Question 1:

Show that the relation R defined by R = {(a, b) : a – b is divisible by 3; a, b ∈ Z} is an equivalence relation.

Answer 1:
We observe the following relations of relation R.

Reflexivity:
Let a be an arbitrary element of R. Then,
a−a=0=0 × 3
⇒ a − a is divisible by 3
⇒ (a, a) ∈ R for all a ∈ Z
So, R is reflexive on Z.

Symmetry:
Let (a, b) ∈ R
⇒ a − b is divisible by 3
⇒ a − b 3p for some p ∈ Z
⇒ b − a = 3 (−p)
Here, − p ∈ Z
⇒ b − a is divisible by 3
⇒ (b, a) ∈ R for all a, b ∈ Z
So, R is symmetric on Z.

Transitivity:
Let (a, b) and (b, c) ∈ R
⇒ a − b and b − c are divisible by 3
⇒ a − b = 3p for some p ∈ Z
and b − c = 3q for some q ∈ Z
Adding the above two, we get
a − b + b − c = 3p + 3q
⇒ a − c = 3 (p + q)
Here, p + q ∈ Z
⇒ a − c is divisible by 3
⇒ (a, c) ∈ R for all a, c ∈ Z
So, R is transitive on Z.

Hence, R is an equivalence relation on Z.

Question 2:
Show that the relation R on the set Z of integers, given by
R = {(a, b) : 2 divides a – b}, is an equivalence relation.
Answer 2:
We observe the following properties of relation R.

Reflexivity:
Let a be an arbitrary element of the set Z. Then,
a∈R
⇒a−a=0=0 × 2
⇒ 2 divides a − a
⇒ (a, a) ∈ R for all a ∈ Z
So, R is reflexive on Z.

Symmetry:
Let (a, b) ∈ R
⇒ 2 divides a − b
⇒ a−b
2
= p for some p ∈ Z
b−a
⇒ 2
= −p
Here, − p ∈ Z
⇒ 2 divides b − a
⇒ (b, a) ∈ R for all a, b ∈ Z
So, R is symmetric on Z.

Transitivity:
Let (a, b) and (b, c) ∈ R
⇒ 2 divides a − b and 2 divides b − c
⇒ a−b
2
= p and b−c2
= q for some p, q ∈ Z
Adding the above two, we get
a−b b−c
2 + 2 =p+q
a−c
⇒ 2
=p+q
Here, p + q ∈ Z
⇒ 2 divides a − c
⇒ (a, c) ∈ R for all a, c ∈ Z
So, R is transitive on Z.

Hence, R is an equivalence relation on Z.

Question 3:
Prove that the relation R on Z defined by
⇔
(a, b) ∈ R a − b is divisible by 5
is an equivalence relation on Z.

Answer 3:
We observe the following properties of relation R.

Reflexivity:
 Let a be an arbitrary element of R. Then,
⇒a−a = 0 = 0 × 5
⇒ a − a is divisible by 5
⇒ (a, a) ∈ R for all a ∈ Z
So, R is reflexive on Z.

Symmetry:
Let (a, b) ∈ R
⇒ a − b is divisible by 5
⇒ a − b = 5p for some p ∈ Z
⇒ b − a = 5 (−p)
Here, − p ∈ Z [Since p ∈ Z]
⇒ b − a is divisible by 5
⇒ (b, a) ∈ R for all a, b ∈ Z
So, R is symmetric on Z.

Transitivity:
Let (a, b) and (b, c) ∈ R
⇒ a − b is divisible by 5
⇒ a − b = 5p for some Z
Also, b − c is divisible by 5
⇒ b − c = 5q for some Z
Adding the above two, we get
a − b + b − c = 5p + 5q
⇒ a − c = 5 (p + q)
⇒ a − c is divisible by 5
Here, p + q ∈ Z
⇒ (a, c) ∈ R for all a, c ∈ Z
So, R is transitive on Z.

Hence, R is an equivalence relation on Z.

Question 4:
Let n be a fixed positive integer. Define a relation R on Z as follows:
⇔
(a, b) ∈ R a − b is divisible by n.
Show that R is an equivalence relation on Z.

Answer 4:
We observe the following properties of R. Then,
Reflexivity:
 Let a ∈ N
Here,
a−a=0=0 × n
⇒ a − a is divisible by n
⇒ (a, a) ∈ R
⇒ (a, a) ∈ R for all a ∈ Z
So, R is reflexive on Z.

Symmetry:
Let (a, b) ∈ R
Here,
a − b is divisible by n
⇒ a − b = np for some p ∈ Z
⇒ b − a = n (−p)
⇒ b − a is divisible by n [p ∈ Z ⇒ −p ∈ Z]
⇒ (b, a) ∈ R
So, R is symmetric on Z.

Transitivity:
Let (a, b) and (b, c) ∈ R
Here, a − b is divisible by n and b − c is divisible by n.
⇒ a − b = np for some p ∈ Z
and b − c = nq for some q ∈ Z
Adding the above two, we get
a − b + b − c = np + nq
⇒ a − c = n (p + q)
Here, p + q ∈ Z
⇒ (a, c) ∈ R for all a, c ∈ Z
So, R is transitive on Z.

Hence, R is an equivalence relation on Z.

Question 5:
Let Z be the set of integers. Show that the relation
R = {(a, b) : a, b ∈ Z and a + b is even}
is an equivalence relation on Z.

Answer 5:
We observe the following properties of R.

Reflexivity:
Let a be an arbitrary element of Z. Then,
a∈R
Clearly, a + a = 2a is even for all a ∈ Z.
⇒ (a, a) ∈ R for all a ∈ Z
So, R is reflexive on Z.
 Symmetry:
Let (a, b) ∈ R
⇒ a + b is even
⇒ b + a is even
⇒ (b, a) ∈ R for all a, b ∈ Z
So, R is symmetric on Z.

Transitivity:
Let (a, b) and (b, c) ∈ R
⇒ a + b and b + c are even
Now, let a + b = 2x for some x ∈ Z
and b + c = 2y for some y ∈ Z
Adding the above two, we get
a + 2b + c = 2x + 2y
⇒ a + c = 2(x + y − b), which is even for all x, y, b ∈ Z
Thus, (a, c) ∈ R
So, R is transitive on Z.

Hence, R is an equivalence relation on Z.

Question 6:
m is said to be related to n if m and n are integers and m − n is divisible by 13. Does this define an equivalence
relation?

Answer 6:
We observe the following properties of relation R.
 Let R = {(m, n) : m, n ∈ Z : m − n is divisible by 13}
Relexivity : Let m be an arbitrary element of Z. Then,
m∈R
⇒ m − m = 0 = 0 × 13
⇒ m − m is divisible by 13
⇒ (m, m) is reflexive on Z.
Symmetry : Let (m, n) ∈ R. Then,
m − n is divisible by 13
⇒ m − n = 13p
Here, p ∈ Z
⇒ n − m = 13 (−p)
Here, − p ∈ Z
⇒ n − m is divisible by 13
⇒ (n, m) ∈ R for all m, n ∈ Z
So, R is symmetric on Z.
Transitivity : Let (m, n) and (n, o) ∈ R
⇒ m − n and n − o are divisible by 13
⇒ m − n = 13p and n − o = 13q for some p, q ∈ Z
Adding the above two, we get
m − n + n − o = 13p + 13q
⇒ m − o = 13 (p + q)
Here, p + q ∈ Z
⇒ m − o is divisible by 13
⇒ (m, o) ∈ R for all m, o ∈ Z
So, R is transitive on Z.

Hence, R is an equivalence relation on Z.

Question 7:
Let R be a relation on the set A of ordered pair of integers defined by (x, y) R (u, v) if xv = yu. Show that R is an
equivalence relation.

Answer 7:
We observe the following properties of R.
 Reflexivity : Let (a, b) be an arbitrary element of the set A. Then,
(a, b) ∈ A
⇒ ab = ba
⇒ (a, b) R (a, b)
Thus, R is reflexive on A.
Symmetry : Let (x, y) and (u, v) ∈ A such that (x, y) R (u, v). Then,
xv = yu
⇒ vx = uy
⇒ uy = vx
⇒ (u, v) R (x, y)
So, R is symmetric on A.
Transitivity : Let (x, y), (u, v) and (p, q) ∈ R such that (x, y) R (u, v) and (u, v) R (p, q).
⇒ xv = yu and uq = vp
Multiplying the corresponding sides, we get
xv × uq = yu × vp
⇒ xq = yp
⇒ (x, y) R (p, q)
So, R is transitive on A.

Hence, R is an equivalence relation on A.

Question 8:
Show that the relation R on the set A = {x ∈ Z ; 0 ≤ x ≤ 12}, given by R = {(a, b) : a = b}, is an equivalence relation.
Find the set of all elements related to 1.

Answer 8:

We observe the following properties of R.

Reflexivity: Let a be an arbitrary element of A. Then,

a∈R
⇒a=a [Since, every element is equal to itself]
⇒ (a, a) ∈ R for all a ∈ A
So, R is reflexive on A.
Symmetry : Let (a, b) ∈ R
⇒ab
⇒b=a
⇒ (b, a) ∈ R for all a, b ∈ A
So, R is symmetric on A.
Transitivity : Let (a, b) and (b, c) ∈ R
⇒ a = b and b = c
⇒a=bc
⇒a=c
⇒ (a, c) ∈ R
So, R is transitive on A.
Hence, R is an equivalence relation on A.

The set of all elements related to 1 is {1}.