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Lecture 2.pptx

The document discusses the Hard Acid Soft Base (HSAB) theory, which classifies acids and bases as hard or soft based on their properties and polarizability, affecting their chemical reactions and stability. It outlines characteristics and examples of hard acids, soft acids, hard bases, and soft bases, along with the bonding preferences between them. Additionally, it differentiates between acid and base strength versus concentration, explaining the concepts of ionization and solute amount in solutions.

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7 views31 pages

Lecture 2.pptx

The document discusses the Hard Acid Soft Base (HSAB) theory, which classifies acids and bases as hard or soft based on their properties and polarizability, affecting their chemical reactions and stability. It outlines characteristics and examples of hard acids, soft acids, hard bases, and soft bases, along with the bonding preferences between them. Additionally, it differentiates between acid and base strength versus concentration, explaining the concepts of ionization and solute amount in solutions.

Uploaded by

iamdipro79
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Acids and bases

• Svante Arrhenius
• Brønsted Acids and Bases
The Hard Acid Soft Base theory is a qualitative concept that
was proposed by Ralph Pearson. It explains the stability of
compounds (metal complexes), mechanisms, and pathways of
their chemical reactions. According to HSAB theory, Lewis
acids and bases are classified as hard or soft based on their
properties and polarizability.
Hard Acids

They have small atomic radii (<90pm) .


They possess a high positive charge density.
Have empty orbitals in the valence shell to accept electrons.
Have low electronegativity and electron affinity.
Strongly solvated
Examples- H+, Li+, Na+, K+, Be2+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Sn2+,
Al3+, Ga3+, In3+, Cr3+, etc.
Soft Acids

They have large radii (>90pm) .


They possess a low positive charge density.
They have filled orbitals in the valence shell.
It possesses intermediate electronegativity.

Examples- Cu+, Ag+, Au+, Hg+, Cs+, Tl+, Hg2+, Pd2+, Cd2+, Pt2+, BH3, etc.
Hard Bases-
Highly solvated.
They have small radii (∼120pm) .
Have high electronegativities.
They are weakly polarizable.
They do not easily get oxidized.

Example- H2O, OH−, F−, Cl−, CH3CO2−, PO43−, SO42−, CO32−, NO3−, ClO4−, ROH ,etc.
Soft Bases-
They have large atomic radii (>170pm).
They have high polarizability.
They can easily be oxidized.
Examples- S2−, RSH, RS−, I−, CN−, SCN−, S2O3−, R3P, etc.
There are some borderline acids (Fe2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Pb2+, B(CH3)3, SO2, NO+) and
bases (Aniline, pyridine, N3−, Br−, NO2−, SO32−, N2 ) which have intermediate properties.
Hard acids prefer to bond with hard bases, and due to the large
electronegativity difference between them, they form ionic interactions.
Soft acids prefer to bond with soft bases, and due to the very low
electronegativity difference between them, they form covalent bonds.

There are many applications of HSAB theory, such as it can help


in predicting the product of a reaction and whether the reaction
will move in the forward or backward direction. It also helps in
determining the mechanism of a reaction and the strength of the
product formed during a chemical reaction.
Acid and base strength vs concentration

Acid and base strength refers to the tendency to ionize (donate H+ for acids or accept H+ for bases) in
water, while concentration refers to the amount of solute (acid or base) present in a solution.
A strong acid or base completely ionizes, while a weak one only partially ionizes. Concentration, on
the other hand, describes how much of an acid or base is dissolved, regardless of whether it's strong
or weak.

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