Handout#1 TECHNIQUES OF INTEGRATION ∫ 𝑥 ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫(ln 𝑥) (𝑥𝑑𝑥)

1 1 1
I. INTEGRATION BY PARTS = (ln 𝑥) (2 𝑥 2 ) − ∫ (2 𝑥 2 ) (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
1 1
Recall the formula for derivative of a product of two = 𝑥 2 ln 𝑥 − ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥
2 2
1 1 1
differentiable functions: 𝒅(𝒖𝒗) = 𝒖𝒅𝒗 + 𝒗𝒅𝒖 . = 𝑥 2 ln 𝑥 − ( 𝑥 2 )
2 2 2
Integrating both sides of the formula, we get 1 2 1 2
= 𝑥 ln 𝑥 − 𝑥 +𝐶 .
2 4
∫ 𝒅(𝒖𝒗) = ∫(𝒖𝒅𝒗 + 𝒗𝒅𝒖)
𝒖𝒗 = ∫ 𝒖𝒅𝒗 + ∫ 𝒗𝒅𝒖 More Examples
Transposing, we obtain the integration by parts A. https://youtu.be/zNU8iK8sGD0 (13:16)
formula: 1.) ∫ 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2.) ∫ ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
ln 𝑥
3.) ∫ 𝑑𝑥 4.) ∫ ln2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝒖𝒅𝒗 = 𝒖𝒗 − ∫ 𝒗𝒅𝒖 𝑥2
𝑥
5.) ∫ 𝑥𝑒 𝑑𝑥 6.) ∫ 3𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
When choosing the substitutions for 𝒖 and 𝒅𝒗 : More…. https://youtu.be/KKg88oSUv0o (17:59)
𝒅𝒗 is usually the most complicated factor of the
integrand that can be integrated directly, and B. shortcut trick for Integration by Parts
𝒖 is the function whose derivative is a simpler https://youtu.be/Scl_r00DPwA (18:45)
function. 7.) ∫ 𝑥 2 cos 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 8.) ∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
The following could serve as a guide in choosing 9.) ∫ 𝑥 3 ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 10.) ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
appropriately 𝒖 and 𝒅𝒗 .

II. TRIGONOMETRIC INTEGRALS

A.Powers of Sine and Cosine
To evaluate integrals of the form:
∫ 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐦 𝒖 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐧 𝒖 𝒅𝒖 where 𝒎, 𝒏 ≥ 𝟎 ,

Case 1. Either m or n (or both) is odd,

For example, in integrating ∫ 𝒙 𝐥𝐧 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 , Technique: factor out sin 𝑢 or cos 𝑢 (whichever
𝒙 is algebraic, while 𝐥𝐧 𝒙 is logarithmic. In LIATE, L has odd exponent) and to the remaining factor, do
comes before A, hence, we let 𝒖 = 𝐥𝐧 𝒙 and 𝒅𝒗 =
the substitution sin2 𝑢 = 1 − cos 2 𝑢
𝒙𝒅𝒙.
or cos2 𝑢 = 1 − sin2 𝑢 .
Thus, differentiating 𝒖 and integrating 𝒅𝒗, we have
𝑢 = ln 𝑥 ∫ 𝑑𝑣 = ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 Examples in videos:
1 1 2
𝑑𝑢 = (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 𝑣= 2
𝑥 + 𝑐1
1. ∫ sin5 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Applying the formula,
2. ∫ cos 3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑥 ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫(ln 𝑥) (𝑥𝑑𝑥)
3. ∫ sin4 𝑥 cos 5 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 1 1
= (ln 𝑥) (2 𝑥 2 + 𝑐1 ) − ∫ (2 𝑥 2 + 𝑐1 ) (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 https://youtu.be/l5ut9lMqjoo (10:32)
1 1 1
= 2 𝑥 2 ln 𝑥 + 𝑐1 ln 𝑥 − 2 ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 − 𝑐1 ∫ (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 1. ∫ cos 2 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 1 1
= 2 𝑥 2 ln 𝑥 + 𝑐1 ln 𝑥 − [2 (2 𝑥 2 + 𝑐2 )] − 𝑐1 (ln 𝑥 + 𝑐3 ) 2. ∫ sin3 (5𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
1 1 1
= 𝑥 2 ln 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 + (− 𝑐2 − 𝑐1 𝑐3 ) 3. ∫ cos 4 𝑥 sin3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 4 2
1 2 1 4. ∫ cos 2 𝑥 sin5 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑥 ln 𝑥 − 4 𝑥2 +𝐶.
2 https://youtu.be/UJRaWcSMVcA (10:53)

The process of integration by parts may be simplified by 1. ∫ sin5 𝑥 cos 3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

not adding the constants of integration each time and https://youtu.be/XkJXgd5n8RA (6:26)
just adding the constant C at the end of the whole
process, as follows: Case 2. m and n are both even,
𝑢 = ln 𝑥 ∫ 𝑑𝑣 = ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 Technique: use the substitution
1 1 1
𝑑𝑢 = (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 𝑣 = 2 𝑥2 sin2 𝑢 = 2 (1 − cos 2𝑢) ,
1
cos 2 𝑢 = (1 + cos 2𝑢) ,
2
1
or sin 𝑢 cos 𝑢 = sin 2𝑢
2
Examples in videos: C. Powers of Tangent, Cotangent, Secant and
Cosecant
1. ∫ sin2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
• May be solved by using the sine and cosine
2. ∫ cos2 (3𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
functions and applying the hints for powers of sine
https://youtu.be/LI-0kS1Ome0 (9:47)
and cosine. Final answers are best expressed in
1. ∫ sin2 𝑥 cos2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 terms of tan, cot, sec, or csc functions as how they
2. ∫ cos4 𝑥 sin2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 originally appear.
https://youtu.be/FJNW5aNdMEw (9:30) • Techniques for integrating powers of tan,
cot, sec, csc without resorting to sine and cosine
B. Product of Sine and Cosine functions may also be used, and the following
To evaluate integrals of the form : identities are important: 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝐮 = 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐 𝒖 − 𝟏 or
∫ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒎𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒏𝒙 𝒅𝒙 , 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟐 𝐮 = 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝟐 𝒖 − 𝟏
∫ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒎𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒏𝒙 𝒅𝒙 ,
∫ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒎𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒏𝒙 𝒅𝒙 … 1. ∫ 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐧 𝒖 𝒅𝒖 or ∫ 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝐧 𝒖 𝒅𝒖 where 𝒏 ∈ ℤ+
use the following identities
1 Case 1. n is even. Factor out 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝒖 or 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟐 𝒖
(a) sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵 = 2 [cos(𝐴 − 𝐵) − cos(𝐴 + 𝐵)] and express it in terms of sec 2 𝑥 or csc 2 𝑥.
1
(b) sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 = 2 [sin(𝐴 − 𝐵) + sin(𝐴 + 𝐵)]
tan4 √𝑥
(c) cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 =
1
[cos(𝐴 − 𝐵) + cos(𝐴 + 𝐵)]. Example. Evaluate ∫ 𝑑𝑥
2 √𝑥

Moreover, recall that ∀𝜃, tan4 √𝑥 tan2 √𝑥(sec2 √𝑥−1)

Solution. ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
sin(−𝜃) = − sin 𝜃 and cos(−𝜃) = cos 𝜃 √𝑥 √𝑥

tan2 √𝑥(sec2 √𝑥) tan2 √𝑥

Example. Evaluate ∫ cos 5𝑥 cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =∫ 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√𝑥 √𝑥
Solution: This is product of cosines, so, we use (c).
tan2 √𝑥(sec2 √𝑥) (sec2 √𝑥−1)
With 𝐴 = 5𝑥 , 𝐵 = 2𝑥 , =∫ 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√𝑥 √𝑥
∫ cos 5𝑥 cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 tan2 √𝑥(sec2 √𝑥) sec2 √𝑥
= 2 ∫[cos(5𝑥 − 2𝑥) + cos(5𝑥 + 2𝑥)]𝑑𝑥 =∫ 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥 −1/2 𝑑𝑥
√𝑥 √𝑥
1
= 2 ∫[cos(3𝑥) + cos(7𝑥)]𝑑𝑥
For 1st integral:
1 1 1
= ∙ [ sin(3𝑥) + sin(7𝑥)] 1
2 3 7 Let 𝑢 = tan √𝑥 𝑑𝑢 = sec 2 √𝑥 (2 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
√
1 1 sec2 √𝑥
= sin(3𝑥) + sin(7𝑥) + 𝐶 2𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
6 14 √𝑥
For 2nd integral:
1 1
Examples in videos: Let 𝑣 = √𝑥 𝑑𝑣 = 2 𝑑𝑥 2𝑑𝑣 = 𝑑𝑥
√𝑥 √𝑥
1) ∫ sin 5𝑥 sin 7𝑥 𝑑𝑥 So, to continue, we now have…
2) ∫ cos 4𝑥 cos 9𝑥 𝑑𝑥
3) ∫ sin 𝜋𝑥 cos 3𝜋𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫ 𝑢2 𝑑𝑢 − 2 ∫ sec 2 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 + 2 ∫ 𝑑𝑣
https://youtu.be/FJNW5aNdMEw (9:16)
𝑢3
=2 3
− 2 tan 𝑣 + 2𝑣
More examples… 2 3
= 3 tan √𝑥 − 2 tan √𝑥 + 2√𝑥 + 𝐶
1) ∫ cos2 𝑥 sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
cos3 𝑥
2) ∫ 𝑑𝑥 Case 2. n is odd. Factor out 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒖 or 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒖 and
√sin 𝑥
sin7 𝑥 express 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐦 𝒖 or 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝐦 𝒖 (m even) in terms of
3) ∫ 4 𝑑𝑥 sec or csc.
cos 𝑥
cos3 𝑥
4) ∫ 𝑑𝑥 Example. Evaluate ∫ tan5 4𝑡 𝑑𝑡
1−sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑤
https://youtu.be/-Oxs3_5UOWM (9:46) Solution. Let 𝑤 = 4𝑡 𝑑𝑤 = 4𝑑𝑡 = 𝑑𝑡
4

1
∫ tan5 4𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 4 ∫ tan5 𝑤 𝑑𝑤

1
= 4 ∫(tan2 𝑤)2 (tan 𝑤)𝑑𝑤
 1
= 4 ∫(sec 2 𝑤 − 1)2 (tan 𝑤)𝑑𝑤 III. INTEGRATION BY TRIGONOMETRIC
1
SUBSTITUTION
= ∫(sec 4 𝑤 − 2 sec 2 𝑤 + 1)(tan 𝑤)𝑑𝑤 Examples. Evaluate
4

1 √9−𝑥 2 1
= ∫ sec 3 𝑤 sec 𝑤 tan 𝑤 𝑑𝑤 1. ∫ 𝑑𝑥 2. ∫ 2 2 𝑑𝑥
4 𝑥2 𝑥 √𝑥 +4
1 1
− 2 ∫ sec 𝑤 sec 𝑤 tan 𝑤 𝑑𝑤 + 4 ∫ tan 𝑤 𝑑𝑤 3
3. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥√𝑥 2 −9
Let 𝑢 = sec 𝑤 𝑑𝑢 = sec 𝑤 tan 𝑤 𝑑𝑤
Solutions discussed here:
1 1 1 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t3rzxSgvZZk
= ∫ 𝑢3 𝑑𝑢 − ∫ 𝑢𝑑𝑢 + ln|sec 𝑤|
4 2 4
1 1 1 The general procedure is to sketch a right triangle
= sec 4 4𝑡 − sec 2 4𝑡 + ln|sec 4𝑡| + 𝐶 and make the appropriate substitution resulting to
16 4 4
integration of trigonometric function.

𝐧 𝐦 𝐧 𝐦
III.A Integrand has √𝒂𝟐 − 𝒖𝟐 , 𝒂 > 0
2. ∫ 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒖 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒖 𝒅𝒖 or ∫ 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒖 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝒖 𝒅𝒖 𝑢
sin 𝜃 = 𝑎
Case 1. 𝒎 (even) ∈ ℤ+ , 𝒏 arbitrary. Factor out 𝑢 = 𝑎 sin 𝜃
𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐 𝒖 or 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝟐 𝒖 and express the remaining 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑎 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
√𝑎 2 −𝑢2
factors of secant or cosecant as tangent or cos 𝜃 = → √𝑎2 − 𝑢2 = 𝑎 cos 𝜃
𝑎
cotangent.
Exercise IIC.1 Evaluate: Exercise III.A Evaluate:
𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥
1) ∫ csc 6 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1.) ∫ √4 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 2.) ∫ √5−𝑥 2
sec6(ln 𝑥)
2) ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 III.B Integrand has √𝒂𝟐 + 𝒖𝟐 , 𝒂 > 0
4
sec 2𝑥 𝑢
3) ∫ 3 𝑑𝑥 tan 𝜃 = 𝑎
√tan 2𝑥
𝑢 = 𝑎 tan 𝜃
+
Case 2. 𝒏 (odd) ∈ ℤ , 𝒎 arbitrary. Factor out 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑎 sec 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒖 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒖 or 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝒖 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒖 and express remaining √𝑎 2 +𝑢2
sec 𝜃 = 𝑎
→ √𝑎2 + 𝑢2 = 𝑎 sec 𝜃
factors of tangent or cotangent in terms of secant
or cosecant. Exercise III.B Evaluate:
Exercise IIC.2 Evaluate 𝑑𝑥
1.) ∫ √𝑥 2 + 5 𝑑𝑥 2.) ∫ 𝑥 4 √𝑥 2+8
1) ∫ tan3 𝑥 sec 5 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
5
2) ∫ √csc 3 (7x) cot 3 (7𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
III.C Integrand has √𝒖𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐 , 𝒂 > 0
𝑢
Case 3. 𝒎 (odd) ∈ ℤ+ , 𝒏 is even integer. sec 𝜃 = 𝑎
Technique to be used is integration by parts. 𝑢 = 𝑎 sec 𝜃
Exercise IIC.3 Evaluate 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑎 sec 𝜃 tan 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
√𝑢2 −𝑎2
1) ∫ sec 3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 tan 𝜃 = → √𝑢2 − 𝑎2 = 𝑎 tan 𝜃
𝑎
2) ∫ tan2 𝑥 sec 3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
tan2 𝑥 Exercise III.C Evaluate:
3) ∫ 3 𝑑𝑥 √2𝑥 2 −5𝑑𝑥 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥
sec 𝑥
1.) ∫ 𝑥
2.) ∫ √𝑥 2−16

Solutions to Exercises IIC.1, IIC.2, IIC.3 are here:

Solutions to Exercises III.A, III.B, III.C are here:
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1NHAFRBj8u5p_YYeH
7Az9wDLt91D_6tQg/view?usp=sharing https://drive.google.com/file/d/1NMnBNu-
puGVjuGQmr_P67uaZn-lFCneD/view?usp=sharing
IV. INTEGRATION OF RATIONAL
FUNCTIONS BY PARTIAL FRACTIONS V. MISCELLANEOUS SUBSTITUTIONS
To evaluate the integral of a rational function A Integration of Rational Functions of Sine and
𝑃(𝑥)
𝐻(𝑥) = where 𝑃(𝑥) and 𝑄(𝑥) are Cosine, reduce the integrand to a rational function of z
𝑄(𝑥)
𝟏
polynomials with deg ( 𝑃(𝑥)) < deg (𝑄(𝑥)) , by the substitution 𝒛 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 with
𝟐
write 𝐻(𝑥) as a sum of partial fractions. 𝟏−𝒛𝟐 𝟐𝒛
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 = , 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 = and
𝟏+𝒛𝟐 𝟏+𝒛𝟐
CASE 1. The Factors of 𝑄(𝑥) are all Linear, write
𝑃(𝑥) 𝐴1 𝐴2 𝐴𝑛 𝟐𝒅𝒛
𝐻(𝑥) = = + +⋯ 𝒅𝒙 = .
𝑄(𝑥) 𝑎1 𝑥+𝑏1 𝑎2 𝑥+𝑏2 𝑎𝑛 𝑥+𝑏𝑛 𝟏+𝒛𝟐
and determine the constants 𝐴𝑖 ′𝑠. Exercise V.A Evaluate:
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
A.No Factor of 𝑄(𝑥) is Repeated. 1.) ∫ 2.) ∫
1−sin 𝑥+cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥+tan 𝑥
https://youtu.be/fgPviiv_oZs

B Integration of Fractional Powers of x, simplify the

Exercise IV.IA Evaluate:
integrand using the substitution 𝒙 = 𝒛𝒏 where 𝒏 is the
2𝑥−1
1.) ∫ 𝑥 3 −6𝑥 2 +11𝑥−6 𝑑𝑥 least common denominator of the exponents of the
variable 𝑥 .
Exercise V.B Evaluate:
3𝑥 2 +7𝑥
2.) ∫ 𝑥 3+6𝑥 2+11𝑥+6 𝑑𝑥 √𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1.) ∫ 3 2.) ∫ 3 3 2
1+ 𝑥 √ √𝑥 √𝑥(1+ √𝑥)
B. Some Factors of 𝑄(𝑥) are Repeated.
https://youtu.be/qckgd4QhFbs C By Algebraic Substitution
Exercise V.C Evaluate:
Exercise IV.1B Evaluate: 𝑑𝑥
1.) ∫ 𝑥 5 √𝑥 2 + 4 𝑑𝑥 2.) ∫
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 3 −1 3+√𝑥+2
1.) ∫ 𝑥 3+5𝑥 2+8𝑥+4 2.) ∫ 𝑥 2(𝑥−2)3 𝑑𝑥
𝟏 𝒅𝒛
D By Reciprocal Substitution, 𝒙= , 𝒅𝒙 = −
𝒛 𝒛𝟐
CASE 2. 𝑄(𝑥) Contains Quadratic Factors, write
Exercise V.D Evaluate:
𝐵(2𝑐𝑥+𝑑)+𝐶
the partial fraction corresponding to the 𝑑𝑥
𝑐𝑥 2 +𝑑𝑥+𝑒 ∫ 𝑥√𝑥 2+2𝑥−1
quadratic factor of 𝑄(𝑥).

A.None of the Quadratic Factors of 𝑄(𝑥) is Repeated.

Solutions to Exercises V.A, V.B, V.C, V.D are here:
https://youtu.be/JsqofZraHSo

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1NpRf6tKgE9xrvsBLpQ-
Exercise IV.2A Evaluate:
wrwPJJMuobg73/view?usp=sharing
3𝑥 2 −3𝑥+8
1.) ∫ 𝑥 3−3𝑥 2+4𝑥−12 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 2 −2𝑥−3
2.) ∫ (𝑥−1)(𝑥 2+2𝑥+2) 𝑑𝑥
B. Some Quadratic Factors of 𝑄(𝑥) are Repeated
𝑥−2
Exercise IV.2B Evaluate: ∫ 𝑥(𝑥 2−4𝑥+5)2 𝑑𝑥

Solutions to Exercises IV.1A, IV.1B, IV.2A, IV.2B are

here:

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Nn8XlcmGc-
dQakPzTyc6k7WWPeN0_Vbf/view?usp=sharing