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Peripheral Nervous System

The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) consists of cranial and spinal nerves, divided into the somatic and autonomic nervous systems. The somatic nervous system manages sensory input and voluntary movements, while the autonomic nervous system regulates involuntary functions like heartbeat and digestion through its sympathetic and parasympathetic branches. Disorders such as peripheral neuropathy and Guillain-Barré Syndrome can affect the PNS, leading to various symptoms including weakness and pain.

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10 views8 pages

Peripheral Nervous System

The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) consists of cranial and spinal nerves, divided into the somatic and autonomic nervous systems. The somatic nervous system manages sensory input and voluntary movements, while the autonomic nervous system regulates involuntary functions like heartbeat and digestion through its sympathetic and parasympathetic branches. Disorders such as peripheral neuropathy and Guillain-Barré Syndrome can affect the PNS, leading to various symptoms including weakness and pain.

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swera saleem
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Peripheral Nervous System

Ms. Noor Ul Ain


Structure
● outside the brain and spinal cord
● It includes the cranial nerves, spinal nerves and their roots and branches
● 12 cranial nerves, 31 pairs of spinal nerves (total 62 spinal nerves)
● The PNS can be divided into the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous
system.
Cont.
SNS
- Includes spinal and cranial nerves.
- Manages sensory input from sensory organs, muscles, joints, and skin.
- Transmits sensory information to the CNS, covering aspects like vision, hearing, pain,
temperature, and body part position and movement.
- Produces body movements in response to stimuli.

ANS
- Regulates the internal organs.
- Parasympathetic nerves induce a "rest and digest" response. (calming)
- Sympathetic nerves trigger a "fight or flight" response, preparing the body for action. (arousal)
Function
● It serves as a communication relay between the CNS and the rest of the body, allowing
for the transmission of sensory information to the brain and the delivery of motor signals
from the brain to muscles and glands
● Senses: Your PNS is a key part of how your brain gets information about the world
around you. This job falls under the somatic nervous system.
● Movement: Your peripheral nerves deliver command signals to all the muscles in your
body that you can consciously control. This job also falls under the somatic nervous
system.
● Unconscious processes: This is how your brain runs critical processes that don’t
depend on your thinking about them. Examples of this include heartbeat and blood
pressure. This job depends on your autonomic nervous system.
Somatic nervous system
Sensory Input:
● Somatic nervous system routes most senses (sound, smell, taste, touch below the
neck) to the brain, except sight (which connects directly to the brain).

Movement Control:
● Somatic nervous system conveys brain signals to muscles for movement.
Autonomic nervous system
The ANS regulates involuntary bodily functions, such as heartbeat, digestion, respiratory
rate, and glandular activity. It further divides into two main branches:

a. Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS):


● The SNS is responsible for the body's response to stress or danger, often referred
to as the "fight or flight" response. It activates physiological changes to prepare the
body to confront a threat or flee from it. During this response, the heart rate
increases, breathing accelerates, blood pressure rises, and various other
responses occur to enhance the body's ability to cope with stress.
b. Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS):
● In contrast, the PNS functions to promote relaxation and restoration after the
stress response. It helps in conserving energy, slowing heart rate, stimulating
digestion, and promoting a state of rest and recovery.
Disorders
Peripheral Neuropathy:
● This condition involves damage or dysfunction of the peripheral nerves, resulting in
tingling, numbness, weakness, or pain in the affected areas. Causes can vary and may
include diabetes, infections, autoimmune disorders, traumatic injuries, vitamin
deficiencies, or exposure to toxins.

Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS):


● GBS is an autoimmune disorder where the immune system attacks the peripheral
nerves, causing weakness, tingling, and sometimes paralysis. In severe cases, GBS can
cause paralysis of muscles involved in breathing, requiring immediate medical
intervention. Reports on sleep abnormalities, visual hallucinations, terrors, psychosis

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