Question 4:

𝑑𝑥
(a) ∫ 3 . (10 marks)
𝑥 +1

Solution:
3 2
First, factor the denominator: 𝑥 + 1 = (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 𝑥 + 1). Now, we use partial fraction decomposition:
1 𝐴 𝐵𝑥+𝐶
3 = 𝑥+1 + 2
𝑥 +1 𝑥 −𝑥+1

2 2
Multiplying both sides by (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 𝑥 + 1): 1 = 𝐴(𝑥 − 𝑥 + 1) + (𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶)(𝑥 + 1)
2 2 2
1 = 𝐴𝑥 − 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶𝑥 + 𝐶 1 = (𝐴 + 𝐵)𝑥 + (− 𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶)𝑥 + (𝐴 + 𝐶)
2
Equating coefficients: Coefficient of 𝑥 : 𝐴 + 𝐵 = 0⟹𝐵 =− 𝐴 --- (1) Coefficient of 𝑥: − 𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶 = 0 ---
(2) Constant term: 𝐴 + 𝐶 = 1⟹𝐶 = 1 − 𝐴 --- (3)
1
Substitute (1) and (3) into (2): − 𝐴 + (− 𝐴) + (1 − 𝐴) = 0 − 3𝐴 + 1 = 0⟹3𝐴 = 1⟹𝐴 = 3

1 1 2
Now find B and C: 𝐵 =− 𝐴 =− 3
𝐶=1 −𝐴 = 1 − 3
= 3
1 2
1 1/3 − 3 𝑥+ 3 1 2−𝑥
So, the partial fraction decomposition is: 3 = 𝑥+1
+ 2 = 3(𝑥+1)
+ 2
𝑥 +1 𝑥 −𝑥+1 3(𝑥 −𝑥+1)

𝑑𝑥 1 2−𝑥 1 1 1 2−𝑥
Now, integrate each term: ∫ 3 = ∫ 3(𝑥+1)
𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 = 3
∫ 𝑥+1
𝑑𝑥 + 3
∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 +1 3(𝑥 −𝑥+1) 𝑥 −𝑥+1

1
The first integral is straightforward: 3
𝑙𝑛|𝑥 + 1|.

For the second integral, we aim to make the numerator relate to the derivative of the denominator. Derivative of
2
𝑥 − 𝑥 + 1 is 2𝑥 − 1. We manipulate 2 − 𝑥:
1 1 1 3
2 − 𝑥 =− 2 (2𝑥 − 4) =− 2 (2𝑥 − 1 − 3) =− 2
(2𝑥 − 1) + 2
.
1 3
2−𝑥 − 2 (2𝑥−1)+ 2 1 2𝑥−1 3 1
So, ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 =− 2
∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 + 2
∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 −𝑥+1 𝑥 −𝑥+1 𝑥 −𝑥+1 𝑥 −𝑥+1

1 2
The first part of this is − 2
𝑙𝑛|𝑥 − 𝑥 + 1|.

For the second part, complete the square in the denominator:

1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
2
𝑥 − 𝑥+ 1 = 𝑥 − ( 2 ) −( ) 2
+ 1= 𝑥 − ( 2) −
1
4
+ 1= 𝑥 − ( 2 ) +
3
4
So,
∫ 2
1
𝑥 −𝑥+1
𝑑𝑥 = ∫
1
1 2
(𝑥− ) ( )
+
3
2 𝑑𝑥 This is of the form ∫ 2
1
𝑢 +𝑎
2 𝑑𝑢 =
1
𝑎
𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( ). Here, 𝑢 = 𝑥 −
𝑢
𝑎
1
2
and
2 2

( )
1

𝑎= 2
3
.=
1

2
3
𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛
𝑥− 2

2
3
=
2
3
𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( ).2𝑥−1
3

Now, combine all parts: ∫

𝑥 +1
𝑑𝑥
3 =
1
3
𝑙𝑛|𝑥 + 1| +
1
3 (− 1
2
𝑙𝑛|𝑥 − 𝑥 + 1| +
2 3
2
⎡
⎢
⎣
2
3
𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( )⎤⎥⎦) + 𝐶
2𝑥−1
3

=
1
3
𝑙𝑛|𝑥 + 1| −
1
6
2
𝑙𝑛|𝑥 − 𝑥 + 1| +
1
3
·
3
2
·
2
3
𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( )+ 𝐶
2𝑥−1
3
Therefore, ∫
𝑥 +1
𝑑𝑥
3 =
1
3
𝑙𝑛|𝑥 + 1| −
1
6
2
𝑙𝑛|𝑥 − 𝑥 + 1| +
1
3
𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( ) + 𝐶.
2𝑥−1
3

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
(b) Integrate ∫ . (10 marks)
1+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥

Solution:
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
Let the integral be 𝐼. 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
1+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 1−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
To simplify the denominator, multiply the numerator and denominator by 1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥: 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
1+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 1−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 1−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 1−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 1−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝐼=∫ 2
𝑑𝑥 𝐼 = ∫ 2
𝑑𝑥 𝐼 = ∫ |𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥|
𝑑𝑥
1−𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 1−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
Assuming 𝑥 is in a domain where 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 > 0 (e.g., (− π/2, π/2)), so |𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥| = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥. 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑑𝑥

To convert this into a form suitable for substitution, we can multiply numerator and denominator by 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥:
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 1−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 1−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝐼=∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 𝐼 = ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 1−𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥

𝑢 1−𝑢
Now, let 𝑢 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥. Then 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥. The integral becomes: 𝐼 = ∫ 2 𝑑𝑢 Factor the denominator:
1−𝑢
2 𝑢 1−𝑢 2
1 − 𝑢 = (1 − 𝑢)(1 + 𝑢). 𝐼 = ∫ (1−𝑢)(1+𝑢)
𝑑𝑢 Since 1 − 𝑢 = ( 1 − 𝑢) , we can simplify:
𝑢 1−𝑢 𝑢
𝐼=∫ 2 𝑑𝑢 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑑𝑢
( 1−𝑢) (1+𝑢) 1−𝑢(1+𝑢)

2 2
Next, let 𝑣 = 1 − 𝑢. Then 𝑣 = 1 − 𝑢⟹𝑢 = 1 − 𝑣 . Differentiating, 2𝑣 𝑑𝑣 =− 𝑑𝑢⟹𝑑𝑢 =− 2𝑣 𝑑𝑣. Also,
2 2
1 + 𝑢 = 1 + (1 − 𝑣 ) = 2 − 𝑣 .
2 2 2
1−𝑣 −2(1−𝑣 ) 2(𝑣 −1)
Substitute these into the integral: 𝐼 = ∫ 2 (− 2𝑣) 𝑑𝑣 𝐼 = ∫ 2 𝑑𝑣 𝐼 = ∫ 2 𝑑𝑣 Perform
𝑣(2−𝑣 ) 2−𝑣 𝑣 −2

( ) 𝑑𝑣
2
2(𝑣 −2+1) 2
polynomial long division or algebraic manipulation: 𝐼 = ∫ 2 𝑑𝑣 𝐼 = ∫ 2 + 2
𝑣 −2 𝑣 −2
1
𝐼 = ∫2 𝑑𝑣 + 2∫ 2 2 𝑑𝑣
𝑣 −( 2)

1 1 𝑋−𝐴
The first part of the integral is 2𝑣. The second part is a standard integral of the form ∫ 2 2 𝑑𝑋 = 2𝐴
𝑙𝑛|| 𝑋+𝐴 ||.
𝑋 −𝐴
1 | 𝑣− 2| 1 | 𝑣− 2|
So, 2 · 𝑙𝑛| |= 𝑙𝑛| |.
2 2 | 𝑣+ 2| 2 | 𝑣+ 2|

1 | 1−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥− 2 |
Combine the terms and substitute back 𝑣 = 1 − 𝑢 = 1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥: 𝐼 = 2 1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑙𝑛| |+ 𝐶
2 | 1−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥+ 2 |
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 1 | 1−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥− 2 |
Therefore, ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 2 1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑙𝑛| | + 𝐶 (assuming 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 > 0).
1+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 2 | 1−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥+ 2 |

Question 5:
𝑎
𝑑𝑥
(a) Evaluate ∫ 2 2
. (10 marks)
0 𝑥+ 𝑎 −𝑥
Solution:
𝑎
𝑑𝑥
Let the integral be 𝐼. 𝐼 = ∫ 2 2
0 𝑥+ 𝑎 −𝑥

We use the trigonometric substitution: Let 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛θ. Then, 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠θ 𝑑θ.

Determine the new limits of integration: When 𝑥 = 0, 𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛θ = 0⟹𝑠𝑖𝑛θ = 0⟹θ = 0. When 𝑥 = 𝑎,
π
𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛θ = 𝑎⟹𝑠𝑖𝑛θ = 1⟹θ = 2 .

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Substitute 𝑥 and 𝑑𝑥 into the integral: 𝑎 −𝑥 = 𝑎 − 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛 θ = 𝑎 (1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 θ) = 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠 θ = 𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠θ
π
(since 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2 , 𝑐𝑜𝑠θ ≥ 0).

π/2 π/2 π/2

𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠θ 𝑑θ 𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠θ 𝑐𝑜𝑠θ
Now, substitute these into the integral: 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛θ+𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠θ
𝐼= ∫ 𝑎(𝑠𝑖𝑛θ+𝑐𝑜𝑠θ)
𝑑θ 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛θ+𝑐𝑜𝑠θ
𝑑θ --- (1)
0 0 0

𝐴 𝐴
Now, we use the property of definite integrals: ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝐴 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥. Applying this property to 𝐼 with
0 0
π/2 π
π 𝑐𝑜𝑠( 2 −θ) π π
𝐴= 2
:𝐼 = ∫ π π 𝑑θ Since 𝑐𝑜𝑠( 2 − θ) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛θ and 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 2 − θ) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠θ:
𝑠𝑖𝑛( 2 −θ)+𝑐𝑜𝑠( 2 −θ)
0
π/2
𝑠𝑖𝑛θ
𝐼= ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠θ+𝑠𝑖𝑛θ
𝑑θ --- (2)
0

π/2 π/2 π/2 π/2

𝑐𝑜𝑠θ 𝑠𝑖𝑛θ 𝑐𝑜𝑠θ+𝑠𝑖𝑛θ
Add equations (1) and (2): 2𝐼 = ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛θ+𝑐𝑜𝑠θ
𝑑θ + ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛θ+𝑐𝑜𝑠θ
𝑑θ 2𝐼 = ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛θ+𝑐𝑜𝑠θ
𝑑θ 2𝐼 = ∫ 1 𝑑θ
0 0 0 0
π/2 π π π
2𝐼 = [θ]0 2𝐼 = 2
− 0 2𝐼 = 2
𝐼= 4

𝑎
𝑑𝑥 π
Therefore, ∫ 2 2
= 4
.
0 𝑥+ 𝑎 −𝑥

π/2 2
𝑠𝑖𝑛 θ
(b) Evaluate ∫ 4 4 𝑑θ. (10 marks)
0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 θ+𝑐𝑜𝑠 θ

Solution:
π/2 2
𝑠𝑖𝑛 θ
Let the integral be 𝐼. 𝐼 = ∫ 4 4 𝑑θ
0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 θ+𝑐𝑜𝑠 θ

2
π/2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 θ π/2 𝑡𝑎𝑛2θ· 1
4 4 2

Divide both the numerator and the denominator by 𝑐𝑜𝑠 θ: 𝐼 = ∫ 4

𝑠𝑖𝑛 θ
𝑐𝑜𝑠 θ
𝑐𝑜𝑠 θ
4 𝑑θ 𝐼 = ∫ 4
𝑐𝑜𝑠 θ
𝑑θ
0 4 + 4 0 𝑡𝑎𝑛 θ+1
𝑐𝑜𝑠 θ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 θ
π/2 2 2
𝑡𝑎𝑛 θ𝑠𝑒𝑐 θ
𝐼= ∫ 4 𝑑θ
0 𝑡𝑎𝑛 θ+1

2
Now, perform a substitution: Let 𝑢 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛θ. Then 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 θ 𝑑θ.
π π
Determine the new limits of integration: When θ = 0, 𝑢 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛0 = 0. When θ = 2
, 𝑢 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛( 2 ) → ∞.
 ∞ 2
𝑢
Substitute 𝑢 and 𝑑𝑢 into the integral: 𝐼 = ∫ 4 𝑑𝑢
0 𝑢 +1
2
𝑢
To integrate 4 , we can rewrite the integrand by adding and subtracting terms:
𝑢 +1
∞

( ) 𝑑𝑢
2 2 2 2 2 2
𝑢 1 2𝑢 1 (𝑢 +1)+(𝑢 −1) 1 𝑢 +1 𝑢 −1
4 = 2
· 4 = 2
· 4 𝐼= 2
∫ 4 + 4
𝑢 +1 𝑢 +1 𝑢 +1 0 𝑢 +1 𝑢 +1

( ) 𝑑𝑢
2 2
2 1 1+1/𝑢 1−1/𝑢
Now, divide the numerator and denominator of each fraction by 𝑢 : 𝐼 = 2
∫ 2 2 + 2 2
0 𝑢 +1/𝑢 𝑢 +1/𝑢

2
1+1/𝑢 1 1
Consider the first term: ∫ 2 2 𝑑𝑢. Let 𝑣 = 𝑢 − 𝑢
. Then 𝑑𝑣 = (1 + 2 ) 𝑑𝑢. Also,
𝑢 +1/𝑢 𝑢
2
𝑣 =𝑢 − 2 +
2 1
2
𝑢
⟹𝑢 +
2 1
2
𝑢
= 𝑣 + 2. So, ∫
2
2
𝑑𝑣
𝑣 +( 2)
2 =
1
2
𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( )= 𝑣
2
1
2
𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( 𝑢−1/𝑢
2 ).
2
1−1/𝑢 1 1
Consider the second term: ∫ 2 2 𝑑𝑢. Let 𝑤 = 𝑢 + 𝑢
. Then 𝑑𝑤 = (1 − 2 ) 𝑑𝑢. Also,
𝑢 +1/𝑢 𝑢
2 2 1 2 1 2 𝑑𝑤 1 | 𝑤− 2 | 1 | 𝑢+1/𝑢− 2 |
𝑤 =𝑢 + 2 + ⟹𝑢 + = 𝑤 − 2. So, ∫ = 𝑙𝑛| |= 𝑙𝑛| |.
𝑢
2
𝑢
2 2
𝑤 −( 2)
2
2 2 | 𝑤+ 2 | 2 2 | 𝑢+1/𝑢+ 2 |
∞

( )
2
1 𝑢 −1
Now, evaluate the definite integral from 0 to ∞: For the first term: ⎡⎢ 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 ⎤ As 𝑢 → ∞,
⎥
⎣ 2 2𝑢 ⎦0
2 2
𝑢 −1 𝑢 1 π + 𝑢 −1 π
= − → ∞, so 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛(∞) = 2
. As 𝑢 → 0 , → − ∞, so 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛(− ∞) =− 2
. Value for the
2𝑢 2 2𝑢 2𝑢
first term:
1
2
( π
2
− (−
π
2 )
) =
1
2
(π) =
π
2
.

∞
| 𝑢2− |⎤ 2 2
For the second term: ⎡⎢
1 2𝑢+1 𝑢 − 2𝑢+1 1− 2/𝑢+1/𝑢
𝑙𝑛| 2 |⎥ As 𝑢 → ∞, 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑢→∞ = 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑢→∞ = 1. So,
⎣2 2 |𝑢+ 2𝑢+1 |⎦
2 2
𝑢 + 2𝑢+1 1+ 2/𝑢+1/𝑢
0
2
+ 𝑢 − 2𝑢+1 1
𝑙𝑛|1| = 0. As 𝑢 → 0 , 𝑙𝑖𝑚 + 2 = 1
= 1. So, 𝑙𝑛|1| = 0. Value for the second term: 0 − 0 = 0.
𝑢→0 𝑢 + 2𝑢+1

Combining the results: 𝐼 =

1
2 ( π
2
+ 0 = ) 2 2
π
=
π 2
4
.

π/2 2
𝑠𝑖𝑛 θ π 2
Therefore, ∫ 4 4 𝑑θ = 4
.
0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 θ+𝑐𝑜𝑠 θ

Question 6:
2
(a) Find the length of an arc of the parabola 𝑦 = 4𝑎𝑥 measured from the vertex to one extremity of the
latus rectum. (10 marks)
Solution:
Understanding the Problem:
2
●​ Parabola: 𝑦 = 4𝑎𝑥. Its vertex is at (0, 0).
 2
●​ Latus Rectum: For 𝑦 = 4𝑎𝑥, the focus is at (𝑎, 0). The latus rectum is a line segment perpendicular to
the axis of the parabola passing through the focus. Its endpoints are found by substituting 𝑥 = 𝑎 into the
2 2
parabola equation: 𝑦 = 4𝑎(𝑎) = 4𝑎 ⟹𝑦 =± 2𝑎. So, the extremities are (𝑎, 2𝑎) and (𝑎, − 2𝑎).
●​ Arc length: We need to find the length of the curve from the vertex (0, 0) to one extremity of the latus
rectum, say (𝑎, 2𝑎).
Formula for Arc Length: For a curve given by 𝑥 = 𝑔(𝑦), the arc length 𝐿 from 𝑦1 to 𝑦2 is given by
𝑦2
𝑑𝑥 2
𝐿=∫
𝑦1
1+ ( ) 𝑑𝑦.
𝑑𝑦

𝑑𝑥 2
2 2
2
Given 𝑦 = 4𝑎𝑥, we can express 𝑥 in terms of 𝑦: 𝑥 =
𝑦
4𝑎
. Then,
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
=
2𝑦
4𝑎
=
𝑦
2𝑎
. So, ( ) 𝑑𝑦
=
𝑦
4𝑎
2 .

The limits of integration for 𝑦 are from the vertex (0, 0) to the extremity of the latus rectum (𝑎, 2𝑎), which means
𝑦 goes from 0 to 2𝑎.
2𝑎 2 2𝑎 2 2 2𝑎 2 2 2𝑎
𝑦 4𝑎 +𝑦 4𝑎 +𝑦 1 2 2
𝐿=∫ 1 + 2 𝑑𝑦 𝐿 = ∫ 2 𝑑𝑦 𝐿 = ∫ 2𝑎
𝑑𝑦 𝐿 = 2𝑎
∫ 𝑦 + (2𝑎) 𝑑𝑦
0 4𝑎 0 4𝑎 0 0

2
2 2 𝑢 2 2 𝑘 2 2
This is a standard integral of the form ∫ 𝑢 + 𝑘 𝑑𝑢 = 2
𝑢 +𝑘 + 2
𝑙𝑛|𝑢 + 𝑢 + 𝑘 |. Here, 𝑢 is 𝑦 and 𝑘
is 2𝑎.
2
2𝑎 2𝑎
𝐿=
1 ⎡𝑦 2
𝑦 + (2𝑎) +
2 (2𝑎)
𝑙𝑛|𝑦 + 𝑦 + (2𝑎) |⎤⎥ 𝐿 =
2 2 1 ⎡𝑦 2
𝑦 + 4𝑎 + 2𝑎 𝑙𝑛|𝑦 +
2 2
𝑦 + 4𝑎 |⎤⎥
2 2
2𝑎 ⎢2 2 2𝑎 ⎢2
⎣ ⎦0 ⎣ ⎦0

2𝑎 2 2 2 2 2
Now, evaluate at the limits: At 𝑦 = 2𝑎: 2
(2𝑎) + 4𝑎 + 2𝑎 𝑙𝑛|2𝑎 + (2𝑎) + 4𝑎 |
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
= 𝑎 4𝑎 + 4𝑎 + 2𝑎 𝑙𝑛|2𝑎 + 4𝑎 + 4𝑎 | = 𝑎 8𝑎 + 2𝑎 𝑙𝑛|2𝑎 + 8𝑎 |
2 2 2 2 2
= 𝑎(2𝑎 2) + 2𝑎 𝑙𝑛|2𝑎 + 2𝑎 2| = 2𝑎 2 + 2𝑎 𝑙𝑛(2𝑎(1 + 2)) = 2𝑎 2 + 2𝑎 (𝑙𝑛(2𝑎) + 𝑙𝑛(1 + 2))

0 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
At 𝑦 = 0: 2
0 + 4𝑎 + 2𝑎 𝑙𝑛|0 + 0 + 4𝑎 | = 0 + 2𝑎 𝑙𝑛| 4𝑎 | = 2𝑎 𝑙𝑛(2𝑎)

Subtract the lower limit from the upper limit: 𝐿 =

1
2𝑎 [(2𝑎2 2
2 + 2𝑎 (𝑙𝑛(2𝑎) + 𝑙𝑛(1 + 2)) − 2𝑎 𝑙𝑛(2𝑎) ) ( 2
)]
2 2 2 2 2 2
𝐿=
1
2𝑎 [2𝑎 2 + 2𝑎 𝑙𝑛(2𝑎) + 2𝑎 𝑙𝑛(1 + 2) − 2𝑎 𝑙𝑛(2𝑎) 𝐿 = ] 1
2𝑎 [2𝑎 2 + 2𝑎 𝑙𝑛(1 + 2) ]
𝐿 = 𝑎 2 + 𝑎𝑙𝑛(1 + 2)

This can also be written as 𝑎 2 + 𝑎𝑎𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ(1).

The length of the arc of the parabola from the vertex to one extremity of the latus rectum is
𝑎 2 + 𝑎𝑙𝑛(1 + 2).

π/4
5
(b) Evaluate ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 using reduction formula. (10 marks)
0

Solution:
 𝑛−1
𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥
The reduction formula for ∫𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 is 𝐼𝑛 = 𝑛−1
− 𝐼𝑛−2.

π/4
5
We need to evaluate 𝐼5 = ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥.
0

5−1 π/4 4 π/4

𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥
Using the reduction formula for 𝑛 = 5: 𝐼5 = ⎡⎢ 5−1 ⎤⎥ − 𝐼5−2 𝐼5 = ⎢⎡ 4 ⎤⎥ − 𝐼3
⎣ ⎦0 ⎣ ⎦0
4 π/4 4 4 4 4
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 (𝑡𝑎𝑛(π/4)) (𝑡𝑎𝑛(0)) (1) (0) 1 1
Evaluate the definite part: ⎡⎢ 4 ⎤⎥ = 4
− 4
= 4
− 4
= 4
− 0= 4
.
⎣ ⎦0
1
So, 𝐼5 = 4
− 𝐼3.

π/4 3−1 π/4

3 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥
Now, let's find 𝐼3 = ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 using the reduction formula for 𝑛 = 3: 𝐼3 = ⎡⎢ 3−1 ⎤⎥ − 𝐼3−2
0 ⎣ ⎦0
2 π/4
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥
𝐼3 = ⎡⎢ 2 ⎤⎥ − 𝐼1
⎣ ⎦0
2 π/4 2 2 2 2
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 (𝑡𝑎𝑛(π/4)) (𝑡𝑎𝑛(0)) (1) (0) 1 1
Evaluate the definite part: ⎡⎢ 2
⎤
⎥ = 2
− 2
= 2
− 2
= 2
− 0= 2
.
⎣ ⎦0
1
So, 𝐼3 = 2
− 𝐼1.

π/4 π/4
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
Finally, let's find 𝐼1 = ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥: 𝐼1 = ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑑𝑥 Let 𝑢 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥, then 𝑑𝑢 =− 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥. When 𝑥 = 0,
0 0
1/ 2
1 −𝑑𝑢 1/ 2
𝑢 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠0 = 1. When 𝑥 = π/4, 𝑢 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠(π/4) = . 𝐼1 = ∫ 𝑢
=− [𝑙𝑛|𝑢|]1 =− (𝑙𝑛(1/ 2) − 𝑙𝑛(1))
2
1
−1/2 1 1
=− (𝑙𝑛(2 ) − 0) =− (− 2
𝑙𝑛2) = 2
𝑙𝑛2.

1 1 1
Now, substitute back to find 𝐼3: 𝐼3 = 2
− 𝐼1 = 2
− 2
𝑙𝑛2.

And finally, substitute back to find 𝐼5: 𝐼5 =

1
4
− 𝐼3 =
1
4
− ( 1
2
−
1
2 )
𝑙𝑛2 𝐼5 =
1
4
−
1
2
+
1
2
𝑙𝑛2
1−2 1 1 1
𝐼5 = 4
+ 2
𝑙𝑛2 𝐼5 =− 4
+ 2
𝑙𝑛2

π/4
5 1 1
Therefore, ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2
𝑙𝑛2 − 4
.
0

Question 7:
→ → →
(a) Prove that curl(ϕ𝑎) = ϕ curl 𝑎 + (grad ϕ) x 𝑎.
Proof:
→ ^ ^ ^
Let 𝑎 = 𝑎𝑥𝑖 + 𝑎𝑦𝑗 + 𝑎𝑧𝑘, where 𝑎𝑥, 𝑎𝑦, 𝑎𝑧 are functions of 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧. Let ϕ be a scalar function of 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧.
The curl operator is ∇ ×= ( ∂
∂𝑦
(· )𝑧 −
∂
∂𝑧
(· )𝑦 𝑖 + ) (
^ ∂
∂𝑧
(· )𝑥 −
∂
∂𝑥 ) (
^
(· )𝑧 𝑗 +
∂
∂𝑥
(· )𝑦 −
∂
∂𝑦
(· )𝑥 𝑘. ) ^

→ → ^ ^ ^
First, consider the vector ϕ𝑎: ϕ𝑎 = ϕ𝑎𝑥𝑖 + ϕ𝑎𝑦𝑗 + ϕ𝑎𝑧𝑘
→ →
Now, let's compute curl(ϕ𝑎) = ∇ × (ϕ𝑎):
^ → ∂ ∂
The 𝑖 component of curl(ϕ𝑎) is: ∂𝑦
(ϕ𝑎𝑧) − ∂𝑧
(ϕ𝑎𝑦) Using the product rule for partial derivatives,
∂
∂𝑦
(ϕ𝑎𝑧) =
∂ϕ
∂𝑦
𝑎𝑧 + ϕ
∂𝑎𝑧
∂𝑦
and similarly for the other term: = ( ∂ϕ
∂𝑦
𝑎𝑧 + ϕ
∂𝑎𝑧
∂𝑦 )− ( ∂ϕ
∂𝑧
𝑎𝑦 + ϕ
∂𝑎𝑦
∂𝑧 )
Rearranging terms: = ϕ ( ∂𝑎𝑧
∂𝑦
−
∂𝑎𝑦
∂𝑧 )+ ( ∂ϕ
∂𝑦
𝑎𝑧 −
∂ϕ
∂𝑧 )
𝑎𝑦 --- (1)

Similarly, for the 𝑗 component:

^ ∂
∂𝑧
(ϕ𝑎𝑥) −
∂
∂𝑥
(ϕ𝑎𝑧) = ( ∂ϕ
∂𝑧
𝑎𝑥 + ϕ
∂𝑎𝑥
∂𝑧 )− ( ∂ϕ
∂𝑥
𝑎𝑧 + ϕ
∂𝑎𝑧
∂𝑥 )
= ϕ ( ∂𝑎𝑥
∂𝑧
−
∂𝑎𝑧
∂𝑥 )+ ( ∂ϕ
∂𝑧
𝑎𝑥 −
∂ϕ
∂𝑥 )
𝑎𝑧 --- (2)

And for the 𝑘 component:

^ ∂
∂𝑥
(ϕ𝑎𝑦) −
∂
∂𝑦
(ϕ𝑎𝑥) = ( ∂ϕ
∂𝑥
𝑎𝑦 + ϕ
∂𝑎𝑦
∂𝑥 )− ( ∂ϕ
∂𝑦
𝑎𝑥 + ϕ
∂𝑎𝑥
∂𝑦 )
= ϕ ( ∂𝑎𝑦
∂𝑥
−
∂𝑎𝑥
∂𝑦 )+ ( ∂ϕ
∂𝑥
𝑎𝑦 −
∂ϕ
∂𝑦 )
𝑎𝑥 --- (3)

→
Now, sum these components: curl(ϕ𝑎)

⎣
∂𝑎
( ∂𝑎
) (
= ⎡⎢ϕ ∂𝑦𝑧 − ∂𝑧𝑦 + ∂𝑦 𝑎𝑧 − ∂𝑧 𝑎𝑦 ⎤⎥𝑖 +
∂ϕ ∂ϕ
⎦
^
) ⎡ϕ
⎢
⎣ ( ∂𝑎𝑥
∂𝑧
−
∂𝑎𝑧
∂𝑥 )+ ( ∂ϕ
∂𝑧
𝑎𝑥 −
∂ϕ
∂𝑥
⎦
)^
𝑎𝑧 ⎤⎥𝑗 + ⎡⎢ϕ
⎣ ( ∂𝑎𝑦
∂𝑥
−
∂𝑎𝑥
∂𝑦 )+ ( ∂ϕ
∂𝑥
𝑎𝑦 −
∂ϕ
∂𝑦 )
𝑎𝑥 ⎤⎥𝑘
⎦
We can separate this into two vector sums: Part 1 (terms with ϕ):

⎣ (
∂𝑎 ∂𝑎 ^ ∂𝑎
) (
∂𝑎 ^ ∂𝑎 ∂𝑎 ^
) ( →
ϕ⎡⎢ ∂𝑦𝑧 − ∂𝑧𝑦 𝑖 + ∂𝑧𝑥 − ∂𝑥𝑧 𝑗 + ∂𝑥𝑦 − ∂𝑦𝑥 𝑘⎤⎥ This is exactly ϕ curl 𝑎.
⎦ )
Part 2 (remaining terms):
→
( ∂ϕ
∂𝑦
𝑎𝑧 −
∂ϕ
∂𝑧 ) (
𝑎𝑦 𝑖 +
^ ∂ϕ
∂𝑧
𝑎𝑥 −
∂ϕ
∂𝑥 ) (
𝑎𝑧 𝑗 +
^ ∂ϕ
∂𝑥
→
𝑎𝑦 −
∂ϕ
∂𝑦 ) ^
𝑎𝑥 𝑘 This is the cross product of
∂ϕ ^ ∂ϕ ^ ∂ϕ ^ ^ ^ ^
grad ϕ and 𝑎: Recall that grad ϕ = ∇ϕ = ∂𝑥
𝑖 + ∂𝑦 𝑗 + ∂𝑧 𝑘. And 𝑎 = 𝑎𝑥𝑖 + 𝑎𝑦𝑗 + 𝑎𝑧𝑘.
→
(𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑 ϕ) ×
^ ^ ^ ∂ϕ ∂ϕ ∂ϕ ^ ∂ϕ ∂ϕ ^ ∂ϕ ∂ϕ ^ ∂ϕ
𝑎 = ∣𝑖 𝑗 𝑘 ∂𝑥 ∂𝑦 ∂𝑧 𝑎𝑥 𝑎𝑦 𝑎𝑧 ∣ = 𝑖 ∂𝑦 𝑎𝑧 − ∂𝑧 𝑎𝑦 − 𝑗 ∂𝑥 𝑎𝑧 − ∂𝑧 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑘 ∂𝑥 ( ) ( ) ( 𝑎𝑦 −
∂ϕ
∂𝑦 )
𝑎𝑥

= (
^ ∂ϕ
𝑖 ∂𝑦 𝑎𝑧 −
∂ϕ
𝑎
∂𝑧 𝑦
+
^ ∂ϕ
𝑗 ) (
𝑎
∂𝑧 𝑥
−
∂ϕ
𝑎
∂𝑥 𝑧
+ 𝑘
^ ∂ϕ
∂𝑥 𝑦
∂ϕ
) (
𝑎 − ∂𝑦 𝑎𝑥 This matches Part 2. )
→ → →
Combining both parts, we have: curl(ϕ𝑎) = ϕ curl 𝑎 + (grad ϕ) x 𝑎. Hence, proven.

→ → → → → →
(b) Prove that div(𝑎 × 𝑏) = 𝑏 · (curl 𝑎) - 𝑎 · (curl 𝑏).
Proof:
→ ^ ^ ^ → ^ ^ ^
Let 𝑎 = 𝑎𝑥𝑖 + 𝑎𝑦𝑗 + 𝑎𝑧𝑘 and 𝑏 = 𝑏𝑥𝑖 + 𝑏𝑦𝑗 + 𝑏𝑧𝑘.
→ → → → ^^ ^
First, calculate the cross product 𝑎 × 𝑏: 𝑎 × 𝑏 = ∣𝑖 𝑗 𝑘 𝑎𝑥 𝑎𝑦 𝑎𝑧 𝑏𝑥 𝑏𝑦 𝑏𝑧 ∣
^ ^ ^
= (𝑎𝑦𝑏𝑧 − 𝑎𝑧𝑏𝑦) 𝑖 + (𝑎𝑧𝑏𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑏𝑧) 𝑗 + (𝑎𝑥𝑏𝑦 − 𝑎𝑦𝑏𝑥) 𝑘
 → → → →
Now, find the divergence of this cross product, div(𝑎 × 𝑏) = ∇ · (𝑎 × 𝑏):
→ → ∂ ∂ ∂
∇ · (𝑎 × 𝑏) = ∂𝑥
(𝑎𝑦𝑏𝑧 − 𝑎𝑧𝑏𝑦) + ∂𝑦
(𝑎𝑧𝑏𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑏𝑧) + ∂𝑧
(𝑎𝑥𝑏𝑦 − 𝑎𝑦𝑏𝑥)

Apply the product rule for partial derivatives to each term:

Term 1 (from 𝑖 component):

∂𝑎𝑦
^

∂𝑏𝑧 ∂𝑎𝑧
∂
∂𝑥
(𝑎𝑦𝑏𝑧 − 𝑎𝑧𝑏𝑦) =
∂𝑏𝑦
( ∂𝑎𝑦
∂𝑥
𝑏𝑧 + 𝑎𝑦
∂𝑏𝑧
∂𝑥 )− ( ∂𝑎𝑧
∂𝑥
𝑏𝑦 + 𝑎𝑧
∂𝑏𝑦
∂𝑥 )
= ∂𝑥
𝑏𝑧 + 𝑎𝑦 ∂𝑥
− ∂𝑥
𝑏𝑦 − 𝑎𝑧 ∂𝑥
--- (1)

Term 2 (from 𝑗 component):

∂𝑎𝑧
^

∂𝑏𝑥 ∂𝑎𝑥
∂
∂𝑦
(𝑎𝑧𝑏𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑏𝑧) =
∂𝑏𝑧
( ∂𝑎𝑧
∂𝑦
𝑏𝑥 + 𝑎𝑧
∂𝑏𝑥
∂𝑦 ) (
−
∂𝑎𝑥
∂𝑦
𝑏𝑧 + 𝑎𝑥
∂𝑏𝑧
∂𝑦 )
= ∂𝑦
𝑏𝑥 + 𝑎 𝑧 ∂𝑦
− ∂𝑦
𝑏𝑧 − 𝑎𝑥 ∂𝑦
--- (2)

Term 3 (from 𝑘 component):

∂𝑎𝑥
^

∂𝑏𝑦 ∂𝑎𝑦
∂
∂𝑧
(𝑎𝑥𝑏𝑦 − 𝑎𝑦𝑏𝑥) =
∂𝑏𝑥
( ∂𝑎𝑥
∂𝑧
𝑏𝑦 + 𝑎𝑥
∂𝑏𝑦
∂𝑧 ) (
−
∂𝑎𝑦
∂𝑧
𝑏𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦
∂𝑏𝑥
∂𝑧 )
= ∂𝑧
𝑏𝑦 + 𝑎𝑥 ∂𝑧
− ∂𝑧
𝑏𝑥 − 𝑎 𝑦 ∂𝑧
--- (3)

Summing (1), (2), and (3): div(𝑎 × 𝑏) = 𝑏𝑥

→ →
( ∂𝑎𝑧
∂𝑦
− 𝑎𝑧
∂𝑏𝑦
∂𝑥 ) + (𝑏 ∂𝑎𝑦
𝑧 ∂𝑥
− 𝑎𝑦
∂𝑏𝑥
∂𝑧 ) +... (and many more terms)
→ →
Let's rearrange the terms by collecting terms with 𝑏𝑥, 𝑏𝑦, 𝑏𝑧 and 𝑎𝑥, 𝑎𝑦, 𝑎𝑧: div(𝑎 × 𝑏) =

𝑏𝑥 ( ∂𝑎𝑧
∂𝑦
−
∂𝑎𝑦
∂𝑧 ) ( + 𝑏𝑦
∂𝑎𝑥
∂𝑧
−
∂𝑎𝑧
∂𝑥 ) ( + 𝑏𝑧
∂𝑎𝑦
∂𝑥
−
∂𝑎𝑥
∂𝑦 ) − ⎡⎢𝑎𝑥
⎣ ( ∂𝑏𝑧
∂𝑦
−
∂𝑏𝑦
∂𝑧 ) ( + 𝑎𝑦
∂𝑏𝑥
∂𝑧
−
∂𝑏𝑧
∂𝑥 ) ( + 𝑎𝑧
∂𝑏𝑦
∂𝑥
−
∂𝑏𝑥
∂𝑦 )⎤⎥⎦
Let's analyze the terms on the RHS of the identity we want to prove:
→ →
𝑏 · (curl 𝑎): curl 𝑎 = )𝑖 + ( →
( ∂𝑎𝑧
∂𝑦
−
∂𝑎𝑦 ^
∂𝑧
∂𝑎𝑥
∂𝑧
− ∂𝑥)𝑗 + (
∂𝑎𝑧 ^ ∂𝑎𝑦
∂𝑥
−
∂𝑎𝑥
∂𝑦 )𝑘 ^

𝑏 · (𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝑎) = 𝑏 ( )+ 𝑏 ( )+ 𝑏 ( ) --- (RHS Part 1)

→ → ∂𝑎𝑧 ∂𝑎𝑦 ∂𝑎𝑥 ∂𝑎𝑧 ∂𝑎𝑦 ∂𝑎𝑥
− 𝑥 ∂𝑦 ∂𝑧 𝑦 ∂𝑧
− ∂𝑥 𝑧 ∂𝑥
− ∂𝑦

𝑎 · (curl 𝑏): curl 𝑏 = ( )𝑖 + ( )𝑗 + ( )𝑘

→ → → ∂𝑏𝑧 ∂𝑏𝑦 ^ ∂𝑏𝑥 ∂𝑏𝑧 ^ ∂𝑏𝑦 ∂𝑏𝑥 ^
− ∂𝑦 ∂𝑧 ∂𝑧
− ∂𝑥 ∂𝑥
− ∂𝑦

𝑎 · (𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝑏) = 𝑎 ( )+ 𝑎 ( )+ 𝑎 ( ) --- (RHS Part 2)

→ → ∂𝑏𝑧 ∂𝑏𝑦 ∂𝑏𝑥 ∂𝑏𝑧 ∂𝑏𝑦 ∂𝑏𝑥
− 𝑥 ∂𝑦 ∂𝑧 𝑦 ∂𝑧
− ∂𝑥 𝑧 ∂𝑥
− ∂𝑦

→ → → →
Comparing the expansion of div(𝑎 × 𝑏) with (RHS Part 1) and (RHS Part 2), we see that: div(𝑎 × 𝑏) = (RHS Part
→ → → → → →
1) - (RHS Part 2) div(𝑎 × 𝑏) = 𝑏 · (curl 𝑎) - 𝑎 · (curl 𝑏). Hence, proven.

→ 2 ^ 2 ^ 2^
(c) If 𝑉 = 𝑥 𝑦𝑖 + 𝑥𝑦 𝑧𝑗 + 𝑥𝑦𝑧 𝑘 find:
→
(i) div 𝑉
→ ^ ^ ^ → ∂𝑉𝑥 ∂𝑉𝑦 ∂𝑉𝑧
The divergence of a vector field 𝑉 = 𝑉𝑥𝑖 + 𝑉𝑦𝑗 + 𝑉𝑧𝑘 is given by ∇ · 𝑉 = ∂𝑥
+ ∂𝑦
+ ∂𝑧
.

2 2 2
Here, 𝑉𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑦, 𝑉𝑦 = 𝑥𝑦 𝑧, 𝑉𝑧 = 𝑥𝑦𝑧 .
 ∂𝑉𝑥 ∂ 2 ∂𝑉𝑦 ∂ 2
Calculate the partial derivatives: ∂𝑥
= ∂𝑥
(𝑥 𝑦) = 2𝑥𝑦 ∂𝑦
= ∂𝑦
(𝑥𝑦 𝑧) = 𝑥(2𝑦)𝑧 = 2𝑥𝑦𝑧
∂𝑉𝑧 ∂ 2
∂𝑧
= ∂𝑧
(𝑥𝑦𝑧 ) = 𝑥𝑦(2𝑧) = 2𝑥𝑦𝑧
→ →
Sum them to find div 𝑉: div 𝑉 = 2𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑥𝑦𝑧 + 2𝑥𝑦𝑧 = 2𝑥𝑦 + 4𝑥𝑦𝑧
→
Therefore, div 𝑉 = 2𝑥𝑦 + 4𝑥𝑦𝑧.

→
(ii) curl 𝑉
→ ^ ^ ^ → ^^ ^ ∂ ∂ ∂
The curl of a vector field 𝑉 = 𝑉𝑥𝑖 + 𝑉𝑦𝑗 + 𝑉𝑧𝑘 is given by ∇ × 𝑉 = ∣𝑖 𝑗 𝑘 ∂𝑥 ∂𝑦 ∂𝑧
𝑉𝑥 𝑉𝑦 𝑉𝑧 ∣.

Expanding the determinant: curl 𝑉 = 𝑖

→
(
^ ∂𝑉𝑧
∂𝑦
−
∂𝑉𝑦
∂𝑧 ) (
−𝑗
^ ∂𝑉𝑧
∂𝑥
−
∂𝑉𝑥
∂𝑧 ) (
+𝑘
^ ∂𝑉𝑦
∂𝑥
−
∂𝑉𝑥
∂𝑦 )
∂𝑉𝑧 ∂ 2 2 ∂𝑉𝑦 ∂ 2 2^
Let's calculate each partial derivative required: ∂𝑦
= ∂𝑦
(𝑥𝑦𝑧 ) = 𝑥𝑧 ∂𝑧
= ∂𝑧
(𝑥𝑦 𝑧) = 𝑥𝑦 𝑖-component =
2 2
𝑥𝑧 − 𝑥𝑦
∂𝑉𝑧 ∂ 2 2 ∂𝑉𝑥 ∂ 2 ^ 2 2
∂𝑥
= ∂𝑥
(𝑥𝑦𝑧 ) = 𝑦𝑧 ∂𝑧
= ∂𝑧
(𝑥 𝑦) = 0 𝑗-component = − (𝑦𝑧 − 0) =− 𝑦𝑧

∂𝑉𝑦 ∂ 2 2 ∂𝑉𝑥 ∂ 2 2 ^ 2 2
∂𝑥
= ∂𝑥
(𝑥𝑦 𝑧) = 𝑦 𝑧 ∂𝑦
= ∂𝑦
(𝑥 𝑦) = 𝑥 𝑘-component = 𝑦 𝑧 − 𝑥
→ 2 2 ^ 2^ 2 2 ^
So, curl 𝑉 = (𝑥𝑧 − 𝑥𝑦 ) 𝑖 − 𝑦𝑧 𝑗 + (𝑦 𝑧 − 𝑥 ) 𝑘.

→
(iii) curl curl 𝑉
→ → → ^ ^ ^ 2 2 2
This is ∇ × (∇ × 𝑉). Let 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝑉 = 𝑊 = 𝑊𝑥𝑖 + 𝑊𝑦𝑗 + 𝑊𝑧𝑘, where: 𝑊𝑥 = 𝑥𝑧 − 𝑥𝑦 𝑊𝑦 =− 𝑦𝑧
2 2
𝑊𝑧 = 𝑦 𝑧 − 𝑥

Now we need to compute curl 𝑊: curl 𝑊 = 𝑖

→ →
(
^ ∂𝑊𝑧
∂𝑦
−
∂𝑊𝑦
∂𝑧 ) ( −𝑗
^ ∂𝑊𝑧
∂𝑥
−
∂𝑊𝑥
∂𝑧 ) ( +𝑘
^ ∂𝑊𝑦
∂𝑥
−
∂𝑊𝑥
∂𝑦 )
∂𝑊𝑧 ∂ 2 2 ∂𝑊𝑦 ∂ 2 ^
Calculate each partial derivative: ∂𝑦
= ∂𝑦
(𝑦 𝑧 − 𝑥 ) = 2𝑦𝑧 ∂𝑧
= ∂𝑧
(− 𝑦𝑧 ) =− 2𝑦𝑧 𝑖-component =
2𝑦𝑧 − (− 2𝑦𝑧) = 4𝑦𝑧
∂𝑊𝑧 ∂ 2 2 ∂𝑊𝑥 ∂ 2 2 ^
∂𝑥
= ∂𝑥
(𝑦 𝑧 − 𝑥 ) =− 2𝑥 ∂𝑧
= ∂𝑧
(𝑥𝑧 − 𝑥𝑦 ) = 2𝑥𝑧 𝑗-component = − (− 2𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑧) = 2𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑧

∂𝑊𝑦 ∂ 2 ∂𝑊𝑥 ∂ 2 2 ^
∂𝑥
= ∂𝑥
(− 𝑦𝑧 ) = 0 ∂𝑦
= ∂𝑦
(𝑥𝑧 − 𝑥𝑦 ) =− 2𝑥𝑦 𝑘-component = 0 − (− 2𝑥𝑦) = 2𝑥𝑦
→ ^ ^ ^
So, curl curl 𝑉 = (4𝑦𝑧) 𝑖 + (2𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑧) 𝑗 + (2𝑥𝑦) 𝑘.
Question 8:

( ) ( )
→ 2→ 2→ → → → →
→
𝑑𝑏 𝑑𝑎 𝑑 𝑑𝑏 𝑑𝑎
(a) Prove that 𝑎 × 2 − 2 ×𝑏 = 𝑑𝑡
𝑎× 𝑑𝑡
− 𝑑𝑡
×𝑏 .
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

Proof:
We will start with the right-hand side (RHS) and differentiate it using the product rule for vector cross products.
→ →
𝑑 → → 𝑑𝑢 → → 𝑑𝑣
Recall the product rule for vector cross products: 𝑑𝑡
(𝑢 × 𝑣) = 𝑑𝑡
×𝑣+𝑢× 𝑑𝑡
.

( )
→ →
𝑑 → 𝑑𝑏 𝑑𝑎 →
RHS = 𝑑𝑡
𝑎× 𝑑𝑡
− 𝑑𝑡
×𝑏

( ) ( )
→ →
𝑑 → 𝑑𝑏 𝑑 𝑑𝑎 →
Apply the differentiation to each term: RHS = 𝑑𝑡
𝑎× 𝑑𝑡
− 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
×𝑏

(𝑎 × ) = ( ) × ( ) + 𝑎 × ( ( ))
→ → → →
𝑑 → 𝑑𝑏 𝑑𝑎 𝑑𝑏 → 𝑑 𝑑𝑏
For the first term, applying the product rule: 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
→ → 2→
𝑑𝑎 𝑑𝑏 → 𝑑𝑏
= 𝑑𝑡
× 𝑑𝑡
+𝑎× 2 --- (1)
𝑑𝑡

( ) ( ( )) ( ) ( )
→ → → →
𝑑 𝑑𝑎 → 𝑑 𝑑𝑎 → 𝑑𝑎 𝑑𝑏
For the second term, applying the product rule: 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
×𝑏 = 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
×𝑏+ 𝑑𝑡
× 𝑑𝑡
2→ → → →
𝑑𝑎 𝑑𝑎 𝑑𝑏
= 2 ×𝑏+ 𝑑𝑡
× 𝑑𝑡
--- (2)
𝑑𝑡

( ) ( )
→ → 2→ 2→ → →
𝑑𝑎 𝑑𝑏 → 𝑑𝑏 𝑑𝑎 → 𝑑𝑎 𝑑𝑏
Now substitute (1) and (2) back into the RHS equation: RHS = 𝑑𝑡
× 𝑑𝑡
+𝑎× 2 − 2 ×𝑏+ 𝑑𝑡
× 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
→ → 2→ 2→ → →
𝑑𝑎 𝑑𝑏 → 𝑑𝑏 𝑑𝑎 → 𝑑𝑎 𝑑𝑏
Distribute the negative sign: RHS = 𝑑𝑡
× 𝑑𝑡
+𝑎× 2 − 2 ×𝑏− 𝑑𝑡
× 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
→ → → →
𝑑𝑎 𝑑𝑏 𝑑𝑎 𝑑𝑏
The terms 𝑑𝑡
× 𝑑𝑡
and − 𝑑𝑡
× 𝑑𝑡
cancel each other out.

→ 2→ 2→ →
𝑑𝑏 𝑑𝑎
RHS = 𝑎 × 2 − 2 ×𝑏
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

This is equal to the left-hand side (LHS). Hence, the identity is proven.

→ ^ ^ ^
(b) If 𝑟 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑖 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑗 + 𝑡𝑘 find:
2→
𝑑𝑟
(i) 2
𝑑𝑡
→ → →
𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑 ^ 𝑑 ^ 𝑑 ^ 𝑑𝑟 ^ ^ ^
First, find the first derivative 𝑑𝑡
: 𝑑𝑡
= 𝑑𝑡
(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡) 𝑖 + 𝑑𝑡
(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡) 𝑗 + 𝑑𝑡
(𝑡) 𝑘 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑖 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑗 + 1𝑘
2→ 2→ →
𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑 ^ 𝑑 ^ 𝑑 ^ 𝑑2𝑟 ^ ^ ^
Now, find the second derivative 2 : 2 = 𝑑𝑡
(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡) 𝑖 − 𝑑𝑡
(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡) 𝑗 + 𝑑𝑡
(1) 𝑘 2 =− 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑖 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑗 + 0𝑘
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

2→
𝑑𝑟 ^ ^
Therefore, 2 =− 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑖 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑗.
𝑑𝑡
 →
| 𝑑2𝑟 |
(ii) | 2 |
| 𝑑𝑡 |
→ ^ ^ ^ → 2 2 2
The magnitude of a vector 𝑉 = 𝑉𝑥𝑖 + 𝑉𝑦𝑗 + 𝑉𝑧𝑘 is given by |𝑉| = 𝑉𝑥 + 𝑉𝑦 + 𝑉𝑧 . From part (i),
2→
𝑑𝑟 ^ ^ ^
2 =− 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑖 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑗 + 0𝑘. So, 𝑉𝑥 =− 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡, 𝑉𝑦 =− 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡, and 𝑉𝑧 = 0.
𝑑𝑡

→
| 𝑑2𝑟 | 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
| 2 |= (− 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡) + (− 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡) + (0) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡 + 0 Using the identity 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡 = 1: = 1
| 𝑑𝑡 |
= 1
→
| 𝑑2𝑟 |
Therefore, | 2 | = 1.
| 𝑑𝑡 |