Fall 2018

1. Given * +, * +, and * +, solve the following.

a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f. ( )
g. ( ) ( )
h.
i.

2. If a population consists of the positive even numbers through 30 and if * +, what is ?

3. A company’s customer service 800 telephone system is set up so that the caller has six options. Each of
these six options leads to a menu with four options. For each of these four options, three more options are
available. For each of these three options, another three options are presented. If a person calls the 800
number for assistance, how many total options are possible?

4. A company places a seven-digit serial number on each part that is made. Each digit of the serial number
can be any number from 0 through 9. Digits can be repeated in the serial number. How many different
serial numbers are possible?

5. A small company has 20 employees. Six of these employees will be selected randomly to be interviewed as
part of an employee satisfaction program. How many different groups of six can be selected?

6. Given ( ) , ( ) , ( ) , ( ) , ( ) , solve the

following:

a. ( )
b. ( )
c. If and are mutually exclusive, ( )

7. Suppose that 47% of all Americans have flown in an airplane at least once and that 28% of all Americans
have ridden on a train at least once. What is the probability that a randomly selected American has either
ridden on a train or flown in an airplane? Can this problem be solved? Under what conditions can it be
solved? If the problem cannot be solved, what information is needed to make it solvable?

8. According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 75% of the women 25 through 49 years of age participate
in the labor force. Suppose 78% of the women in that age group are married. Suppose also that 61% of all
women 25 through 49 years of age are married and are participating in the labor force.

a. What is the probability that a randomly selected woman in that age group is married or is participating
in the labor force?
b. What is the probability that a randomly selected woman in that age group is married or is participating
in the labor force but not both?
c. What is the probability that a randomly selected woman in that age group is neither married nor
participating in the labor force?

9. A batch of 50 parts contains 6 defects.

a. If two parts are drawn randomly one at a time without replacement, what is the probability that both
parts are defective?
b. If this experiment is repeated, with replacement, what is the probability that both parts are defective?

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MATH 2030 | Probability Exercises

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 Fall 2018

10. A study by Peter D. Hart Research Associates for the Nasdaq Stock Market revealed that 43% of all
American adults are stockholders. In addition, the study determined that 75% of all American adult
stockholders have some college education. Suppose 37% of all American adults have some college
education. An American adult is randomly selected.

a. What is the probability that the adult does not own stock?
b. What is the probability that the adult owns stock and has some college education?
c. What is the probability that the adult owns stock or has some college education?
d. What is the probability that the adult has neither some college education nor owns stock?
e. What is the probability that the adult does not own stock or has no college education?
f. What is the probability that the adult has some college education and owns no stock?

11. In a recent year, business failures in the United States numbered 83,384, according to Dun & Bradstreet.
The construction industry accounted for 10,867 of these business failures. The South Atlantic states
accounted for 8,010 of the business failures. Suppose that 1,258 of all business failures were construction
businesses located in the South Atlantic states. A failed business is randomly selected from this list of
business failures.

a. What is the probability that the business is located in the South Atlantic states?
b. What is the probability that the business is in the construction industry or located in the South Atlantic
states?
c. What is the probability that the business is in the construction industry if it is known that the business
is located in the South Atlantic states?
d. What is the probability that the business is located in the South Atlantic states if it is known that the
business is a construction business?
e. What is the probability that the business is not located in the South Atlantic states if it is known that
the business is not a construction business?
f. Given that the business is a construction business, what is the probability that the business is not
located in the South Atlantic states?

12. Arthur Andersen Enterprise Group/National Small Business United, Washington, conducted a national
survey of small-business owners to determine the challenges for growth for their businesses. The top
challenge, selected by 46% of the small business owners, was the economy. A close second was finding
qualified workers (37%). Suppose 15% of the small-business owners selected both the economy and
finding qualified workers as challenges for growth. A small-business owner is randomly selected.

a. What is the probability that the owner believes the economy is a challenge for growth if the owner
believes that finding qualified workers is a challenge for growth?
b. What is the probability that the owner believes that finding qualified workers is a challenge for growth
if the owner believes that the economy is a challenge for growth?
c. Given that the owner does not select the economy as a challenge for growth, what is the probability
that the owner believes that finding qualified workers is a challenge for growth?
d. What is the probability that the owner believes neither that the economy is a challenge for growth nor
that finding qualified workers is a challenge for growth?

13. In a manufacturing plant, machine A produces 10% of a certain product, machine B produces 40% of this
product, and machine C produces 50% of this product. Five percent of machine A products are defective,
12% of machine B products are defective, and 8% of machine C products are defective. The company
inspector has just sampled a product from this plant and has found it to be defective. Determine the revised
probabilities that the sampled product was produced by machine A, machine B, or machine C.

MATH 2030 | Probability Exercises

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 Fall 2018

14. Alex, Alicia, and Juan fill orders in a fast-food restaurant. Alex incorrectly fills 20% of the orders he takes.
Alicia incorrectly fills 12% of the orders she takes. Juan incorrectly fills 5% of the orders he takes. Alex
fills 30% of all orders, Alicia fills 45% of all orders, and Juan fills 25% of all orders. An order has just been
filled.

a. What is the probability that Alicia filled the order?

b. If the order was filled by Juan, what is the probability that it was filled correctly?
c. Who filled the order is unknown, but the order was filled incorrectly. What are the revised
probabilities that Alex, Alicia, or Juan filled the order?
d. Who filled the order is unknown, but the order was filled correctly. What are the revised probabilities
that Alex, Alicia, or Juan filled the order?

15. In a small town, two lawn companies fertilize lawns during the summer. Tri-State Lawn Service has 72%
of the market. Thirty percent of the lawns fertilized by Tri-State could be rated as very healthy one month
after service. Greenchem has the other 28% of the market. Twenty percent of the lawns fertilized by
Greenchem could be rated as very healthy one month after service. A lawn that has been treated with
fertilizer by one of these companies within the last month is selected randomly. If the lawn is rated as very
healthy, what are the revised probabilities that Tri-State or Greenchem treated the lawn?

MATH 2030 | Probability Exercises

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