 Life-Long Learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability
PO12 to engage in independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of
technological change.

PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOME (PSOs)

On successful completion of the Mechanical Engineering Degree programme, the
Graduates shall exhibit the following:
Apply the knowledge gained in Mechanical Engineering for design and
PSO1
development and manufacture of engineering systems.
Apply the knowledge acquired to investigate research-oriented problems in
PSO2 mechanical engineering with due consideration for environmental and social
impacts.
Use the engineering analysis and data management tools for effective management
PSO3
of multidisciplinary projects.

SYLLABUS

ME3381 COMPUTER AIDED MACHINE DRAWING LTPC

0042
COURSE OBJECTIVES:
To acquaint the skills and practical experience in handling 2D drafting and 3D modelling
software systems, standard drawing practices using fits and tolerances.
To prepare assembly drawings both manually and using standard CAD packages.
To Preparing standard drawing layout for modeled parts, assemblies with BoM.
PART I DRAWING STANDARDS & FITS AND TOLERANCES 12
Code of practice for Engineering Drawing, BIS specifications – Welding symbols,
riveted joints, keys, fasteners – Reference to hand book for the selection of standard
components like bolts, nuts, screws, keys etc. - Limits, Fits – Tolerancing of individual
dimensions IS919- Specification of Fits – Preparation of production drawings and
reading of part and assembly drawings, basic principles of Geometric Dimensioning
&Tolerancing.
PART II 2D DRAFTING 48
Drawing, Editing, Dimensioning, Layering, Hatching, Block, Array, Detailing, Detailed
Drawing.
1. Bearings – Bush Bearing,
2. Valves – Safety and Non-return Valves.
3. Couplings – Flange, Oldham’s, Muff, Gear couplings.
4. Joints – Universal, Knuckle, Gib& Cotter, Strap, Sleeve &Cotter joints.
5. Engine parts – Piston, Connecting Rod, Crosshead (vertical and horizontal), Stuffing
box, multi-plate clutch.
6. Machine Components – Screw Jack, Machine Vice, Lathe Tail Stock, Lathe Chuck,
Plummer Block, Vane and Gear pumps.
Total: 20% of classes for theory classes and 80% of classes for practice
Note: 25% of assembly drawings must be done manually and remaining 75% of assembly
drawings must be done by using any CAD software. The above tasks can be performed
manually and using standard commercial 2D CAD software.
 GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR LABORATORY CLASSES

❖ Students must wear lab uniform for all laboratory sessions.

❖ Closed foot wear must be worn inside the laboratory.

❖ Avoid wearing fashion accessories like chains, rings, etc. inside the laboratory.

❖ Long hair must be properly secured and not let loose while working near the

rotating machineries.

❖ Students must not operate any other machines or equipment other than the

prescribed ones.

❖ Avoid leaning or going too close to the rotating components in the laboratory.

❖ Instruments / meters/ tools/ gauge sets, etc., must be duly returned to the lab

technician before leaving the laboratory.

❖ Prepare for the viva-voce before coming to the lab.

❖ Diagram, tabulations, model calculations, model graphs, etc., should be neatly

tabulated in the left side of the record.

❖ Graphs and figures drawn in a separate sheet in special cases must be neatly and

firmly pasted on to the record.

❖ Completed records must be submitted in the next laboratory session.

❖ Experiment number with date must be written in the top left corner.
 RVS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Kumarankottam Campus, Kannampalayam (Po), Coimbatore – 641402
(ApprovedbyAICTE,NewDelhi&AffiliatedtoAnnaUniversity,Chennai)
NAAC Accredited and ISO 21001:2018 certified Institution

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

ME3381 COMPUTER AIDED MACHINE DRAWING

LABORATORY

COs Knowledge Course outcomes

level
CO 1 K3 To acquaint the skills and practical experience in handling 2D drafting and 3D
modelling software systems
CO 2 K6 To draw standard drawing practices using fits and tolerances.
CO 3 K6 To prepare assembly drawings both manually and using standard CAD packages.
CO 4 K6 To Preparing standard drawing layout for modeled parts, assemblies with BoM.
CO 5 K6 To able to Model orthogonal views of machine components.

List of Experiments Mapping with COs, POs & PSOs

S.No Name of the Experiments Cos POs PSOs

Study Experiment
Code of practice for Engineering Drawing, BIS
specifications, Welding symbols, riveted joints,
keys, fasteners, Reference to hand book for the
selection of standard components like bolts, nuts,
screws, keys etc. Limits, Fits, Tolerancing of
1 CO1, CO2 1,8,9,12 1.2
individual dimensions, Specification of Fits,
Preparation of production drawings and reading of
part and assembly drawings, basic principles of
geometric dimensioning & tolerancing.

Creation of 2D Drawing, Editing, Dimensioning,

Layering, Hatching, Block, Array, Detailing, 1.2
2 CO1,CO2 1,8,9,12
Detailed drawing.

Creation of 3D Drawing, Sketcher, Datum planes ,

Protrusion ,Holes, Part modeling ,Extrusion , 1.2
CO1,CO3,
3 Revolve, Sweep ,Loft , Blend , Fillet, Pattern , 1,8,9,12
CO4
Chamfer ,Round, Mirror ,Section ,Assembly
 2D DRAFTING
Drawing of Bush bearing, Plummer block, Safety 1.2
4 CO1,CO2,CO3 1,8,9,12
valves and Non-return valve
Couplings
Part and Assembly of Flange Coupling, Universal 1.2
5 Coupling, Oldham’s Coupling, Muff Coupling and CO3,CO4, CO5 1,8,9,12
Gear Couplings
Joints
Part and Assembly of Knuckle Joints, Gib & Cotter 1.2
6 CO3,CO4, CO5 1,8,9,12
Joints, Strap Joints and Sleeve & Cotter Joints
Engine Parts
Part and Assembly of Piston, Connecting rod, 1.2
7 CO3,CO4, CO5 1,8,9,12
Cross-head, Stuffing box and Multi-plate clutch
Miscellaneous Machine Components
Part and Assembly of Screw Jack, Machine Vice, 1.2
8 Tail Stock, Chuck, Vane pump and Gear pump CO3,CO4, CO5 1,8,9,12

EXPERIMENTS BEYOND THE SYLLABUS

9 Part Programming – Step Turning CO1,CO2 1,8,9,12 1.2

10 Part Programming – Taper Turning 1.2

CO1, CO2 1, 8,9,12
 ME3381- COMPUTER AIDED MACHINE DRAWING LABORATORY
CONTENTS

Nam of the Marks

Sl. No. Page No. Sign
Experiments Awarded
1 Study of Drawing standards and fits and tolerances
2 Introduction to CADD
3 Drawing of Plummer block bearing
4 Drawing of Non-return valves
5 Drawing of Safety valve
6 Part and Assembly of Flange Coupling
7 Part and Assembly of Universal Coupling
8 Part and Assembly of Oldham’s Coupling
9 Part and Assembly of Knuckle joint
10 Part and Assembly of Socket and Spigot joint
11 Part and Assembly of Gib and Cotter joint
12 Part and Assembly of Connecting rod
13 Part and Assembly of Piston

14 Part and Assembly of Stuffing box

15 Part and Assembly of Crosshead

16 Part and Assembly of Multi plate clutch

17 Part and Assembly of Screw jack

18 Part and Assembly of Machine vice

19 Part and Assembly of Tail stock

20 Part and Assembly of Chuck

21 Part and Assembly of Gear pump

22 Introduction to LS-DYNA

23 Part Programming – Taper Turning

Expt.No.01 STUDY OF DRAWING STANDARDS AND FITS AND
TOLERANCES
Aim:
To study about the drawing standards and fits and tolerance

Code of practice for Engineering Drawing Abbrevations

Term Abbreviation Term Abbreviation
Acrosscorners A/C Maunfacture MFG
Acrossflats A/F Material MATL
Approved APPD Maximum max.
Approximate APPROX Metre m
Assembly ASSY Mechanical MECH
Auxiliary AUX Millimetre mm
Bearing BRG Minimum min.
Centimetre Cm Nominal NOM
Centres CRS Nottoscale NTS
Centreline CL Number No.
Centretocentre C/L Opposite OPP
Chamfered CHMED Outsidediameter OD
Checked CHD Pitchcircle PC
Cheesehead CHHD Pitchcirclediameter PCD
Circularpitch CP Quantity QTY
Circumference OCE Radius R
Continued CONTD Radius inanote RAD
Counterbore CBORE Reference REF
Countersunk CSK Required REQD
Cylinder CYL Righthand RH
Diameter DIA Round RD
DiametralpitchDP Screw SCR
DimensionDIM Serialnumber Sl.No.
Drawing DRG Specification SPEC
Equi-spaced EQUI-SP Sphere/Spherical SPHERE
External EXT Spotface SF
 Figure FIG. Square SQ
General GNL Standard STD
Groundlevel GL Symmetrical SYM
Ground GND Thick THK
Hexagonal HEX Thread THD
Inspection INSP Through THRU
Insidediameter ID Tolerance TOL
Internal INT Typical TYP
Lefthand LH Undercut U/C
Machine M/C Weight WT

Standard Codes

Sl.No. IS-CODE DESCRIPTION

1 IS:9609-1983 Lettering on Technical Drawing
2 IS:10711-1983 Size of drawing sheets
3 IS:10713-1983 Scales for use on technical drawing
4 IS:10714-1983 General Principles of Presentation
5 IS:10715-1983 Presentation of threaded parts on technical drawing
6 IS:10716-1983 Rules for presentation of springs
7 IS:10717-1983 Conventional representation of gears on technical drawing
8 IS:11663-1986 Conventional representation of common features
9 IS:11664-1986 Folding of drawing prints
10 IS:11665-1986 Technical drawing – Title blocks
11 IS:11669-1986 General principles of dimension on technical drawing
12 IS:11670-1986 Abbreviations for use in Technical Drawing

Welding symbols
Welding is a process of fastening the metal parts together permanently by the application of heat (fusion welds) or
pressure (pressure or forge welding) or both (resistance welding). Both ferrous (steel, cast iron) and Non-ferrous metals
(like brass copper and alloy) can be joined by welding.
The various types of welding process are
a. Gas welding
b. Arc welding
Metal Arc Welding (MAW)
Gas metal Arc Welding (GMAW)
Submerged Arc Welding (SAW)
Tungsten Inert Gas Welding (TIG)
Metal Inert Gas Welding (MIG)
c. Forge Welding
d. Resistance Welding
e. Thermit Welding
f. High Energy Welding

A welding symbol may include the following elements:

1. Reference line
2. Arrow line
3. Basic weld symbol
4. Dimensions & other data
5. Supplementary symbols
6. Finish symbols
7. Tail
8. Specifications, process, or other references
 The position of the arrow line with respect to the weld is of no special significance. The side of the joint on which
the arrow line is drawn is called “arrow side”. The side of the joint remote to the arrow line is called “other side”.
The reference line has significance on the weld side. If the weld symbol is placed BELOW the reference line, the welding
should be done in the “ARROW SIDE”. If the weld symbol is placed ABOVE the reference line, the welding should be
done in the “OTHER SIDE”. If the weld symbol is placed both ABOVE and BELOW the reference line, the welding should
be done in both the “ARROW and OTHER SIDES”.

Basic Weld Symbol

The basic symbols recommended by Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) for specifies the type of weld are shown in the fig.
 Riveted Joints
A riveted joint is a permanent type of fastener used to join the metal plates or rolled steel sections together.
Riveted joints are extensively used in structural works such as bridges and roof trusses and in the construction of pressure
vessels such as storage tanks, boilers, etc. Although welded joints are best suited to several of these applications than
the riveted joints, however, riveted joints are ideal in cases where the joints will be subjected to pronounced vibrating
loads. Riveted joints are also used when an on-metallic plate and a metallic plate are to be connected together. They
are also used when the joints are not expected to be heated while joining as in welding, which may cause warping and
tempering of the finished surfaces of the joints.
The disadvantage of riveted joints are: (i) more metal is removed while making of the holes, which weakens the
working cross sections along the line of the rivet holes, and (ii) weight of the rivets increases the weight of the
riveted members.
A rivet is around rod made either from mild steel or non-ferrous materials such as, copper, aluminium, etc., with a head is,
and formed at one end during its manufacture and its tail end being slightly tapered. The length of the shank of the
rivet must be sufficient enough to accommodate the connection plates and provide enough material for forming ahead at
its shank end. In general, the shank of the rivet will be equal to sum of the thickness of the connecting plates plus1.5
to 1.7 times the diameter of the rivet. If,
𝐿=length of the shank of the rivet
d=diameter of rivet
t=thickness of each of the connecting plates
then, 𝐿 = 𝛴𝑡 + (1.5 𝑡𝑜 1.7)

Various types of rivet heads for the use in general engineering work and boiler work as recommended by the Bureau
of Indian Standards. The different proportions of these rivet heads are given in terms of the nominal diameter of the
rivet. The rivet head to be used for general purposes for diameter below 12 mm are specified in the Indian Standard
code IS: 2155-1962 and for diameters between 12 and 48 mm are specified in the Indian Standard code IS:1929-1961.
The rivet heads to be used for boiler work are specified in the Indian Standard code IS: 1928-1961. The rivet heads to be
used for ship building are specified in the Indian Standard code IS: 4732- 1968.
 Types of rivet heads

Screw Threads, Keys and Fasteners

Screw Threads
A screw thread is a functional element used on bolt, stud, set screw, nut or any other threaded piece or
component. Screw thread is a helical groove on a cylinder surface (outer side or inner side). Its function is to
transform the input motion of rotation into output motion of translation.
If a cylindrical rod is rotated at a constant speed simultaneously if a pointed tool touching the rod moving parallel to the
axis of the rod at constant speed, the cut made by tool on the rod will be continuous and of helical form. The helical
groove is called “thread” and the threaded rod is called a “screw”.
Threads are cut using a lathe. Small size thread is often cut by means of a tool called die. A small size hole is
threaded by means of a tool called a tap.
The principal uses of threads are,
1. For fastening
2. For adjusting
3. For transmitting power
Terms and Nomenclature

1. Crest: It is the peak edge of a screw thread that connects the adjacent flanks at the top.
2. Root: It is the bottom edge of the thread that connects the adjacent flanks at the bottom.
3. Flank or side: It is the straight portion of the surface, on either side of the screw thread.
4. Angle of the thread: It is the angle included between the sides of two adjacent threads measured on an axial plane.
5. Depth of the thread: It is the distance between the crest and the root measured at Right angle to the axis. It is equal
to half the difference between the outer diameter and the core diameter.
6. Major diameter or outside diameter: It is the diameter of the imaginary coaxial cylinder, which would b in d the
crests of an external or internal thread.
7. Minor or core or root diameter: It is the diameter of the imaginary coaxial cylinder; this would b in d the roots of an
external thread or of an internal thread.
8. Pitch diameter: It is the diameter of the imaginary coaxial cylinder that can be passed so as to cut the thread, that the
width of the cut thread will be equal to the Width of the groove.
9. Pitch: It is the axial distance between a point on one thread and the corresponding Point on the next thread. It may be
indicated as the distance from crest or from root of two adjacent threads.
10. Lead: It is the distance measured parallel to the axis from a point on a thread to the corresponding point on the same
thread for one complete revolution. In other words, it is axial distance a screw advances in one revolution.

11. External thread: It is the thread on the outside surface of a member such as bolt, studs or screw.
12. Internal thread: It is the thread on the inside surface of a member such as nut or threaded hole.
13. Right hand thread: Right hand thread if turned clock wise direction advances in to a threaded hole. It abbreviated as
RH.
14. Left hand thread: Left hand thread if turned anti clock wise direction advances into a threaded hole. It abbreviated as
LH.
V- THREADS
British standard whit worth thread (BSW)
This thread was introduced by Sir Joseph whit worth, and was standardized as British standard thread. It has a thread
angle of 55 degree and is rounded equally at crest and roots.
British Association threads (B.A Threads)
The angle between flanks is 47.5 degree. These threads are to supplement BSW and have fine pitches. They are used on
screws for precision work.

American standard threads (or) sellers’ thread

The thread angle is 60 degree and both the crests and roots are kept flat. The seller’s thread has been in use in USA
and Canada.
Unified screw threads
The countries UK, U.S.A and Canada came to an arrangement for a common screw thread system with the included angle of
60 degree and designated as unified screw thread in the year 1949. The thread on the bolt is rounded off at the crest and
root and the thread in the nut is rounded off at the root but the crest is left flat. This thread is very important in the
motor and aeroplane industries and in chemical engineering. Unified thread can be either coarse (UNC) or fine (UNF) and
unified national extra fine (UEF).

ISO Metric Thread

This is Indian standard thread for ISO (International Standard Organization). The included angle is 600 and the crests
are flat and roots are round. Metric threads are grouped into diameter pitch combination differentiated by the pitch applied
to specific diameters. There are coarse, constant, fine pitch series available. ISO metric threads are defined by nominal size
(Basic major diameter) and pitch both expressed in millimeters. For example, a 10mm diameter, 1.25 pitches is
expressed as M10×1.25.

SQUARE THREADS
Basic square thread
The sides of these threads are normal to the axis and parallel to each other. The depth and the thickness of the thread
are equal to half pitch. A square thread is designated by the letter SQ followed by nominal diameter pitch. For example, a
square thread of nominal diameter 30mm and pitch 6mm is designated as SQ 30×6.

Acme Thread
It is a modified form of square thread. It is easier to cut and is much stronger than square thread. It has a 290 thread
angle. This inclined sides of the thread facilitate quick and early engagement and disengagement. It is used for power
screws like leadscrew of lathe, jackscrews, bench vices and valve operating screws.
Buttress Thread
The profile of this thread is a combination of square and V-threads. It combines the low frictional of square and
ability to transmit power of square thread and the strength of V–thread. It is used to transmit load in uni-direction.
These threads are used in screw press, vices.

Knuckle Thread
It is also a modification of square thread. The sharp corners of square thread are rounded off. This thread is used
where heavy wear rough use is expected. The thread can be rolled or cast easily. It is used in rail way carriage
coupling screws, light bulbs and sockets, bottle caps etc. and also objects made of brittle materials as glass, plastic,
porcelains etc.

Types of thread profiles

Keys
Keys are machine elements used to prevent relative rotational movement between as haft and the parts mounted
on it, such as pulleys, gears, wheels, couplings, etc. form a king the joint, key way are cut on the surface of the shaft and
in the hub of the part to be mounted. After positioning the part on the shaft such that, both the key ways are properly
aligned, the key is driven from the end, resulting in a firm joint.
For mounting apart at any intermediate location on the shaft, first the key is firmly placed in the key ways of the shaft
and then the part to be mounted is slid from one end of the shaft, till it is fully engaged with the key.
Keys are classified into three types.
1. Saddle keys
I. flat saddle key
II. hollow saddle key
2. Sunk keys
I. taper sunk keys
II. parallel sunk keys
III. wood ruff keys
3. Round keys

Types of keys
Bolt and nuts
A bolt and nut in combination is a fastening device used to hold two parts together. The body of the bolt, called shank is
cylindrical in form, the head; square or hexagonal in shape, is formed by forging. Screw threads are cut on the other
end of the shank. Nuts in general are square or hexagonal in shape. The nuts with in ternal threads engage with the
corresponding size of the external threads of the bolt. However, there are other forms of nuts used to suit specific
requirements.

For nuts, hexagonal shape is preferred to the square one, as it is easy to tighten even in a limited space. This is because,
with only one-sixth of a turn, the spanner can be reintroduced in the same position. However, square nuts are used when
frequent loosening and tightening is required. The sharp corners on the head of bolts and nuts are removed by
chamfering.

Empirical portions of hexagonal and square head bolt & nut detail proportion

Nominal diameter d= size of bolt or nut, mm

Width across flats s = 1.5d+3mm

Width across corners e = 2d

Thickness of bolt head k= 0.8d

Thickness of nut, n= 0.9d

Root diameter, d1=d-(2×depthofthread)

Length of the bolt L = as specified

Thread length b=2d+6mm (for l<150mm)

= 2d+12mm (for l>150mm)

Chamfer of bolt end, Z=(depthofthread×450) or=0.1d

Chamfer angle of bolt head & nut 300

Limits, fits and tolerances Limit System
Following are some of the terms used in the limit system:
Tolerance: The permissible variation of a size is called tolerance. It is the difference between the maximum and
minimum permissible limits of the given size. If the variation is provided on one side of the basic size, it is termed as
unilateral tolerance. Similarly, if the variation is provided on both sides of the basic size, it is known as bilateral
tolerance.
Limits: The two extreme permissible sizes between which the actual size is contained are called limits. The maximum size
is called the upper limit and the minimum size is called the lower limit.
Deviation: It is the algebraic difference between a size (actual, maximum, etc.) and the corresponding basic size.
Actual deviation: It is the algebraic difference between the actual size and the corresponding basic size.
Upper deviation: It is the algebraic difference between the maximum limit of the size and the corresponding basic size.
Lower deviation: It is the algebraic difference between the minimum limit of the size and the corresponding basic size.
Allowance: It is the dimensional difference between the maximum material limits of the mating parts, intentionally provided
to obtain the desired class of fit. If the allowance is positive, it will result in minimum clearance between the mating parts
and if the allowance is negative, it will result in maximum interference.
Basic Size: It is determined solely from design calculations. If the strength and stiffness requirements need a 50mm
diameter shaft, then 50mm is the basic shaft size. If it has to fit into a hole, then 50mm is the basic size of the hole.
Here, the two limit dimensions of the shaft are deviating in the negative direction with respect to the basic size and
those of the hole in the positive direction. The line corresponding to the basic size is called the zero line or line of
zero deviation.
Fits
The relation between two mating parts is known as a fit. Depending upon the actual limits of the hole or shaft sizes, fits may
be classified as clearance fit, transition fit and interference fit.

Clearance Fit: It is a fit that gives a clearance between the two mating parts.
Minimum clearance: It is the difference between the minimum size of the hole and the maximum size of the shaft in a
clearance fit.
Maximum clearance: It is the difference between the maximum size of the hole and the minimum size of the shaft in a
clearance or transition fit.
The fit between the shaft and hole in Fig. is a clearance fit that permits a minimum clearance (allowance) value of
–29.90=+0.05mm and a maximum clearance of +0.15mm.

Transition Fit: This fit may result in either interference or a clearance, depending upon the actual values of the
tolerance of individual parts. The shaft in Fig. may be either smaller or larger than the hole and still be within the
prescribed tolerances. It results in a clearance fit, when shaft diameter is 29.95 and hole diameter is 30.05 (+0.10 mm) and
interference fit, when shaft diameter is 30.00 and hole diameter 29.95 (–0.05mm).
Interference fit: If the difference between the hole and shaft sizes is negative before assembly; an interference fit is
obtained.

Minimum interference: It is the magnitude of the difference (negative) between the maximum size of the hole and the
minimum size of the shaft in an interference fit before assembly.
Maximum interference: It is the magnitude of the difference between the minimum size of the hole and the maximum size
of the shaft in an interference or a transition fit before assembly.
The shaft in fig. is larger than the hole, so it requires a press fit, which has an effect similar to welding of two parts. The
value of minimum interference is 30.25–30.30=–0.05mm and maximum interference is 30.15–30.40=–0.25 mm.
Schematic representation of fits:

Tolerance
It is impossible to make anything to an exact size, therefore it is essential to allow a definite tolerance or permissible
variation on every specified dimension.
Tolerances are specified because
• Variations in properties of the material being machined introduce errors.
• The production machines themselves may have some inherent in accuracies.
• It is impossible for an operator to make perfect settings. While setting up the tools and workpiece on the
machine, some errors are likely to creep in.

Form variation: It is a variation of the actual condition of a form feature (surface, line) from geometrically ideal form.
Position variation: It is a variation of the actual position of the form feature from the geometrically ideal position, with
reference to another form (datum) feature.
Geometrical tolerance: Geometrical tolerance is defined as the maximum permissible overall variation of form or position
of a feature.
Geometrical tolerances are used,
(i) To specify the required accuracy in controlling the form of a feature,
(ii) To ensure correct functional positioning of the feature,
(iii) To ensure the interchange ability of components, and
(iv) To facilitate the assembly of mating components.
Tolerance zone: It is an imaginary area or volume within which the controlled feature of the manufactured
component must be completely contained
Datum: It is a theoretically exact geometric reference (such as axes, planes, straight lines, etc.) to which the tolerance
features are related.
Datum feature: A datum feature is a feature of apart, such as an edge, surface, or a hole, which forms the basis for a
datum or is used to establish its location

Datum triangle: The datums are indicated by a leader line, terminating in a filled or an open triangle.
Datum letter: To identify a datum for reference purposes, a capital letter is enclosed in a frame, connected to the
datum triangle.
Expt.No.02 INTRODUCTION TO CADD

CADD is an electronic tool that enables us to make quick and accurate drawings. CADD has number of
advantages over drawings created on a drawing board. Electronic drawings can be modified quite easily and can be
represented in a variety of formats.
CADD extends its power to yet another branch of engineering called computer aided manufacturing (CAM).
CADD and manufacturing program are often integrated into one system called CAD-CAM. This system imports CADD
drawings into CAM program to automate the manufacturing process. When the design is finalized, the drawings are
brought into a CAD-CAM system that uses numerical data from the CADD drawing for actual manufacturing.
There is separate category of programs called Computer Aided Engineering (CAE) that can use CADD drawing for
engineering analysis. The CAE programs have a number of applications in Structural Design, Civil Engineering,
Mechanical Engineering and Electrical Engineering. The Mechanical engineer can test a machine assembly and also a
proto type electronic model and test it without building a physical model.
We can do amazing things with CADD that we never thought possible while creating drawings with pen or pencil.
The following are some of the important capabilities that make CADD a powerful tool.
➢ Presentations
➢ Flexibility in editing
➢ Unit and accuracy levels
➢ Storage and access for drawings
➢ Sharing CADD drawings

Presentations
There are a number of ready-made presentations symbols available in CADD that can be used to enhance the look of
drawings. In addition to prepare impressive presentations on paper, we can use CADD to make an on-screen
presentation. Advanced CADD program several low us to create an animated image.
Flexibility in editing
CADD allows us to work with great accuracy. If we need to create highly accuracy geometric shapes, CADD is the answer.
It can help avoid time-consuming mathematical calculations.
Unit and accuracy level
th
We can work with as high precession as 1/1000 of an inch.
Storage and access of drawing
A computer electronic filing system has the following advantages over the traditional filing system.
 ➢ It is quick and convenient to organize CADD drawing in a computer.
➢ It enables us to create a highly organized environment.
➢ An electronic drawing never gets sold and faded.

Sharing CADD Drawing

The electronic drawing can be shared by a number of users, allowing them to Co-ordinate projects and work as a
team. This is accomplished by connecting different computer via a network.
About AutoCAD

Auto CAD is a Computer Aided Design (CAD) program used by just about every Engineering and Design office in the
world. Although there are alternative CAD packages, AutoCAD is by far the most widely used system. Autodesk's
Auto CAD is the industry leader in CAD packages. Used by Civil Engineers, Architects, Mechanical and Electrical
Engineers, Aeronautical Engineers plus many other disciplines.

There have been several versions of Auto CAD over the years, with each new version introducing new and more
power full features than its predecessor. The latest version of AutoCAD (at the time of writing) is AutoCAD 2011. Any
courses, whether through community colleges or online universities, that are related to Engineering or Architecture should
be considered in complete if they do not introduce students to Auto CAD.
Accurate, scale drawings can be created and published using AutoCAD powerful features. 3D'models' can also be created
giving the designer absolute control over the design from start to finish. The computerized model can be viewed through a
360º angle, and even' rendered' with a texture on screen to give an idea of the finished product.
Co-ordinate system

Auto CAD uses points to determine where an object is located. There is an origin where it begins counting from. This
point is (0,0). Every object is located in relation to the origin. If we were to draw a line straight out to the right from
The origin, this would be considered the positive X-axis. If we were to draw a line straight up, this would be the
positive Y-axis. The picture above shows a point located at (9,6). This means that the point is 9 units over in the X-
axis and 6 units up in the Y-axis. When we are working with points, X always comes first. The other point shown is
(-10, -4). This means that the point is 10units in the negative X-axis (left) and 4units in the negative Y-axis (down).

A line has two points, a start points and an end point. Auto CAD works with the points to display the line on the
screen. Most of the time we will not have an indication of where the origin is. We may need to draw a line from the
end point of an existing line. To do this we use relative points. These work the same way, but we have to add the @
symbol (shift+2) to tell Auto CAD that this next point is relative from the last point entered. i.e.
1. ABSOLUTE POINTS are exact points on the drawing space.
2. RELATIVE POINTS are relative to an OBJECT on the drawing space
Angular Measurement
AutoCAD measures angles in a particular way also.

When drawing lines at an angle, we have to begin measuring the angle from 0 degrees, which is at the 3 o'clock
position. If we drew a line at 90degrees, it would go straight up. The example shows a line drawn at +300 degrees
(270+30), or -60 degrees.

Entering Points in AutoCAD

We can enter points directly on the command line using three different systems. The one we use will depend on
which is more applicable for the situation. The three systems are as follows:

ABSOLUTE CO-ORDINATES- Using this method, we enter the points as they relate to the origin of the WCS. To enter a
point just enters in the exact point as X,Y.
RELATIVE CO-ORDINATES- This allows us to enter points in relation to the first point we have entered. After we've
entered one point, then ext. would be entered as @ X, Y. This means that Auto CAD will draw a line from the first point to
another point X units over and Y units up relative to the previous point.
POLAR CO-ORDINATES- We would use this system if we know that we want to draw a line a certain distance at a
particular angle. We would enter this as @D<A. In this case, D is the distance and A is the angle. Example: @
10<90 will draw a line 10units straight up from the first point.
The three ways of entering co-ordinates shown above are the ONLY way Auto CAD accepts input. First decide
which style we need to use, and then enter as shown. Remember that X is always before Y (alphabetical). Don't
forget the' @' symbol when we are entering relative points.
AutoCAD Basics
Application Button- This button displays commands for printing, saving, drawing utilities and other non-drawing tool.
Quick Access Tool bar- This is for quick access to common commands like New, Open, Save, Plot
File name - The name of the current file we are working on.
Search Bar - Search for text in were drawing or search the help files.
Ribbon - The Ribbon has most of the commands/tools that we will use while we are working.
Tabs- A series of Tabs make up the Ribbon (Home, Insert, Manage, etc.) and organize the Tools into common groups.
Panels - Contain a group of tools
Tools - These are the icon that starts the commands we use to draw, modify, etc.
Tool Tip- If we however mouse over a tool, a tool tip will appear to give us more information. Hold it longer for
more info.
Drawing Space - These is where we draw were designs.
Command line- When we type a command, we will see it here. AutoCAD uses this space to 'prompt' us for information. It
will give us a lot of information and tell us where we are in the command.

Status bar- This allows seeing and changing different modes of drawing such as Ortho, Osnaps, Grid, Otrack, etc. We can
right click this area to toggle between icons and text fort his area.
Basic Drawing Commands for Auto cad

Measuring Commands

GRID(F7): Displays a grid of dots at a desired spacing on the screen. Command:

GRID (enter)
On/Off/Tick spacing(x)/Aspect: (enter value) (enter)

SNAP(F9): Specifies a "roundoff" interval so that points entered with the mouse can be locked into alignment with the grid
spacing.
Command: SNAP (enter)
On/Off/Value/Aspect/Rotate/Style: (enter value) (enter)
Basic Draw Commands

CIRCLE(C): Draws circles of any size.

Command: CIRCLE (enter)
3P/2P/TTR/<center point>: (pick a center point) Diameter
or <Radius> :(Pick a point on the circle)
LINE(L): Draws straight lines between two points
Command: LINE (enter)
From Point: (pick a point using the mouse) To Point:(Pick a point using the mouse)
To Point: (Press return to end the command)
ARC(A): Draws an arc (any part of a circle or curve) through three known points.
Command: ARC (enter)
Center/<Start point>: (pick the first point on the arc)

Center/End/ <Second point>:C

Center: (pick the arc's center point)

Angle/Length of chord/ <End point >: (pick the arc endpoint)
Display Commands

LIMITS: Sets the size of the drawing paper. For size "A" drawing paper the limits should be set for 10.5 x 8.
Command: LIMITS (enter)
On/Off/ Lower left corner <0.0000>(enter)
Upper right corner: 10.5,8 (enter)
ZOOM (Z): Enlarges or reduces the display of a drawing.
PAN: Allows we to move were view point around the drawing without changing the magnification factor.
Command: PAN (enter)

Editing Commands
CHANGE: Alters properties of selected objects
Command: CHANGE (enter)
Select objects or window or Last (select objects to be changed)
Properties/<Change point>: (type P)
Change what property (Color/Elev/Layer/L Type/Thickness)? (Type Layer) New Layer:
(enter new layer name and press enter)

ERASE(E): Erases entities from the drawing.

Command: ERASE (enter)
Select objects or Window or Last: (Select objects to be erased and press enter when finished)

TRIM(TR): Trims a line to end precisely at a cutting edge.

Command: TRIM (enter)
Select cutting edge (s)... Select Objects (pick the line which represents the cutting edge of line in
which objects will be trimmed to) (presenter when finished selecting cutting edges) <Select object to trim>
/Undo: (pick the line (s) that need to be trimmed).

Creating Layers
LAYER: Creates named drawing layers and assigns color and line type properties to those layers.

Command: LAYER (enter)

A Layer & Line type Properties dialog box will be displayed. To add a new layer, pick the new
button. A new layer listing appears, using a default name of Layer1. The layer name can be changed by
high lighting the layer name. Colors and Line types can be assigned to each new layer by picking the color
box to assign a color and picking the line type box to assign a line type.

Standard AutoCAD colors

1=Red 2=Yellow 3=Green 4 =Cyan
5=Blue 6=Magenta 7 =White
Standard AutoCAD line types
Hidden2 = hidden lines
Center2=centerlines
Phantom2 = phantom or cutting-plane lines
Construction Commands
ARRAY(AR): Makes multiple copies of selected objects in a rectangular or circular pattern

Command: ARRAY (enter)

Select objects or Window or Last:(select object to array)
Rectangular or Polar array (R/P) <current>:(P)
Center point of array:(pick the point around which to form the array)
Angle to fill (+=CCW, -=Cw) <360>: (enter)
COPY(CO): Draws a copy of selected objects.
Command: COPY (enter)
Select objects or Window or Last: (select objects to be copied)
Base point or displacement: (pick a point on the object to be use as a reference point)
Second point of displacement: (pick a point which represents the new location of the copied object)
MIRROR(MI): Makes mirror images of existing objects.
Command: MIRROR (enter)
Select objects or Window or Last:(select objects to be mirrored)

First point of mirror line:(pick a point on top of the mirror line)

Second point:(pick a point on the bottom of the mirror line) Delete old objects? <N> y or n (enter)
MOVE(M): Moves designated entities to another location.
Command: MOVE (enter)
Select objects or Window or Last: (select objects to move)
Base point or displacement: (pick a point on the object to be use as a reference point)
Second point of displacement: (pick a point which represents the new location of the object)

OFFSET(O): Constructs an entity parallel to another entity at a specified distance. Offset can be used with
lines, circles, arcs, and polylines.
Command: OFFSET (enter)
Offset distance or Through <last>: (enter a distance value)
Select object to offset: (select object to offset)
 Side to offset: (Pick any point on the side of the object we wish to offset)
FILLET (FI): Changes any corner to a rounded corner.
Command: FILLET
Polyline/Radius/Angle/Trim/Method/<Select first line>: (pick the first line)
Select second line:(pick the second line)

CHAMFER (CHA): Changes any corner to an angled corner.

Command: CHAMFER
Polyline/Distance/Angle/Trim/Method/<Select first line>:(pick the first line)
Select second line: (pick the second line)

OSNAP (F3): Instantly locates exact points relative to existing objects (points).
Object Snap Modes: End point, Midpoint, Center, Quadrant, Intersection, Insertion, Perpendicular, Tangent, Nearest, Node,
and None.
Placing lettering on a drawing

TEXT(MTEXT): Draws text characters of any size.

Command: TEXT (enter)
Justify/Style/<Start point>:( pick a starting point or enter a justification letter)
Height (0) (enter the height of the lettering)
Rotation Angle (0) (enter)
Text: (enter the desired lettering) (enter)
Summary of Options
<Start Point> Left-Justifies text along its base line
Justify Justifies text according to the alignment options
Style Enters a new text style
Null reply Enters a new line of text below the previous text.
 Alignment Abbreviation Orientation
Aligned A Aligns text between two points. Text height will adjust automatically
Fit F Fits text between two points. Text height will not change
Centered C Centers text at the baseline of a specified point
Middle M Centers text horizontally and vertically at the baseline of a specified point.
Right R Justify text at the baseline of a specified point
Top Left TL Left Justifies text at the top of text
Top Center TC Centers text at the top of text
Top Right TR Right justifies text at the top to text
Middle Left ML Left justifies text at the middle of text
Middle Center MC Centers text both horizontally and vertically at the middle of the text
Middle Right MR Right justifies text at the middle of text
Bottom Left BL Left justifies text at the bottom of text
Bottom Center BC Centers text a the bottom of text
Bottom Right BR Right justifies text at the bottom of text

Cross hatching a drawing

BHATCH: Allows the user to cross hatch are as of a section view.
Command: BHATCH (enter)
The Boundary Hatch dialogue Box will be displayed. Select the Hatch Options box. The Hatch
Options box will be displayed. Select the Patterns box.
The Choose Hatch Pattern box will be displayed. Select the desired hatch pattern.
The Hatch Options box will be displayed again. We can select as cleaned rotation angle for the cross-hatch
pattern. Select the OK box when finished.
The Boundary Hatch dialogue box will be displayed again. Select the Pick Points box. When prompted
select the internal point of the area to be cross hatched. Press the enter key when finished. The Boundary
Hatch dialog box will be displayed again. Select the Apply box to add the cross hatching to the drawing.
Expt.No.03 DRAWING OF PLUMMER BLOCK BEARING
Date:

Aim:

To create a 2D model of Plummer block bearing by using standard CAD software

System configuration:
Ram : 8GB
Processor : Core2Quad/Core2Duo
Operating system : Windows7
Software : AutoCAD 2010
Procedure:

1. Set the units to mm.

2. Using LIMITS Command set the limits to 420,297.
3. Using ZOOM Command fit the drawing to window.
4. Draw the part using LINE command and extrude it using REGION, EXTRUDE commands.
5. Draw the front view, top view and side view using drawing commands.
6. Detail the drawing as per dimensions.
Result:
Thus, the 2D model of Plummer block bearing is created by using standard CAD software
Expt. No.04 DRAWING OF NON-RETURN VALVE
Date:

Aim:

To create a 2D model of non-return valve by using standard CAD software

System configuration:
Ram : 8GB
Processor : Core2Quad/Core2Duo
Operating system : Windows7
Software : AutoCAD 2010
Procedure:

1. Set the units to mm.

2. Using LIMITS Command set the limits to 420,297.

3. Using ZOOM Command fit the drawing to window.

4. Draw the part using LINE command and extrude it using REGION, EXTRUDE commands.
5. Draw the front view, top view and side view using drawing commands.
6. Detail the drawing as per dimensions.
Non-return valve (light duty)
Result:
Thus, the 2D model of non-return valve is created by using standard CAD software
Expt.No.05 DRAWING OF SAFETY VALVE
Date:

Aim:

To create a 2D model of safety valve by using standard CAD software

System configuration:
Ram : 8GB
Processor : Core2Quad/Core2Duo
Operating system : Windows7
Software : AutoCAD 2010
Procedure:

1. Set the units to mm.

2. Using LIMITS Command set the limits to 420,297.
3. Using ZOOM Command fit the drawing to window.
4. Draw the part using LINE command and extrude it using REGION, EXTRUDE commands.
5. Draw the front view, top view and side view using drawing commands.
6. Detail the drawing as per dimensions.
Result:
Thus, the 2D model of safety valve is created by using standard CAD software
Expt.No.06 PART AND ASSEMBLY OF FLANGE COUPLING
Date:

Aim:
To create various parts of flange coupling and assemble them by using standard CAD software.
System configuration:
Ram : 8GB
Processor : Core2Quad/Core2Duo
Operating system : Windows7
Software : AutoCAD 2010
Description:
Couplings are used to join two shafts so that they act as a single unit during rotation and power can be
transmitted from one shaft to the other. The protected flanged coupling is a rigid shaft coupling, the axes of the
shafts being collinear. The flanges 2 and 3 are mounted at the ends of two shafts 1 by means of keys 5. Later, the two
flanges are connected to each other by means of bolts with nuts 4. In this rigid coupling, the bolt heads and nuts are locked
in the annular recesses provided on the flange and so are not exposed. Hence, the name protected flanged coupling.

Commands used:
Part diagram:
1. Set the units to mm.
2. Using LIMITS Command set the limits to 420,297.

3. Using ZOOM Command fit the drawing to window.

4. Create a Layer for each and every individual part.
5. Draw the part using LINE command and extrude it using REGION, EXTRUDE commands.
6. Draw and Complete the part by using the following command LINE, CIRCLE, TRIM, UNION, ARC, ERASE, ARRAY,
COPY, MIRROR, MOVE, OFFSET, FILLET, CHAMFER etc.
Assembly:
Assemble all parts in default layer according to alignment.
Details of Flange Coupling
Result:
Thus, the given various part of flange coupling had been created and assembled by using standard CAD software.
Expt.No.07 PART AND ASSEMBLY OF UNIVERSALCOUPLING
Date:
Aim:
To create various parts of universal coupling and assemble them by using standard CAD software.
System configuration:
Ram : 8GB
Processor : Core2Quad/Core2Duo
Operating system : Windows7
Software : AutoCAD 2010
Description:
This is a rigid coupling and is used to connect two shafts, whose axes intersect if extended. The given figure
shows the details of universal coupling. The forks 2 are mounted at the ends of two shafts 1, making use of sunk keys
6. The central block 3, having two arms at right angle to each other, is placed between the forks and connected to both of
them by using pins 4 and collars 5. A taper pin is used to keep the pins 4 in position. During rotation of shafts, the
angle between them can be varied.

Commands used:
Part diagram:
1. Set the units to mm.
2. Using LIMITS Command set the limits to 420,297.
3. Using ZOOM Command fit the drawing to window.
4. Create a Layer for each and every individual part.
5. Draw the part using LINE command and extrude it using REGION, EXTRUDE commands.
6. Draw and Complete the part by using the following command LINE, CIRCLE, TRIM, UNION, ARC, ERASE, ARRAY,
COPY, MIRROR, MOVE, OFFSET, FILLET, CHAMFER etc.
Assembly:
Assemble all parts in default layer according to alignment.
Details of Universal Coupling
Result:
Thus, the given various part of universal coupling had been created and assembled by using standard CAD software.
Expt.No.08 PART AND ASSEMBLY OF OLDHAM’S COUPLING
Date:
Aim:
To create various parts of Oldham’s coupling and assemble them by using standard CAD software.
System configuration:
Ram : 8GB
Processor : Core2Quad/Core2Duo
Operating system : Windows7
Software : AutoCAD 2010
Description:
This coupling is known as a non-aligned coupling and is used to connect two parallel shafts, whose axes are at a small
distance apart. The given figure shows various parts of a Oldham’s coupling. The two flanges 1 are mounted on the ends of
shafts 3 by means of sunk keys 4. The flanges are having rectangular slots in them. These flanges are set such that,
the slots in them are at right angle to each other. The circular disc 2 is now positioned in between them so that the
projections in the circular disc, enter in to the corresponding slots of the flanges. During rotation of the shafts, the central
disc slides in the slots of the flanges.

Commands used:
Part diagram:
1. Set the units to mm.
2. Using LIMITS Command set the limits to 420,297.
3. Using ZOOM Command fit the drawing to window.
4. Create a Layer for each and every individual part.
5. Draw the part using LINE command and extrude it using REGION, EXTRUDE commands.
6. Draw and Complete the part by using the following command LINE, CIRCLE, TRIM, UNION, ARC, ERASE, ARRAY,
COPY, MIRROR, MOVE, OFFSET, FILLET, CHAMFER etc.
Assembly:
Assemble all parts in default layer according to alignment.
Details of Oldham’s Coupling
Result:
Thus, the given various part of Oldham’s coupling had been created and assembled by using standard CAD software.
Expt.No.09 PART AND ASSEMBLY OF KNUCKLEJOINT
Date:

Aim:
To create various parts of knuckle joint and assemble them by using standard CAD software.
System configuration:
Ram : 8GB
Processor : Core2Quad/Core2Duo
Operating system : Windows7
Software : AutoCAD 2010
Description:
This is a pin joint and is used to connect two circular rods subjected to axial loads. Compared to a socket and
spigot joint, where in the axes of both the rods should be in the same plane; in the knuckle joint, one of the rods can
be swiveled through some angle about the connecting pin, i.e., the axes of the two rods could be inclined to each
other. The given figure shows the details of a knuckle joint. The eye end of the rod 2 is inserted into the fork end 1 of
the other rod. Then, pin 3 is inserted through the holes in the ends of the rods and held in position by the collar 4 and
taper pin 5.

Commands used:
Part diagram:
1. Set the units to mm.
2. Using LIMITS Command set the limits to 420,297.
3. Using ZOOM Command fit the drawing to window.
4. Create a Layer for each and every individual part.
5. Draw the part using LINE command and extrude it using REGION, EXTRUDE commands.
6. Draw and Complete the part by using the following command LINE, CIRCLE, TRIM, UNION, ARC, ERASE, ARRAY,
COPY, MIRROR, MOVE, OFFSET, FILLET, CHAMFER etc.
Assembly:
Assemble all parts in default layer according to alignment.
Details of Knuckle Joint
Result:
Thus, the given various part of knuckle joint had been created and assembled by using standard CAD software.
Expt.No.10 PART AND ASSEMBLY OF SOCKET AND SPIGOT JOINT
Date:
Aim:
To create various parts of socket and spigot joint and assemble them by using standard CAD software.
System configuration:
Ram : 8GB
Processor : Core2Quad/Core2Duo
Operating system : Windows7
Software : AutoCAD 2010
Description:
This joint is used to connect two circular rods and subjected to axial loads. Forth is purpose, the ends of the rods are
shaped suitably to form a socket at one end while the other rod end as a spigot and slots are made. The given figure
shows the details of a socket and spigot joint. The spigot end of the rod 2 is inserted into the socket end of the rod 1.
After aligning the socket and spigot ends, the cotter 3 is driven-in, forming the joint.

Commands used:
Part diagram:
1. Set the units to mm.
2. Using LIMITS Command set the limits to 420,297.
3. Using ZOOM Command fit the drawing to window.
4. Create a Layer for each and every individual part.
5. Draw the part using LINE command and extrude it using REGION, EXTRUDE commands.
6. Draw and Complete the part by using the following command LINE, CIRCLE, TRIM, UNION, ARC, ERASE, ARRAY,
COPY, MIRROR, MOVE, OFFSET, FILLET, CHAMFER etc.
Assembly:
Assemble all parts in default layer according to alignment.
Details of Socket and Spigot Joint
Result:
Thus, the given various part of socket and spigot joint had been created and assembled by using standard CAD
software.
Expt.No.11 PART AND ASSEMBLY GIB AND COTTERJOINT
Date:
Aim:
To create various parts of gib and cotter joint and assemble them by using standard CAD software.
System configuration:
Ram : 8GB
Processor : Core2Quad/Core2Duo
Operating system : Windows7
Software : AutoCAD 2010
Description:
Gib and cotter joints are used for rods of square or rectangular cross section, the ends of one rod fits the end of the
other rod which is made in the form of a strap. A gib is used along with the cotter to make this joint. Gib is likely a
cotter but with two gib heads at its ends. The thickness of the gib and cotter are same.

Commands used:
Part diagram:
1. Set the units to mm.
2. Using LIMITS Command set the limits to 420,297.
3. Using ZOOM Command fit the drawing to window.
4. Create a Layer for each and every individual part.
5. Draw the part using LINE command and extrude it using REGION, EXTRUDE commands.
6. Draw and Complete the part by using the following command LINE, CIRCLE, TRIM, UNION, ARC, ERASE, ARRAY,
COPY, MIRROR, MOVE, OFFSET, FILLET, CHAMFER etc.
Assembly:
Assemble all parts in default layer according to alignment.
Details of Gib and Cotter Joint
Result:
Thus, the given various part of gib and cotter joint had been created and assembled by using standard CAD software.
Expt.No.12 PART AND ASSEMBLY CONNECTING ROD
Date:
Aim:
To create various parts of connecting rod and assemble them by using standard CAD software.
System configuration:
Ram : 8GB
Processor : Core2Quad/Core2Duo
Operating system : Windows7
Software : AutoCAD 2010
Description:
A connecting rod is an engine component that transfers motion from the piston to the crank shaft and functions as a lever
arm. Connecting rods are commonly made from cast aluminum alloy and are designed to withstand dynamic stresses from
combustion and piston movement. The small end of the connecting rod connects to the piston with a piston pin. The piston
pin, or wrist pin, provides a pivot point between the piston and connecting rod. Spring clips, or piston pin locks, are used to
hold the piston pin in place. The big end of the connecting rod connects to the crank pin journal to provide a pivot
point on the crankshaft. Connecting rods are produces as one piece or two-piece components. A rod cap is the
removable section of a two-piece connecting rod that provides a bearing surface for the crank pin journal. The rod cap
is attached to the connecting rod with two cap screws for installation and removal from the crank shaft.

Commands used:
Part diagram:
1. Set the units to mm.
2. Using LIMITS Command set the limits to 420,297.
3. Using ZOOM Command fit the drawing to window.
4. Create a Layer for each and every individual part.
5. Draw the part using LINE command and extrude it using REGION, EXTRUDE commands.
6. Draw and Complete the part by using the following command LINE, CIRCLE, TRIM, UNION, ARC, ERASE, ARRAY,
COPY, MIRROR, MOVE, OFFSET, FILLET, CHAMFER etc.
Assembly:
Assemble all parts in default layer according to alignment.
Details of Connecting rod
Result:
Thus, the given various part of connecting rod had been created and assembled by using standard CAD software.
Expt.No.13 PART AND ASSEMBLY OF PISTON
Date:

Aim:
To create various parts of piston and assemble them by using standard CAD software.
System configuration:
Ram : 8GB
Processor : Core2Quad/Core2Duo
Operating system : Windows7
Software : AutoCAD 2010
Description:
In the cylinder of an engine, the energy bound up in the fuel is rapidly converted into heat and pressure during the
combustion cycle. The heat and pressure values increase greatly with in a very short period of time. The piston, as the
moving part of the combustion chamber, has the task of converting this released energy into mechanical work.
The basic structure of the piston is a hollow cylinder, closed on one side, with the segment’s piston crown with ring belt,
pin boss, and skirt. The piston crown transfers the gas forces resulting from the combustion of the fuel-air mixture via
the pin boss, the piston pin, and the connecting rod, to the crankshaft.
Pistons are usually equipped with piston rings. These are circular metal rings that fit into grooves in the piston
walls and assure a snug fit of the piston inside the cylinder. They help provide a seal to prevent leakage of
compressed gases around the piston and to prevent lubricating oil from entering the combustion chamber.

Commands used:
Part diagram:
1. Set the units to mm.
2. Using LIMITS Command set the limits to 420,297.
3. Using ZOOM Command fit the drawing to window.
4. Create a Layer for each and every individual part.
5. Draw the part using LINE command and extrude it using REGION, EXTRUDE commands.
6. Draw and Complete the part by using the following command LINE, CIRCLE, TRIM, UNION, ARC, ERASE, ARRAY,
COPY, MIRROR, MOVE, OFFSET, FILLET, CHAMFER etc.
Assembly:
Assemble all parts in default layer according to alignment.
Details of Piston
Result:
Thus, the given various part of piston had been created and assembled by using standard CAD software.
Expt.No.14 PART AND ASSEMBLY OF STUFFING BOX
Date:

Aim:
To create various parts of stuffing box and assemble them by using standard CAD software.
System configuration:
Ram : 8GB
Processor : Core2Quad/Core2Duo
Operating system : Windows7
Software : AutoCAD 2010
Description:

It is used to prevent loss of fluid such as steam, between sliding or turning parts of machine elements. In a steam engine,
when the piston rod reciprocates through the cylinder cover; stuffing box provided in the cylinder cover, prevent
leakage of steam from the cylinder.

The given figure shows the various parts of a stuffing box. At the base of stuffing box body 1, a bush 3 is placed
such that the beveled edge of the bush is at the inner side of the body. G l and 2 is placed at the other end of the body
and is connected to the main body by means of studs 4 and nuts 5. The space between the reciprocating rod and the bush
and the gland is packed with a packing material such as fibers, leather, rubber or cork.

Commands used:
Part diagram:
1. Set the units to mm.
2. Using LIMITS Command set the limits to 420,297.
3. Using ZOOM Command fit the drawing to window.
4. Create a Layer for each and every individual part.
5. Draw the part using LINE command and extrude it using REGION, EXTRUDE commands.
6. Draw and Complete the part by using the following command LINE, CIRCLE, TRIM, UNION, ARC, ERASE, ARRAY,
COPY, MIRROR, MOVE, OFFSET, FILLET, CHAMFER etc.
Assembly:
Assemble all parts in default layer according to alignment.
Details of Stuffing box
Result:
Thus, the given various part of stuffing box had been created and assembled by using standard CAD software.
Expt.No.15 PART AND ASSEMBLY OF CROSSHEAD
Date:

Aim:
To create various parts of crosshead and assemble them by using standard CAD software.
System configuration:
Ram : 8GB
Processor : Core2Quad/Core2Duo
Operating system : Windows7
Software : AutoCAD 2010
Description:

Crosshead is used in horizontal steam engines for connecting the piston rod and connecting rod. The given figure
shows the part drawings of a steam engine crosshead. The crosshead, with the help of slide block 4, reciprocates
between two guides provided in the engine frame. The gudgeon pin 3 connects the slide blocks with the crosshead block 1.
This acts as a pin joint for the connecting rod. The piston rod 2 is secured to the crosshead block by means of the cotter 5.
The assembly ensures reciprocating motion along a straight line for the piston rod and reciprocating cum oscillatory
motion for the connecting rod.

Commands used:
Part diagram:
1. Set the units to mm.
2. Using LIMITS Command set the limits to 420,297.
3. Using ZOOM Command fit the drawing to window.
4. Create a Layer for each and every individual part.
5. Draw the part using LINE command and extrude it using REGION, EXTRUDE commands.
6. Draw and Complete the part by using the following command LINE, CIRCLE, TRIM, UNION, ARC, ERASE, ARRAY,
COPY, MIRROR, MOVE, OFFSET, FILLET, CHAMFER etc.
Assembly:
Assemble all parts in default layer according to alignment.
Details of Crosshead
Result:
Thus, the given various part of cross head had been created and assembled by using standard CAD software.
Expt.No.16 PART AND ASSEMBLY OF MULTIPLATE CLUTCH
Date:
Aim:
To create various parts of multi plate clutch and assemble them by using standard CAD software.
System configuration:
Ram : 8GB
Processor : Core2Quad/Core2Duo
Operating system : Windows7
Software : AutoCAD 2010
Description:
In a multi plate friction clutch, a number of discs or plates with frictional surfaces on either side are located
alternately on the driving and driven shafts. By bringing these, close together by external pressure, power can be
transmitted from the driving to the driven shaft. Multi plate clutches are normally wet type, whereas, single plate
clutches are dry. The multi plate clutch is located on the driving shaft. The pulley /wheel mounted on the shell serves as a
driven member. There is no driven shaft.
Figure A illustrates various parts of a multi plate clutch. The serrations on the internal diameter of the shell 1, receive the
alternate friction discs called the outside plates 3. The shell along with a bush is mounted freely on the driving shaft,
has provision to receive the driven pulley or wheel. A centre boss 5 is keyed on to the driving shaft. The serrations
on the centre boss receive the alternate friction discs called the inside plates 4.
The front cover 2, is fixed to the shell by means of six small set screws 12. The front cover is able to either slide
or rotate freely on the driving shaft with the bush provided. The sliding sleeve 9, rotates freely on the driving shaft and is
connected to the front cover through three jaw levers 7, and three L-levers 8. The last outside plate called a stud carrier 6, is
provided with the arrangement to carry three studs 10, which are operated by the sliding sleeve through the L- lever.
The sliding sleeve rotates with the clutch body, i.e., the shell. The sleeve can be moved forward by an operating lever
(not shown) in order to exert pressure on the studs. The plates will then get pressed together and the drive is completed.

Commands used:
Part diagram:
1. Set the units to mm.
2. Using LIMITS Command set the limits to 420,297.
3. Using ZOOM Command fit the drawing to window.
4. Create a Layer for each and every individual part.
5. Draw the part using LINE command and extrude it using REGION, EXTRUDE commands.
6. Draw and Complete the part by using the following command LINE, CIRCLE, TRIM, UNION, ARC, ERASE, ARRAY,
COPY, MIRROR, MOVE, OFFSET, FILLET, CHAMFER etc.
Assembly:
Assemble all parts in default layer according to alignment.
Details of Multi-plate Clutch
Details of Multi-plate Clutch
Result:
Thus, the given various part of multi plate clutch had been created and assembled by using standard CAD software.
Expt.No.17 PART AND ASSEMBLY OF SCREWJACK
Date:

Aim:
To create various parts of screw jack and assemble them by using standard CAD software.
System configuration:
Ram : 8GB
Processor : Core2Quad/Core2Duo
Operating system : Windows7
Software : AutoCAD 2010
Description:
Screw jacks are used for raising heavy loads through very small heights. Figure shows the details of one type of screw
jack. In this, the screw 3 works in the nut 2 which is press fitted into the main body 1. The tommy bar 7 is inserted into
a hole through the enlarged head of the screw and when this is turned, the screw will move up or down, thereby raising or
lowering the load.

Commands used:
Part diagram:
1. Set the units to mm.
2. Using LIMITS Command set the limits to 420,297.
3. Using ZOOM Command fit the drawing to window.
4. Create a Layer for each and every individual part.
5. Draw the part using LINE command and extrude it using REGION, EXTRUDE commands.
6. Draw and Complete the part by using the following command LINE, CIRCLE, TRIM, UNION, ARC, ERASE, ARRAY,
COPY, MIRROR, MOVE, OFFSET, FILLET, CHAMFER etc.
Assembly:
Assemble all parts in default layer according to alignment.
Details of Screw Jack
Result:
Thus, the given various part of screw jack had been created and assembled by using standard CAD software.
Expt.No.18 PART AND ASSEMBLY OF MACHINEVICE
Date:

Aim:
To create various parts of screw jack and assemble them by using standard CAD software.
System configuration:
Ram : 8GB
Processor : Core2Quad/Core2Duo
Operating system : Windows7
Software : AutoCAD 2010
Description:
A machine vice is a work holding device, used in machines such as drilling, milling, etc. A swiveling type machine vice
permits swiveling about its vertical axis, so that the work may be clamped at any angular position required in the
machining operation. T-bolts (not shown) are used through the base plate, to fix the vice to the machine table.
The details of a plain machine vice are shown in figure. It consists of the base 1 which is clamped to the machine table
using two T-bolts. The sliding block 3 is fixed in the centre slot of the base by means of the guide screw 4. The
movable jaw 2 is fixed to the sliding block with four screws 8 and 7. One of the serrated plates 5 is fixed to the jaw of the
base by means of screws 6 and the other to the movable jaw by the screws 7. One end of the guide screw is fixed to
the base by means of the washer 9 and nut 10 (not shown in figure). The movable jaw is operated by means of a handle
(not shown) which fits on to the square end of the guide screw.

Commands used:
Part diagram:
1. Set the units to mm.
2. Using LIMITS Command set the limits to 420,297.
3. Using ZOOM Command fit the drawing to window.
4. Create a Layer for each and every individual part.
5. Draw the part using LINE command and extrude it using REGION, EXTRUDE commands.
6. Draw and Complete the part by using the following command LINE, CIRCLE, TRIM, UNION, ARC, ERASE, ARRAY,
COPY, MIRROR, MOVE, OFFSET, FILLET, CHAMFER etc.
Assembly:
Assemble all parts in default layer according to alignment.
Result:
Thus, the given various part of machine vice had been created and assembled by using standard CAD software.
Expt.No.19 PART AND ASSEMBLY OF TAILSTOCK
Date:

Aim:
To create various parts of tail stock and assemble them by using standard CAD software.
System configuration:
Ram : 8GB
Processor : Core2Quad/Core2Duo
Operating system : Windows7
Software : AutoCAD 2010
Description:
It is a part of a lathe machine and is used to support lengthy jobs. To accommodate works of different lengths
between centres, the tail-stock may be moved on the lathe bed to the required position and clamped by means of a
clamping bolt.
Figure shows various parts of a tail-stock. The barrel 2 is fitted into the bore of the tail-stock body 1 and is
prevented from rotation by the feather key 9 placed under neath of it. The barrel has a threaded portion at it send and the
spindle 3 is inserted into the barrel through this. The hand wheel 6 is mounted on the spindle by a key and is retained in
position by a nut. The spindle bearing 5 is placed between the hand wheel and the tail-stock body. A tapered hole
provided at the front end of the barrel, receives the dead centre 4 or a tapered shank of the drill or reamer.
When the hand wheel is operated, the barrel is made to move in or out of the tail-stock body. In the required position
of the barrel, clamping may be made by means of the clamping lever 7 and stud 8 which is fitted to the tail- stock
body. The spindle bearing is fixed to the body by means of the screws 10

Commands used:
Part diagram:
1. Set the units to mm.
2. Using LIMITS Command set the limits to 420,297.
3. Using ZOOM Command fit the drawing to window.
4. Create a Layer for each and every individual part.
5. Draw the part using LINE command and extrude it using REGION, EXTRUDE commands.
6. Draw and Complete the part by using the following command LINE, CIRCLE, TRIM, UNION, ARC, ERASE, ARRAY,
COPY, MIRROR, MOVE, OFFSET, FILLET, CHAMFER etc.
Assembly: Assemble all parts in default layer according to alignment.
Details of Tail Stock
Result:
Thus, the given various part of lathe tail stock had been created and assembled by using standard CAD software.
Expt.No.20 PART AND ASSEMBLY OF CHUCK
Date:

Aim:
To create various parts of tail stock and assemble them by using standard CAD software.
System configuration:
Ram : 8GB
Processor : Core2Quad/Core2Duo
Operating system : Windows7
Software : AutoCAD 2010
Description:
The self-centring chuck is a work holding device mounted on the head stock spindle of a lathe. It automatically
centres the workpiece by the three jaws, moving simultaneously to and from the centre. Regular shaped objects such as
rounds and hexagons are quickly held and centred in three jaw self-centring chucks.
The details of the assembly are given in figure It consists of a face plate1, and the scroll plate 3 is fitted into the circular
recess at the back of the face plate. Three pin ions 4 are mounted in position in the face plate such that, their teeth engage
with those on the back of the scroll plate. The back plate 2 is fastened to the face plate by six screws 7. This assembly is
fastened to the flange 5 by three socket headed screws 8. The three jaws 6 are then engaged with the scroll plate. By
rotating any one pinion by a chuck key (not shown), the three jaws move in the radial direction either to or from the
centre. The threaded hole in the flange facilitates the mounting of the chuck in the threaded head stock spindle.

Commands used:
Part diagram:
1. Set the units to mm.
2. Using LIMITS Command set the limits to 420,297.
3. Using ZOOM Command fit the drawing to window.
4. Create a Layer for each and every individual part.
5. Draw the part using LINE command and extrude it using REGION, EXTRUDE commands.
6. Draw and Complete the part by using the following command LINE, CIRCLE, TRIM, UNION, ARC, ERASE, ARRAY,
COPY, MIRROR, MOVE, OFFSET, FILLET, CHAMFER etc.
Assembly:
Assemble all parts in default layer according to alignment.
Details of Chuck
Result:
Thus, the given various part of chuck had been created and assembled by using standard CAD software.
Expt.No.21 PART AND ASSEMBLY OF GEAR PUMP
Date:

Aim:
To create various parts of gear pump and assemble them by using standard CAD software.
System configuration:
Ram : 8GB
Processor : Core2Quad/Core2Duo
Operating system : Windows7
Software : AutoCAD 2010
Description:
It is used to supply lubricating oil from the sump to the required places of an internal combustion engine, under pressure
and is positive displacement type. Figure shows the details of a rotary gear pump.
The two gaskets 4 are placed; one on the end cover 3 and the other on the mounting bracket 1inposition. Two each of
bushes 8 are placed on the end cover and mounting bracket to provide bearing surfaces for the gear shafts. End cover is
connected to the pump body 2 after placing the dowel pins in the body. The shaft with gear 6 is placed in the bottom
recess, whereas the shaft with gear 5 is located in the top recess of the end cover and pump body assembly. Finally,
the mounting bracket is connected to the pump body after locating the dowels in the pump body. The gland 7 is placed on
the mounting bracket, after locating the packing 9 between the mounting bracket and the shaft with gear 5. The end cover,
pump body and the mounting bracket are connected or fastened, using bolts and nuts (not shown).

Commands used:
Part diagram:
1. Set the units to mm.
2. Using LIMITS Command set the limits to 420,297.
3. Using ZOOM Command fit the drawing to window.
4. Create a Layer for each and every individual part.
5. Draw the part using LINE command and extrude it using REGION, EXTRUDE commands.
6. Draw and Complete the part by using the following command LINE, CIRCLE, TRIM, UNION, ARC, ERASE, ARRAY,
COPY, MIRROR, MOVE, OFFSET, FILLET, CHAMFER etc.
Assembly:
Assemble all parts in default layer according to alignment.
Details of Gear Pump
Result:
Thus, the given various part of gear pump had been created and assembled by using standard CAD software.
Expt.No.22
INTRODUCTION TO LS-DYNA
Date:

LS-DYNA is a highly advanced general purpose nonlinear finite element program that is capable of
simulating complex real-world problems. The distributed and shared memory solver provides very short
turnaround times on desktop computers and clusters operated using Linux, Windows, and UNIX. With LS-DYNA,
Livermore Software Technology Corporation (LSTC) aims to provide methods to seamlessly solve
problems requiring
Multi-Physics Multi-Processing
Multiple Stages Multi-Scale
LS-DYNA is suitable to investigate phenomena involving large deformations, sophisticated material models and
complex contact conditions for structural dynamics problems. LS-DYNA allows switching between explicit and
different implicit time stepping schemes. Disparate disciplines, such as coupled thermal analyses, Computational
Fluid Dynamics (CFD), fluid-structure interaction, Smooth Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH), Element Free Galerkin
(EFG), Corpuscular Method (CPM), and the Boundary Element Method (BEM) can be combined with structural
dynamics.

By determining product characteristics before a prototype is built, for many products LS-DYNA is the key
to reducing time to market. Carrying out investigations with the aid of LS-DYNA supports the design of robust
products with superior performance. F or pre- and post -processing, LS-DYNA comes with the LS-PrePost tool. LS-
PrePost can be utilized to generate inputs and visualize numerical results. The software package LS-OPT for
optimization and robust design is also supplied with LS-D YNA. With the option of multidisciplinary simulations,
LS-D YNA significantly increases potentials for developing innovative products. These advantages contribute
towards reducing development costs. All above-mentioned features and software packages are supplied as a single
unit. LS-DYNA is not split for special applications, and the licensing scheme enables the different disciplines to be
combined without limitations.

LS-DYNA has been developed in California for more than 20 years. It is the most frequently -used code
for man y complex applications in structural nonlinear dynamics. Its usage is growing rapidly due to LS-DYNA‟s
flexibility, enabling it to be applied to new disciplines. The new developments are driven in co-operation with
leading universities from all over the world and new requirements requested by the vast customer base.
Analysis capabilities:
Different applications utilize one or a combination of the features listed below:
Nonlinear dynamics
Coupled rigid body dynamics
Quasi-static simulations
Normal modes
Linear and nonlinear statics
Eigen value analysis
Thermal analysis
Fluid analysis
Eulerian capabilities
Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian (ALE)
Fluid-structure interactions
Underwater Shock Analysis coupling (USA)
Failure analysis
Crack propagation
Real-time acoustics
Multi-physics coupling
Structural-thermal coupling
Adaptive re-meshing
Smooth Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH)
Element Free Methods (EFG)
X-FEM
CSE solver
2-D and 3-D formulations
Arbitrary rigid to deformable
Applications:
1. LS-DYNA in metal forming:
The main application of LS-DYNA in metal forming is sheet metal stamping. The incremental approach of LS-
DYNA allows the user to simulate multi-stage sheet metal stamping processes with a high degree of accuracy. The
multiple core technology implemented, enables even large components with very high accuracy requirements to be
simulated within just one hour. In addition, the simulation of the forming process can be complemented by
simulating the trimming and spring back of the part.
The simulation may have different targets. One of them could be to determine the feasibility of a part in a
forming process and its final geometry on completion of the various manufacturing processes. The information
gained enables process parameters, forming sequences and optimal tool geometries to be determined. As a result,
the part can be manufactured with a more accurate shape and better surface quality using fewer forming steps, thus
lowering the cost per part.

Another target could be to design a hot forming process. The program allows the user to determine metal
phase transformations encountered during cooling. Heating due to heat flow and radiation before, during, and after
the forming process can all be analyzed. Thus, an analysis of the entire process can be carried out, from heating
through forming right up to cooling, and only one model is required to predict the time needed for heating and
cooling, the press requirements and part performance.

In addition to sheet metal forming, LS-DYNA is also capable of effectively analyzing other forming
applications such as tube forming, cutting, extruding, impulse forming, forging, rolling, welding, hemming,
flanging, electromagnetic forming and bending. Different disciplines are coupled for many of these applications.
Features such as re-meshing, meshless methods, switching time-stepping schemes, ALE, thermal capacities, rigid
body dynamics, among others, can be used simultaneously.

Many specific sheet metal stamping features come with LS-DYNA and the pre- and post-processing tool
LS-Repost, which is included in the software package. The LS-DYNA solver has also been integrated into various
forming simulation tools. These tools are provided by third party companies which supply highly effective support
for specific forming applications and localization. A one step solver is currently under preparation and will soon be
available in the standard LS-DYNA version.

2. LS-DYNA – a multi-purpose program for automotive suppliers:

LS-DYNA is essential for the virtual testing of various components in vehicles. The explicit and implicit time
stepping schemes are capable of simulating static and dynamic tests using the same model. Component
manufacturing processes are investigated by LS-D YNA using the metal forming and thermal capabilities. Hence,
only one model is required to consider different problems. Ultimately, this results in lower costs for training and
model creation compared to other solutions.
One example of the successful application of LS-DYNA is seat design. Seat manufacturers are able to
consider static and dynamic load cases for seat frames as well as analyze the stability of belt anchor age points. LS-
DYNA enables them to determine maximal locking mechanism loads or failure loads of seat tracks. LS-DYNA
allows to investigate the influence of the seat on an occupant in a crash as well as the stamping process of a gear
wheel. To enhance design and find a robust solution, this user group also often utilizes LS-OPT, a state-of-the-art
optimization tool.
Other examples of similar beneficial applications of LS-DYNA are the design and manufacture of crash boxes,
bumpers, front ends, dashboards, trimmings, and tires.

3. LS-DYNA in aerospace and defense:

LS-DYNA is a state-of-the-art program which can simulate high speed impacts, blasts and explosions. ALE and
SPH methods are well suited for investigating high speed impacts on textiles, metal sheets and composites. The
large library of constitutive equations with multiple options for material failure and non-localization complete the
features required for many defense and aerospace applications.
Additionally, 2-D capabilities and automatic re-meshing and rezoning enable users to investigate axi-symmetric
problems. The multi-physics capabilities of LS-D YNA, in conjunction with features developed for the automotive
industry, facilitate the investigation of splashdown loads on tanks and rockets and emergency airplane landings.
These features can also be used to optimize the design of airplane turbines and their blades with regard to bird
collision.

4. LS-DYNA for drop test analysis:

LS-DYNA is used to investigate the behavior of products under impact conditions due to dropping. The application
range includes consumer products, tools and also container design. For example, in the field of packaging design
LS-DYNA helps to develop food containers capable of sustaining dynamic loading conditions during transport and
storage.

Besides the broad spectrum of material models equipped with complex failure mechanisms, the
flexible coupling and switching capabilities of LS-D YNA are essential for many applications. For instance, a
liquid in a container can be modeled with the ALE or SPH method coupled with the structure. This allows the
behavior of the liquid to be modeled accurately during impact.

To investigate cracks, the Element Free Galerkin (EFG) method can be used to eliminate mesh
influence during crack propagation. To determine steady state deformation effectively, LS-DYNA provides the
flexibility to switch time-stepping scheme arbitrarily between explicit and implicit. Furthermore, LS-DYNA also
enables parts to be altered from rigid to deformable and vice versa. This feature is often used to determine the
position of one part in relation to another during a falling phase before the main impact occurs.
 5. LS-DYNA for containment:

In certain industries, there is a risk of accidents causing severe damage to communities or the
environment. LS-DYNA acts as a tool to reduce such risks by generating knowledge about how a system may fail.
Thus, design changes can be made to reduce or even eliminate risks associated with the load cases considered.

One example is containers utilized to transport nuclear fuel elements. It is essential that containers remain closed
and tightly sealed in the case of any predictable accident which might occur during transport. LS-DYNA is used to
design the transport container, its interior and the energy-absorbing buffers around the enclosing hull of the
container.

Another example is the high-speed impact on objects, like a turbine blade separating from a turbine that ma y not
damage the embankment dam. LS-DYNA allows the user to estimate the damage caused by a turbine blade hitting
the turbine housing. As such types of simulation require the exact prediction of the post -failing phase, extensive
preliminary material testing is needed. However, due to the high potential of severe damage, this effort is well
spent.
Expt.No.23 TAPER TURNING
Date:
Aim:
To write and simulate the part program for the give component by using box turning cycle.

PROGRAM

N1G28 U0 W0
M01
G97 S1800
M04
M06 T0101
G00 G40 X35 Z10
Z2 M08
G71 U1 R0.3
G71 P10 Q18 U0 W0 R.3 F.15
N10 G01 X0
Z0
G01 X15 Z-8
Z-18
X23 Z-30
Z-36
X30 Z-36
Z-42
N18 G01 X35
M09
G00 G40 Z10
G28 U0 W0
M05
M30
Result:
The part program for the give component was written by using box turning cycle. The program was simulated and
verified.