EPM221

Electrical machines (1)

spring 2025

Lab Assignment 2
 EPM221
Electrical machines (1)
spring 2025

Experiment no (1)
Experiment Name: DC Machines Inspection
Student Name: Hosam Mohamed Elsayed
Student ID: 20P7985
 1.Introduction:
A DC machine is an electromechanical energy alteration device.
The working principle of a DC machine is when electric current flows
through a coil within a magnetic field, and then the magnetic force
generates a torque that rotates the dc motor. The DC machines are
classified into two types such as DC generator as well as DC motor.

• Construction of DC Machine:
The construction of the DC machine can be done using some of the essential
parts like Yoke, Pole core & pole shoes, Pole coil & field coil, Armature
core, Armature winding otherwise conductor, commutator, brushes &
bearings. Some of the parts of the DC machine is shown below.
 2.Types of DC Machine:
• DC Motor:
A DC motor converts electrical energy into mechanical energy through the
interaction of magnetic fields. Here’s how it works:

o Magnetic Field Interaction:

o The stator (stationary part of the motor) produces a magnetic
field, typically using either permanent magnets or field windings.
o The rotor (moving part of the motor) is placed in the stator’s
magnetic field, and current is passed through the armature
windings of the rotor.
o Armature Current:
o When a voltage is applied to the armature, it generates a current
through the windings of the rotor. According to Ampere's Law,
the armature current creates a magnetic field around the rotor.
o The interaction between the armature’s magnetic field and the
stator’s magnetic field produces a force (Lorentz force), causing
the rotor to turn.

o Commutator:
o A commutator is a rotary switch that ensures the direction of
current through the rotor windings always produces torque in the
same direction.
o As the rotor turns, the commutator reverses the current direction,
maintaining the constant torque.
o Torque Production:
o The torque produced by the motor depends on the strength of the
magnetic field and the amount of current flowing through the
armature windings. The equation for torque isT=k⋅Φ⋅I
Where:

o T is the torque,
o Φ is the magnetic flux,
o I is the armature current,
o k is a constant.
o Mechanical Output:
o The rotational motion of the rotor is the mechanical output,
which can be used to drive mechanical loads such as fans,
conveyor belts, or other machines.
 • DC Generator
A DC generator converts mechanical energy into electrical energy. Here's
how it works:

o Magnetic Field Induction:

o The generator consists of a rotating armature and a stationary
magnetic field produced by either permanent magnets or
electromagnets (field windings).
o As the armature rotates within the magnetic field, it cuts through
magnetic flux lines, which induces an electromotive force (EMF)
according to Faraday’s Law of Induction.
o Armature Rotation:
o Mechanical energy is applied to rotate the armature (through a
prime mover like a turbine or engine).
o As the armature moves, the change in the magnetic flux linked
with the armature windings generates an EMF.
o Commutator:
o Similar to the motor, a commutator is used to convert the
alternating current (AC) induced in the armature into direct
current (DC) by reversing the direction of current flow.
o This ensures the generated current flows in one direction.
o Electrical Output:
o The output voltage is proportional to the speed of rotation, the
strength of the magnetic field, and the number of turns in the
armature windings. The equation for the output voltage
is:E=k⋅Φ⋅N⋅ωE=k⋅Φ⋅N⋅ω
Where:

o k is a constant.
o ω is the angular speed of the armature,
o N is the number of armatures turns,
o Φ is the magnetic flux,
o E is the generated voltage,
o Power Supply:
o The electrical output can be used to power devices or charge
batteries, providing direct current electricity for various
applications.
 3.Components of DC Machine:
The armature, commutator, brushes, stator, and field windings all work
together to generate the electromagnetic forces necessary for rotation.
Understanding the function and interplay of these components is essential for
troubleshooting and maintaining DC motors.
4.In Real Life DC Machine:
 5.Conclusion:
In summary, the DC machine is an important electromechanical energy
conversion device with diverse applications in both industrial and residential
sectors. Though facing competition from modern static power converters and
AC machines, DC machines constitute an important area of study for
electrical engineering aspirants. Command on topics like construction,
principle of operation, types, applications, equivalent circuits and power flow
helps lay a firm foundation in electric machines.
 EPM221
Electrical machines (1)
spring 2025

Lab Assignment 2
 EPM221
Electrical machines (1)
spring 2025

Experiment no (2)
Experiment Name: Characteristics of Separately
Excited DC Generator Pre-Lab
Student Name: Hosam Mohamed Elsayed
Student ID: 20P7985
 1. Introduction:
The performance of a separately excited DC generator is analyzed with the
help of three different characteristics: Magnetic or no-load or open circuit
characteristics, internal or total characteristics and external characteristics.
The performance of a separately excited DC generator is analyzed with the
help of three different characteristics: Magnetic or no-load or open circuit
characteristics, internal or total characteristics and external characteristics.

• What are the 2 main parts of DC machine and

what are the main windings in it?
The rotating electrical or DC machine has mainly two parts; one is Stator,
and another one is Rotor. The stator and rotor are separated from each other
by an air gap. The stator is the outer frame of the machine and is immovable.
The rotor is free to move and is the inner part of the machine.
In machine winding we have two main types of windings these are (a) lap
winding. (b) Wave winding as shown in figure (3-1). In each type three are
two modes (Progressive and Retrogressive). In the following only the
simplex, two layers types will be discussed in order to declare the main ideas.
• Write the EMF equation and draw open circuit
characteristics of separately excited DC Generator
 2. Objectives:
To obtain the open circuit characteristics of separately excited DC generator

3. Theoretical Background:
General Introduction
DC machine, like most electrical machines, have two members:
• A stationary member called the STATOR: The stator houses the field
winding which is responsible for producing the main required flux of the
machine. This is a concentric multi-turn winding wound around salient poles
made of a ferro magnetic material. This material in most practical situations
is silicon steel.
• A rotating member called ROTOR: The rotor carries the armature winding.
This is a closed winding distributed in slots around the circumference of the
rotor surface.
 4. Experimental Procedures:
• Open Circuit Test:
This test is performed to get what is called the open circuit characteristics
(OCC). It is the relation between the field current and the generated EMF.
When the load terminals are open circuited, the load current Ia=0 and hence
the drop (Ia Ra) is zero. Therefore, the voltage across machine terminals
(VL= E– Ia Ra = E– 0 = E) equals exactly the induced EMF.

1. Connect the circuit as shown above

2. With the armature terminals open circuited (switch S is OC), drive rotor at
constant (rated) speed by adjusting the field current of the coupled DC motor.
3. Increase the field current of the generator gradually from zero until
saturation is reached, recording the readings of IF and V.
4. Plot the OCC as a relation between V and If.
5. Repeat steps 3&4 but with the speed adjusted at 80% of the rated value.
6. Plot the OCC on the same graph. Comment on the result.
 • Load Test
This test is performed to get what is called the external characteristics. It is
the relation between the load current IL and the load voltage VL.
1. Connect the required circuit as shown in the previous page.
2. Drive the generator at constant (rated) speed using the coupled electric
motor.
3. With the machine terminals open circuited, adjust the field current until the
open circuit voltage is equal to the rated value.
4. Close the switch (S), load the machine gradually and readjust the field
current to keep the load voltage at the rated value till you get the rated load
current at the rated load voltage at rated speed.
5. Keeping the speed and excitation current constant, unload the machine
gradually and record the readings of the load current and voltage.
6. Plot the external characteristics.

• EMF and Voltage Equations:

The electromotive force (EMF) induced across the armature terminals can be
expressed by:
E = K. N. ∅
where: K: constant that depends on the machine design
N: Machine speed in revolution per minute (rpm)
∅: Flux per pole (Weber)
For separately excited DC generator, the field winding is supplied from a
separate source, while the armature winding - at which the EMF is produced -
supplies the electrical load. Fig. 2 shows the connection of the separately
excited DC generator.
-As shown from the connections diagram of the separately excited DC
generator, the terminal (load) voltage of a DC generator is related to the
induced EMF by the following relation:
VL = E- Ia Ra
where:
Ia: armature current
Ra: armature circuit resistance
VL and IL: Load voltage and current for a separately excited generator Ia =
IL
It’s clear from the voltage equation that the terminal voltage across the load
terminals drops (decreases) as the load increases because of the voltage drop
across Ra. The armature reaction decreases the induced EMF as well.
 5. Experimental Results
• Open Circuit Test
Ea(Volt) If(A)
3.2 0
30.2 0.1
59.6 0.2
85.1 0.3
104.3 0.4
116 0.48

Open Circuit Test

140

120

100

80
Ea(V)

60

40

20

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
If(A)
 • Load Test:
VL(V) IL(Ampere)
15 0
14.35 10
13.2 20
12.45 30

6. Conclusion:
The load Characteristics of Separately Excited DC Generator at a particular
speed is the relationship between its terminal voltage and load current (line
current) and is also termed as the external characteristic. The internal
characteristic is the plot between the generated emf and load current.
 EPM221
Electrical machines (1)
spring 2025

Lab Assignment 2
 EPM221
Electrical machines (1)
spring 2025

Experiment no (3)
Experiment Name: Speed Control of Separately
Excited DC Motor Pre-Lab
Student Name: Hosam Mohamed Elsayed
Student ID: 20P7985
 1. Introduction:
This experiment investigates the characteristics of a separately excited DC
motor. In general, a DC motor is described by the two following fundamental
equations: 𝑇 = 𝑘𝜙𝐼𝑎 (1) 𝐸 = 𝑘𝜙𝜔 (2) where 𝑇 denotes the developed
(internal) torque; 𝐸 denotes the counter electromotive force (c-emf); 𝐼𝑎
denotes the armature current; 𝜔 is the shaft speed (in rad/s); and 𝑘𝜙 is the so
called flux constant of the machine (in Nm/A or Volt-Second).

• Explain the operation of DC Motor.

The rotor is normally located on the inside of the motor, while the stator is
located on the outside. The rotor contains coil windings that are powered by
the DC current and the stator contains either permanent magnets or
electromagnetic windings. When the motor is powered by DC current, a
magnetic field is created within the stator, attracting and repelling the
magnets on the rotor. This causes the rotor to start rotating. To keep the rotor
rotating, the motor has a commutator. When the rotor aligns with the
magnetic field, it would stop spinning, but in this case the commutator would
reverse the current through the stator and this way reverse the magnetic field.
This way the rotor can keep spinning.
When the motor is powered by DC current, a magnetic field is created within
the stator, attracting and repelling the magnets on the rotor. This causes the
rotor to start rotating. To keep the rotor rotating, the motor has a commutator.
 • What are the types of DC Motor?
They are:
• Series DC Motor.
• Shunt/Parallel DC Motor.
• Compound DC Motors.
• Permanent Magnet DC Motor.

• Write the proof of the equation of speed of

separately excited DC Motor
 2. Objectives:
To know methods of speed control of separately excited dc motor.

• Theoretical Background:
DC motors is used to convert electrical energy into mechanical energy. Their
operation is the reverse of a DC generator which produces an electric current.
Unlike AC motors, DC motors operate on DC power– non-sinusoidal,
unidirectional power. DC motors work based on interactions between
magnetic fields produced by a rotating armature and that of the stator or fixed
component.

• Operating Principle:
DC motors operate on Faraday’s principle of electromagnetism which states
that a current-carrying conductor experiences a force when placed in a
magnetic field. According to Fleming’s “Left-hand rule for electric motors,”
the motion of this conductor is always in a direction perpendicular to the
current and the magnetic field. Mathematically, we can express this force as
F = BIL (where F is force, B is the magnetic field, I stand for current, and L
is the length of the conductor).

• Basic Construction:
• Rotor (the part of the machine that rotates; also known as the “armature”)
• Stator (the field windings, or “stationary” part of the motor)
• Commutator (can be brushed or brushless, depending on the motor type)
• Air gap is the space between stator and rotor
 • The types of DC motor include:
• Permanent Magnet DC Motor (PMDC Motor)
• Separately Excited DC Motor
• Shunt Wound DC Motor
• Series Wound DC Motor
• Short shunt DC Motor
• Long shunt DC Motor
 • In General:
• Speed control from zero to rated speed is usually obtained by armature
voltage control
• Speed control above the base speed is achieved by decreasing field current
(field weakening)

3. Experiment Procedures:
3. Results:
Vt Wl(rpm)
34.7 500
66.3 1000
98.8 1500

1600

1400

1200

1000
Speed)r.p.m)

800

600

400

200

0
0.625 0.63 0.635 0.64 0.645 0.65 0.655 0.66 0.665
Td
 4.Conclusion:
In a separately excited DC motor, the speed can be effectively controlled by varying either the armature
voltage or the field current. Since the field winding is supplied independently of the armature circuit,
this motor offers greater flexibility in speed control. From the speed equation:

• It is clear that:
• Varying the Armature Voltage (V) while keeping the field flux
(ϕ\phiϕ) constant allows linear control of motor speed over a wide
range. Increasing V increases speed, and decreasing V reduces it.

• Varying the Field Current (thus flux ϕ\phiϕ) inversely affects the
speed. Decreasing field current (reducing flux) increases speed, known
as field weakening, but it is only suitable for operation above rated
speed.

Thus, the speed of a separately excited DC motor can be precisely regulated,

making it highly suitable for applications requiring variable speed and high
performance, such as in electric traction, machine tools, and robotic systems.