ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS

WORKSHEET-4

1. A frictionless piston–cylinder device initially contains 200 L of saturated liquid

refrigerant-134a. The piston is free to move, and its mass is such that it main-
tains a pressure of 900 kPa on the refrigerant. The refrigerant is now heated until
its temperature rises to 70°C. Calculate the work done during this process.

2. A piston–cylinder device initially contains 0.25 kg of nitrogen gas at 130 kPa and
120°C. The nitrogen is now expanded isothermally to a pressure of 100 kPa. Deter-
mine the boundary work done during this process.

3. A piston–cylinder device with a set of stops initially contains 0.3 kg of steam at 1.0
MPa and 400°C. The location of the stops corresponds to 60 percent of the initial
volume. Now the steam is cooled. Determine the compression work if the final state
is
(a) 1.0 MPa and 250°C
(b) 500 kPa.
(c) Also determine the temperature at the final state in part (b).

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4. A gas is compressed from an initial volume of 0.42 m3 to a final volume of 0.12 m3.
During the quasi-equilibrium process, the pressure changes with volume according
to the relation P = aV + b, where a = 1200 kPa/m3 and b = 600 kPa. Calculate
the work done during this process
(a) by plotting the process on a P-V diagram and finding the area under the process
curve
(b) by performing the necessary integrations.

5. A fluid at 4.15 bar is expanded reversibly according to PV = constant to a pressure

of 1.15 bar until it has a specific volume of 0.12 m3/kg. It is then cooled reversibly
at a constant pressure, then is cooled at constant volume until the pressure is 0.62
bar; and is then allowed to compress reversibly according to a law of PVn = constant
back to the initial conditions. The work done in the constant pressure is 0.525kJ,
and the mass of fluid present is 0.22kg. Calculate the value of n in the fourth
process, the net work of the cycle and sketch the cycle on a P-V diagram.

6. A frictionless piston–cylinder device contains 2 kg of nitrogen at 100 kPa and 300

K. Nitrogen is now compressed slowly according to the relation PV1.4 = constant
until it reaches a final temperature of 360 K. Calculate the work input during this
process.

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 7. A garden hose attached with a nozzle is used to fill a 20-gal bucket. The inner
diameter of the hose is 1 in and it reduces to 0.5 in at the nozzle exit. If the average
velocity in the hose is 8 ft/s, determine (a) the volume and mass flow rates of water
through the hose, (b) how long it will take to fill the bucket with water, and (c) the
average velocity of water at the nozzle exit

8. Air enters a nozzle steadily at 2.21 kg/m3 and 40 m/s and leaves at 0.762 kg/m3
and 180 m/s. If the inlet area of the nozzle is 90 cm2, determine (a) the mass flow
rate through the nozzle, and (b) the exit area of the nozzle.

9. The ventilating fan of the bathroom of a building has a volume flow rate of 30 L/s
and runs continuously. If the density of air inside is 1.20 kg/m3, determine the mass
of air vented out in one day.

10. Air enters a 28-cm diameter pipe steadily at 200 kPa and 20°C with a velocity of 5
m/s. Air is heated as it flows, and leaves the pipe at 180 kPa and 40°C. Determine
(a) the volume flow rate of air at the inlet, (b) the mass flow rate of air, and (c) the
velocity and volume flow rate at the exit

11. Air enters an adiabatic nozzle steadily at 300 kPa, 200°C, and 30 m/s and leaves at
100 kPa and 180 m/s. The inlet area of the nozzle is 80 cm2. Determine (a) the
mass flow rate through the nozzle, (b) the exit temperature of the air, and (c) the
exit area of the nozzle.

12. Steam flows steadily through an adiabatic turbine. The inlet conditions of the
steam are 10 MPa, 450°C, and 80 m/s, and the exit conditions are 10 kPa, 92
percent quality, and 50 m/s. The mass flow rate of the steam is 12 kg/s. Determine

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 (a) the change in kinetic energy, (b) the power output, and (c) the turbine inlet
area.

13. Argon gas enters an adiabatic turbine steadily at 900 kPa and 450°C with a velocity
of 80 m/s and leaves at 150 kPa with a velocity of 150 m/s. The inlet area of the
turbine is 60 cm2. If the power output of the turbine is 250 kW, determine the exit
temperature of the argon.

14. Refrigerant-134a enters an adiabatic compressor as saturated vapor at- 24°C and
leaves at 0.8 MPa and 60°C. The mass flow rate of the refrigerant is 1.2 kg/s.
Determine (a) the power input to the compressor and (b) the volume flow rate of
the refrigerant at the compressor inlet.

15. A hot-water stream at 80°C enters a mixing chamber with a mass flow rate of 0.5
kg/s where it is mixed with a stream of cold water at 20°C. If it is desired that the
mixture leave the chamber at 42°C, determine the mass flow rate of the cold-water
stream. Assume all the streams are at a pressure of 250 kPa.

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16. In steam power plants, open feedwater heaters are frequently utilized to heat the
feedwater by mixing it with steam bled off the turbine at some intermediate stage.
Consider an open feedwater heater that operates at a pressure of 1000 kPa. Feed-
water at 50°C and 1000 kPa is to be heated with superheated steam at 200°C and
1000 kPa. In an ideal feed-water heater, the mixture leaves the heater as saturated
liquid at the feedwater pressure. Determine the ratio of the mass flow rates of the
feedwater and the superheated vapor for this case.

17. Refrigerant-134a at 1 MPa and 90°C is to be cooled to 1 MPa and 30°C in a condenser
by air. The air enters at 100 kPa and 27°C with a volume flow rate of 600 m3/min
and leaves at 95 kPa and 60°C. Determine the mass flow rate of the refrigerant.

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18. A thin-walled double-pipe counter-flow heat exchanger is used to cool oil (cp = 2.20
kJ/kg · °C) from 150 to 40°C at a rate of 2 kg/s by water (cp = 4.18 kJ/kg · °C)
that enters at 22°C at a rate of 1.5 kg/s. Determine the rate of heat transfer in the
heat exchanger and the exit temperature of water.