Punctuations

What are punctuation marks?

Punctuation marks are a set of symbols used in writing to separate sentences and phrases
in order to indicate pauses, stops, emphasis, and tone. Without punctuation, writing will
consist of blocks of text that can’t reflect major aspects of language.

Different languages use different types and numbers of punctuation marks, for various
purposes. French, for example, has 17 of them while Arabic only has 6. English has 14
punctuation marks, used to separate or connect elements of grammar, indicate a pause,
denote ownership, and more.

Here are five ways punctuation improves your writing:

Reduces ambiguity and makes your writing clear.

Communicates your tone and emphasis effectively.
Breaks the sentence into smaller chunks, making it easier to read.
Makes it easier for the reader to trust your authority.
Prevents misunderstandings and confusion.

Here are the 14 punctuation marks in English:

the period, question mark, exclamation point, comma, semicolon, colon, dashes, hyphen,
parentheses, brackets, apostrophe, quotation marks, ellipsis, and slash.

1. Period (.)
1. The . is called a period or a full stop. It is most commonly used to end a sentence. That is,
all sentences that aren’t direct questions or exclamations! Here are some examples:

The roses are red.

Please close the door.

2. Violet asked me if she could come to the event. (an indirect question, but written as a
statement.)

The second most common use of the period is to denote abbreviations, initialisms, and
decimals.

Abbreviation: Dr. Susan and Mr. Ziyuan are headed to the clinic.

Initials: Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. aired at 8 p.m. yesterday.

Decimal: The value of pi is 3.14.

2. Question mark (?)
1. The ? is called a question mark. It is most commonly used to ask direct questions.

Are the roses red?

Can you close the door?

Confusion and disbelief:

How is this possible?

Are we sure it’s a power cut?

Questions within quotation marks:

“Can I come to the event?” Violet said.

“Are you ready, Ziyuan?” said Dr. Susan.

Question tags:

The value of pi is 3.14, isn’t it?

You went clubbing last night, didn’t you?

Note: It’s important to consider the tone of the utterance while using question marks. A
questioning tone is the best indicator of when to use these punctuation marks and not
wh-words.

3. Exclamation point (!)

The ! is called an exclamation point or exclamation mark. You can also call them bangs or
shrieks if that suits your fancy! They’re used to show strong emotion, urgency, or an outcry.

Here are the ways in which you can use an exclamation point:

Excitement or enthusiasm: How lucky I am to win the lottery!

Surprise or shock: I can’t believe that just happened!

Urgency: Call 911! Hurry, we don’t have much time!

Command: Apprehend him!

Strong emotion: I’m so happy for you!

Exclamations come with a forceful tone and impact, so it’s best to use them in small doses.
Otherwise, you can tire your reader with excess excitement!
4. Comma (,)
The , is called a comma. It is used in a number of ways, the most common of which is to
separate elements within a sentence.

Serial comma:

Sharon bought needles, string, and ten bolts of fabric for her dress.

Bracketing comma:

Al Pacino, who was born in 1940, is one of the most celebrated actors of all time.

Born in 1940, Al Pacino is one of the most celebrated actors of all time.

Joining comma:

Violet wanted to stay home, but her friends convinced her to go out.

Introductory comma:

On the other hand, some people prefer apples over mangoes.

The comma is also used to separate two adjectives of the same type.

Ibrahim is a kind, caring friend.

Desyree wore a long, flowy dress to their birthday party.

In the English language, we also use commas in numbers and dates:

Li Guangli accepted the war treaty with a tribute of 3,000 horses.

The day was Friday, April 28, 2023.

5. Semicolon (;)

The ; is called a semicolon. It is used to connect two independent clauses that are closely
related to each other.

The restaurant was too loud; we decided to go elsewhere.

Paramount Pictures didn’t want to cast Al Pacino in The Godfather; the studio was uncertain
about casting an unknown actor.

I have a big test tomorrow; I need to study all night.

Semicolons are also used to separate items in a list that already consist of commas.
The menu today is steak with mushrooms, onions, and peppers; grilled salmon with lemon,
garlic, and dill; and roasted chicken with potatoes, carrots, and onions.

Kyoto, Japan; Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; and Cusco, Peru are among the most beautiful cities in
the world.

6. Colon (:)

The : is called a colon. Mostly, it has one and only one major use: elaborating on whatever
precedes it. (See what we did there?)

You can use this punctuation mark to introduce a list, further explanation, or a quote.

List:

His groceries stumbled out of the paper bag: eggs, bread, cheese, and lots of oranges.

Elaboration:

Anong saw it with complete clarity: She was in danger.

Quotation:

Yeats said it best: “All dreams of the soul end in a beautiful man’s or woman’s body.”

A colon can also help add emphasis on a phrase or word.

There is one creature larger than any other animal on the planet: the blue whale.

When using a colon, always capitalize the first word if—and only if—the following element is
a complete sentence.

Less commonly, we also use the colon in the following instances:

Subtitle: The Beam: Part One

Time: 05:05 a.m.

7. Dashes (—/–)
There are two types of dashes in the English language: em dash and en dash. They are
horizontal lines slightly longer than a hyphen and are mainly found in typeset documents.

Em dash (—)
The — is called the em dash and it is the longer of the two dashes. The em dash is used to
provide additional information and indicate an interruption or an emphasis.
Additional information:

My friend—the one who lives in Thailand—is publishing a book.

Interruption:

“I’m so glad we finally met—”

“Truly! This was such a great evening!”

Emphasis:

It’s time to study the most intriguing of all astrological bodies—black holes.

En dash (–)
The – is called an en dash and it is the shorter of the two dashes. It indicates a range of
values or a connection between two grammatical units.

Indicating a range:

The decade 2010–2020 was a time of great technological advancements.

Connecting two units:

The New York–London flight is completely booked.

Showing conflict or opposition:

The Lakers–Celtics rivalry is well-known in the sports world.

Note: Unless your style guidelines recommend it, never use spaces with dashes. Aside from
some rare instances (01 January 2023 – 31 December 2023), using spaces with the en dash
is never permitted.

8. Hyphen (-)

The – is called a hyphen. Shorter than both the dashes, it is most commonly used to join
words or parts of words.

Compound words:

son-in-law, lo-fi, five-year-old

Prefixes and suffixes:

cross-check, self-assured, all-expenses, goth-style, sugar-free, mayor-elect

Numbers:

twenty-eight, forty-ninth

Pauses:

The spelling of pheromones is p-h-e-r-o-m-o-n-e-s.

Why is it so c-c-cold in here?

9. Parentheses ()

The ( ) are called parentheses. They enclose additional information that isn’t strictly
necessary in the sentence but provides context.

Clarification:

The company’s profits have increased by 20% (largely due to their new marketing
campaign).

Abbreviation:

The World Health Organization (WHO) has substantiated this information.

Alternatives:

The dress code for the party is semi-formal (jacket and tie are optional).

Emphasis:

I can’t believe she said that (of all things) in front of the new joinee.

10. Brackets [] and braces {}

The [] are called brackets. They’re mostly used to clarify the meaning of a sentence.

They [Elliot Page] have received an Academy Award nomination.

Shanice knew it [the ship] had come from another world.

You’ll find brackets more commonly in academic writing, where authors use them to
clarify quotes.

According to Bronkovich, “The president [was] expected to resign soon.”

In the above quote, brackets are used to change the verb tense. In this manner, brackets
can help an author modify the original statement for better clarity and understanding of their
readers.
Academic writing also uses brackets to add parentheses inside parentheses, called
nesting parentheses.

The study (conducted by researchers from Harvard University [Cambridge, MA] and Oxford
University [Oxford, UK]) found that exercise can reduce the risk of heart disease.

11. Apostrophe (’)

The ’ is called an apostrophe. It is a punctuation mark used to indicate possession or to

show that some letters have been omitted from a word.

Possession

My cat’s toy has gotten old.

The fight for women’s rights is a fight for human rights.

The boys’ dormitory is that way.

Contraction

I have: I’ve

Do not: Don’t

They are: They’re

Plural for letters and numbers

Make sure to dot your i’s and cross your t’s!

How many 10s are there in this deck?

12. Quotation marks (“”/‘’)

The “” are called quotation marks, or more specifically, double quotation marks. They’re most
commonly used to indicate dialogue writing in fiction.

“Hair is everything,” said Fleabag.

“My good opinion,” said Mr. Darcy, “once lost, is lost forever.”

“That is a failing indeed!” cried Elizabeth. “Implacable resentment is a shade in a character.”

Quotes:
Mulaney (2019) observed that “the unexpected finding of pitting corrosion in Alloy B warrants
further investigation”.
Titles:

“A Temporary Matter” is the first short story in Interpreter of Maladies.

Maya Angelou wrote “And Still I Rise” in 1978.

Single quotation marks (‘’)

The ‘’ are called single quotation marks. They are used to indicate a quotation within a
quotation or to highlight a word or phrase being discussed.

Quote within a quote:

“It’s like Emeze said, ‘Some people can’t see softness without wanting to hurt it.’”

Highlighting words or phrases:

The word ‘culture’ came from the Latin word ‘cultura’, which means ‘cultivation or growing’.

Single quotation marks are more widely used in British English. While American English
favors double quotation marks, British English favors single quotes.

13. Ellipsis

The … is called an ellipsis. This punctuation mark is used to indicate the omission of a word,
phrase, or sentence in a quotation or to create a pause in writing.

Omission:

“Musicians still find inspiration in the Beatles’ songs…allusions to their work and lives can be
found almost everywhere.” (Malek 37)

Pause or trailing off:

“I never said that… did I?”

“I was thinking that maybe we could… well, never mind.”

“If only we had enough time…”

14. Slash (/)

The / is called a slash. It is used to represent a number of different things, including division,
fractions, and options.

Options: The book is available in paperback/ebook format.

Fraction: ⅔ of Earth is covered in water.

Division: It’s simple math, 24/3 equals 8.

With the slash, our list of punctuation marks and symbols comes to an end. As providers of
editing services, we realize the importance of using correct grammar while communicating.
Want to keep reading about language, grammar, and writing? Here are some useful
resources: