SUBJECT PRONOUN, POSSESIVE ADJECTIVE, NOUN, VERB, ADVERB

A. SUBJECT PRONOUN
Usage
1. As a personal pronoun, that is the pronoun to a subject of the sentence. A “Subject” is
a person or thing that do some actions, which shown in the following predicate of the
subject as a verb clause.
2. Used with a nominative – accusative alignment pattern
3. Consist of I, you, he, she, it, we, they, what, and who
4. Followed by the object pronoun: me, you, him, her, it, us, them, what, whom
The following sentences show some examples of the subject pronoun in orange and
object pronoun in blue.
1. They give us gifts to celebrate Christmas
2. Ami is the most brilliant student in her class. She always gets straight A
3. They called us to inform the party is canceled just before we arrived at the station
Subject pronouns are categorized based on number and person. The singular pronouns
are: I, You, She, He, It. The plural pronouns are: We, You They. Note that "You" serves
both singular and plural functions in English. Additionally, "They" can be used as a
singular pronoun to refer to a person whose gender is unknown or to someone who
prefers non-binary pronouns.
These rules pertain to the usage of the verb "to be" in the present simple tense, where:
- "I" is followed by "am"
- "You" (singular or plural) is followed by "are"
- "He," "She," and "It" are followed by "is"
- "We" and "They" are followed by "are"

B. POSSESIVE ADJECTIVE
Usage:
1. A possessive adjective is used to describe a word which mean is to qualify a noun or
noun phrase by giving ownership information of an object.
2. It implies a definiteness of possession, which comes before the object (noun)
Personal Possessive
Pronoun Adjective
I My
You Your
He His
She Her
It Its
We Our
They Their
C. NOUN
Usage:
1. The noun is used to name a specific thing or group of things, including but not limited
to places, objects, creatures, states
2. It functions as the head of a noun phrase and commonly used to show an object of the
sentence.
There are five kinds of noun:
1. Proper noun shows the name of people, places. It is written in capital case in a
sentence. For example: Daniel, Lidia, Bandung.
2. Common noun shows the name of common thing. For example: notebook, ball, shoes.
3. Material noun shows the name of element of thing used in creating another thing. For
example: sand, water.
4. Collective noun shows the collection of things or people. For example: a team, a
group.
5. Abstract noun shows the noun that change from verb, adjective, and also nouns itself.
The main book contains an explanation of the use of singular and plural noun types along
with examples. (Table 4)
D. VERB
Usage:
1. The verb is used to show the action or actions which performed by the subject in a
sentence.
2. It will confirm the tense's formation used in a sentence. When there is a change in the
tenses, the verb will follow. For example:
I write a book (Simple present tense)
I wrote a book (Simple past tense)

Here's a concise summary of the main types of verbs in English:

1. Transitive Verb: Transitive verbs require a direct object to complete their meaning.
Examples: She reads a book
2. Intransitive Verb: Intransitive verbs do not require a direct object and can stand alone.
Examples: He sleeps
3. Dynamic/Event Verb: It is a verb which shows progressive or continuous action and
involves body movement of the subject. Example: The kids are playing hide and seek.
4. Stative Verb: It is a word that describe a state of the subject
Example: She believes in humanity.
5. Perception/Sensation Verb”: It commonly involves perception of our five senses.
Example: Bobby is watching a football game.
6. Predicating/Linking Verb: Linking verbs connect the subject to a subject
complement, describing a state or condition. Examples: is, seem, become
 7. Regular/Irregular Verb: Regular verbs follow a consistent pattern when forming their
past tense and past participle, typically by adding "-ed.". Examples: walk → walked,
play → played. Irregular verbs do not follow standard patterns in their past tense and
past participle forms. Examples: go → went, eat → ate
8. Causative Verb: The causative verb is an action verb where the subject uses another
person to perform the action, instead of doing it directly. Example: Jacob’s mother
lets him shop their basic needs for this month.
9. Helping/Auxiliary Verb: Auxiliary verbs assist the main verb in forming tenses,
moods, or voices. Examples: have, be, will
10. Modal verb: Modal verbs express necessity, possibility, permission, or ability.
Examples: can, must, should
11. Phrasal/Prepositional Verb: Phrasal verbs are combinations of a verb and one or more
particles (prepositions or adverbs) that create a new meaning. Examples: give up,
look after, turn on
12. Hypothesis Verb: It shows a wish of the subject which not actually happen. Example:
Anita wishes that she did not come with them. (Means Anita went with them)

E. ADVERB
Usage:
1. An adverb is used as a modifier of a verb, adjective, or another adverb. It gives
additional information about the verb, adjective, and another adverb.
2. It shows something like manner, place, time, or level of certainty.
3. An adverb cannot be put after a noun
4. Commonly adverbs can be identified by the ‘ly’ at the end of an adjective, but there
are some adverbs which do not end with the ‘ly’ format. Some examples of the
‘adjective + ly’ adverbs format are: slow-slowly, fluent-fluently, easy-easily, quick-
quickly, angry-angrily, correct-correctly, proud-proudly, loud-loudly, rapid-rapidly,
immediate-immediately, happy-happily. Other examples of adverbs are well, tight,
straight, late, very, too, fast, hard, high, wrong, right, low, there, here, deep, far.
Here is a concise summary of the main types of adverbs in English
1. Adverb of Frequency
These adverbs indicate how often an action occurs, answering "How often?".
Examples: always, never, sometimes. Usage: He always arrives early.
2. Adverb of Time
These adverbs specify when an action takes place, answering "When?". Examples:
now, yesterday, soon. Usage: We will meet tomorrow.
3. Adverb of Place
These adverbs tell us where an action happens, answering "Where?". Examples: here,
there, everywhere. Usage: The children are playing outside.
4. Adverb of Manner
These adverbs describe how an action is performed, answering the question "How?".
Examples: quickly, carefully, happily. Usage: She sings beautifully.
KELEBIHAN DAN KEKURANGAN
1. Pada buku 1 tidak terdapat informasi mengenai catatan penting yang harus digunakan
untuk possessive adjective, dimana diketahui bahwa
 Possessive adjective selalu diikuti oleh kata benda (noun).
 Tidak ada bentuk jamak dari possessive adjective; misalnya, "their" digunakan baik
untuk satu orang maupun lebih.
 Jangan bingung antara possessive adjective dan possessive pronoun. Possessive
pronoun menggantikan kata benda, sedangkan possessive adjective mendeskripsikan
kata benda.
2. Terdapat beberapa contoh yang dapat membuat pembaca lebih memahami penggunaan
dari beberapa parts of speech atau word classes.
3. Terdapat kumpulan soal untuk melatih pemahaman pembaca.
4. Buku utama hanya menjelaskan 4 jenis adverb. Sedangkan dari sumber lain terdapat 7
jenis adverb. Untuk penambahan adverb yaitu adverb of degree, adverb of certainty.
Conjunctive adverbs.
a. Adverb of Degree
These adverbs describe the intensity or extent of an action, adjective, or another adverb,
answering "To what extent?"
Examples: very, quite, too
Usage: She is very talented
b. Adverb of certainty
These adverbs express the degree of certainty or likelihood of an action.
Examples: definitely, probably, certainly
Usage: He will definitely attend the meeting
c. Conjunctive adverbs
These adverbs connect independent clauses, showing relationships like contrast or
cause and effect.
Examples: however, therefore, meanwhile
Usage: I wanted to go; however, I was too tired

BUKU 2
BAB 3 NOUN (KATA BENDA)
Dalam buku ini, noun dijelaskan sebagai salah satu dari delapan jenis kata utama (part of speech)
dalam bahasa Inggris. Noun berfungsi untuk menamai orang, tempat, benda, hewan, atau ide.
Jenis-jenis noun yang dibahas meliputi:
 Common Noun: Kata benda umum yang tidak spesifik. Contoh: city, book, teacher.
 Proper Noun: Kata benda khusus yang merujuk pada nama spesifik. Contoh: Jakarta,
Tira Nur Fitria.
  Concrete Noun: Kata benda yang dapat dirasakan oleh panca indera. Contoh: apple,
music.
 Abstract Noun: Kata benda yang tidak dapat dirasakan oleh panca indera. Contoh:
freedom, happiness.
 Countable Noun: Kata benda yang dapat dihitung. Contoh: book, car.
 Uncountable Noun: Kata benda yang tidak dapat dihitung. Contoh: water, information.
 Collective Noun: Kata benda yang merujuk pada kelompok. Contoh: team, family.
 Singular Noun: Merupakan kata benda yang menunjukkan satu orang, hewan, benda,
atau tempat. Contoh: a cat, an apple, a teacher. Biasanya diawali dengan artikel a atau
an jika tidak spesifik.
 Plural Noun: Merupakan bentuk jamak dari kata benda, menunjukkan lebih dari satu.
Umumnya dibentuk dengan menambahkan -s atau -es pada kata benda tunggal. Contoh:
cats, books, boxes. Beberapa kata memiliki bentuk jamak tidak beraturan (irregular
plural), seperti: child → children, man → men, mouse → mice.
BAB 4 PRONOUN (KATA GANTI)
Kata ganti adalah kata-kata pendek dan dapat melakukan segala hal yang dapat dilakukan oleh
kata benda dan merupakan salah satu bahan penyusun kalimat. Kata ganti mengacu pada
referensi bagian ucapan yang dapat menggantikan atau menggantikan kata benda. Seperti ‘John’
mengacu pada 'he', 'Jane' mengacu pada 'she'. 'Book' mengacu pada 'it,' my friend and I 'mengacu
pada ‘we', atau ‘the students’ mengacu pada ‘they'. Dalam buku ini, pronoun dibahas sebagai
bagian dari delapan jenis kata utama (part of speech) dalam bahasa Inggris. Pronoun berfungsi
untuk menggantikan kata benda (noun) agar tidak terjadi pengulangan dalam kalimat.
Jenis-jenis pronoun yang umum digunakan meliputi:
 Subject Pronouns: Digunakan sebagai subjek dalam kalimat. Contoh: I, you, he, she, it,
we, they.
 Object Pronouns: Digunakan sebagai objek dalam kalimat. Contoh: me, you, him, her,
it, us, them.
 Possessive Pronouns: Menunjukkan kepemilikan. Contoh: mine, yours, his, hers, ours,
theirs.
 Reflexive Pronouns: Digunakan ketika subjek dan objek dalam kalimat adalah orang
yang sama. Contoh: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves,
themselves.
 Demonstrative Pronouns: Menunjukkan sesuatu secara spesifik. Contoh: this, that,
these, those.
  Relative Pronouns: Menghubungkan klausa relatif dengan kata benda yang dijelaskan.
Contoh: who, whom, whose, which, that.
 Interrogative Pronouns: Digunakan untuk mengajukan pertanyaan. Contoh: who,
whom, whose, which, what.
 Indefinite Pronouns: Merujuk pada orang atau benda secara umum. Contoh: someone,
anyone, everyone, nobody, nothing.
BAB 5 ADJECTIVA (KATA SIFAT)
Kata sifat digunakan untuk mengidentifikasi tentang kata benda/kata gantI, mereka biasanya
ditempatkan sebelum kata benda atau kata ganti. Kata sifat biasanya memberikan informasi yang
relevan tentang kata benda/kata ganti dengan menjawab pertanyaan, seperti: Jenis apa? (What
kind?); Berapa banyak? (How many?); Yang mana? (Which one?); atau Berapa banyak? (How
much?). Menurut Yule (2015), kata sifat dapat ditulis dalam dua bentuk, yaitu:
1. Single Adjective: Kata sifat yang terbentuk dari satu kata sifat untuk memodifikasi kata
benda. Misalnya: beautiful, handsome, happy, lazy, bad, dirty
2. Compound Adjective: Kata sifat majemuk terbentuk ketika ada dua atau lebih kata sifat
digabungkan untuk mengubah kata benda yang sama. Misalnya: hard-working, well-
organized, well-behaved, open-minded
BAB 7 VERB (KATA KERJA)
Banyak kata kerja menunjukkan keadaan atau kondisi tentang subjek, seperti ‘Bob is handsome’,
‘Paul is happy’, ‘Maria is slim’. Kata kerja juga dapat memberikan deskripsi, seperti ‘The book
is interesting’, ‘The film is good’. Fungsi verb yaitu:
1. Menyatakan tindakan: Contoh: She runs every morning.
2. Menyatakan keadaan atau kondisi: Contoh: He is happy.
3. Membentuk struktur kalimat: Verb merupakan elemen penting dalam pembentukan
kalimat bahasa Inggris
Jenis-jenis verb:
1. Action Verb: Menunjukkan tindakan nyata. Contoh: write, speak.
2. Linking Verb: Menghubungkan subjek dengan informasi tambahan. Contoh: be, seem.
3. Auxiliary Verb: Membantu verb utama dalam membentuk tenses, suara, atau mood.
Contoh: have, do, will.
4. Modal Verb: Menyatakan kemungkinan, izin, atau keharusan. Contoh: can, must, should
5. Emphasize Auxxiliary: Kata kerja bantu yang digunakan untuk memberi penekanan
(emphasis) pada pernyataan atau kalimat. Contoh: I do like chocolate. → memberi
penekanan bahwa “saya benar-benar suka cokelat.”
6. Ordinary Verb: kata kerja utama yang menunjukkan tindakan atau keadaan sebenarnya
dalam sebuah kalimat. Contoh: She reads a book every night. → reads adalah ordinary
verb karena menyatakan tindakan.
BAB 8 ADVERB (KATA KETERANGAN)
Kata keterangan dapat menunjukkan kapan bagaimana, di mana, atau sejauh mana kata-kata
yang dimodifikasi seperti ‘I arrive early’, ‘The novel is very expensive’, ‘The girl dances
beautifully’ dll. Adverb adalah kata yang memodifikasi atau memberikan informasi tambahan
tentang verb, adjective, atau adverb lainnya. Jenis-jenis Adverb yaitu:
1. Menjelaskan cara (manner): Contoh: She sings beautifully.
2. Menjelaskan waktu (time): Contoh: He arrived early.
3. Menjelaskan tempat (place): Contoh: They live nearby.
4. Menjelaskan frekuensi (frequency): Contoh: She always studies.
5. Menjelaskan tingkat atau derajat (degree): Contoh: It’s very hot.

Contoh penggunaan adverb yaitu:

1. Modifikasi verb: He runs quickly.

2. Modifikasi adjective: She is extremely talented.
3. Modifikasi adverb lain: He works very efficiently

KELEBIHAN DAN KEKURANGAN

1. Buku ini juga menekankan pentingnya memahami penggunaan pronoun yang tepat untuk
menghindari kesalahan dalam penulisan dan komunikasi. Misalnya, kesalahan dalam
penggunaan pronoun dapat terjadi ketika tidak sesuai dengan kata benda yang digantikan
dalam hal jumlah (singular/plural) atau jenis kelamin.
2. Buku ini juga menekankan pentingnya memahami perbedaan antara countable dan
uncountable nouns karena hal ini mempengaruhi penggunaan artikel (a, an, the) dan kata
kerja dalam kalimat. Misalnya, a book (countable) vs. some water (uncountable).
3. Penjelasan dalam buku setiap bab menggunakan Bahasa Indonesia yang sangat cocok
digunakan sebagai bahan ajar dan pembelajaran Tingkat dasar.
4. Menggunakan beberapa sumber lain sebagai pelengkap penjelasan dari setiap topik.

BUKU RAHMA
BAB 1 NOUN

Nouns are elements of language that refer to all things, whether tangible or intangible,
and whether visible or invisible. In grammatical studies, nouns have various types and functions.
This chapter will discuss several important aspects related to the usage and classification of
nouns in English.

A. Countable and Uncountable

 In this book, an explanation is provided regarding Countable and Uncountable
Nouns. Countable Noun consists of two words: count and -able, each with its own meaning.
Count means "to count" and -able means "able to." Therefore, a countable noun is a noun
that can be counted directly without the use of measuring tools such as scales, rulers, and so
on.
Meanwhile, Uncountable Noun consists of three parts: un- meaning "not," count meaning "to
count," and -able meaning "able to." Thus, an uncountable noun is a noun that cannot be
counted directly without the help of measuring tools.

B. Singular Noun and Pronoun

This book provides an explanation about Countable and Uncountable Nouns.

Countable Noun consists of two words: count and -able, each with its own meaning. Count
means "to count," while -able means "able to." Therefore, a countable noun is a noun that
can be counted directly without the use of measuring tools such as scales, rulers, etc.
Uncountable Noun consists of three parts: un- meaning "not," count meaning "to count," and
-able meaning "able to." Thus, an uncountable noun is a noun that cannot be counted directly
without the help of measuring tools.

C. Articles (A, An, The)

Usage of Indefinite and Definite Articles From another perspective, a/an can only
be used with singular nouns, whereas the can be used with both singular and plural nouns, as
shown in the examples below: a child, a girl, an orange, an umbrella, an hour, the
umbrellas, the sun, the yellow jackets, etc. The article "a" is used before nouns that begin
with a consonant or consonant sound, such as: a man, a hat, a bottle, a cat, a snake, a table,
a bag, a university, a European, a one-way street, etc. The article "an" is used before nouns
that begin with a vowel (a, i, u, e, o) or a vowel sound, such as: an egg, an umbrella, an
island, an uncle, an hour, etc. The is used when referring to a specific item or object.

D. Demonstratives (This, That, These, Those)

Demonstrative Pronouns and Their Application in Sentences

This, that, these, and those are demonstrative pronouns, which are also known as
demonstrative pronouns. Demonstrative pronouns are used to point to a person or an object.
 There are two criteria that determine the use of these demonstrative pronouns: distance and
number.

Example:

I have a book in my hand. This book is red.

My books are on my desk. These are my books.

E. Quantifiers

Like Few, A Few, Little, A Little, as well as Some, Any, Many, Much to Indicate
Quantity. In terms of meaning, few, a few, little, and a little are similar, but they differ in
structure. This book explains in detail the differences between them.

F. Expressions like All, All of, One of, None of:

Used to Express Wholeness, Part, or Absence. All and all of indicate a quantity
that, if represented as a percentage, amounts to 100%. In this case, nouns preceded by all and
all of are plural and mean "everything.".

BAB II PERSONAL PRONOUN

This chapter explains about pronouns, covering:

1. Subject Pronouns: Pronouns used as subjects (I, You, He, She, etc.).

These are called subject pronouns because their position is at the subject or the
doer of the action in the sentence. This subsection explains the positions of subject
pronouns in detail.

2. Object Pronouns: Pronouns used as objects (me, him, her, etc.).

Object pronouns occupy the object position in a sentence. This subsection

explains the positions of object pronouns in detail.

3. Possessive Adjectives: Indicating possession (my, your, his, her, etc.).

Possessive adjectives are a type of pronoun that function as modifiers within a

sentence. A possessive adjective requires a noun to follow it; in other words, it attaches to
 a noun and cannot stand alone. This is because possessive adjectives indicate ownership
or the possessor of a person, animal, or thing.

4. Possessive Pronouns: Possession in the form of pronouns (mine, yours, theirs, etc.).

Possessive pronouns are similar to possessive adjectives in meaning, as both

indicate ownership. However, structurally, they differ. Possessive pronouns can stand
alone without requiring a noun after them.

5. Reflexive Pronouns: Pronouns referring back to the subject (myself, yourself, himself,
etc.).

This type of pronoun is used when one wants to indicate or even emphasize that
something is done by the subject itself or without the help of others. A common feature
of these pronouns is the suffix –self in the singular form and –selves in the plural form.

BAB IV VERBIALS

This chapter focuses on verb forms, namely:

1. Bare Verb + (-s/-es): The use of the base form of a verb with the addition of suffixes for
the third-person singular subject.

The "bare verb" refers to the base form of the verb, which is the first form of the
verb that has not been modified by prefixes or suffixes.

2. Past Verb: The past form of the verb (regular and irregular verbs).

Past verbs are the second form of the verb used for activities or actions that
occurred in the past, also known as the past tense. In the past tense, verbs can be divided
into two types: regular verbs, which follow a standard pattern, and irregular verbs, which
do not follow a predictable pattern.

3. Perfect Verb: The perfect tense form, specifically the present perfect (have/has + past
participle).

Verbs in this tense are in their third form. The perfect tense describes actions that
have been completed at a recent time. Perfect verbs follow changes similar to past verbs
because the perfect tense also includes both regular and irregular verbs
 .

BAB V ADVERBIIALS

This chapter discusses adverbs, or adverbials, which are divided into:

1) Adverb of Time: Indicates time (now, yesterday, soon, etc.).

In sentence structure, the position of an adverb of time is flexible. The time
expression can be placed at the beginning, end, or in the middle of a sentence. This
flexible placement does not alter the main meaning of the sentence. Examples of adverbs
of time can be seen in the sentences below:
Rina was born in 1997.
We will go to cinema tonight.
2) Adverb of Place: Indicates place (here, there, etc.).
The use of an adverb of place in sentence structure is also flexible, meaning it can
be placed at the beginning, in the middle, or at the end of a sentence, as shown in the
examples below:
The students play football in the school field.
I bought my new shoes at mall. Many discounts can be found there.
3) Adverb of Manner: Describes how something is done (slowly, quickly, well, etc.).
Adverb of manner indicates the way in which an action is performed. Generally,
these adverbs are formed by adding the suffix -ly to adjectives.
4) Adverb of Frequency: Indicates the frequency of an action (always, often, never, etc.).
The placement of adverbs of frequency in a sentence is generally flexible,
meaning they can appear at the beginning, middle, or end of a sentence.