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Spatial Filtering - 1

Spatial filtering techniques manipulate image pixels using a mask that centers on specific pixels. Filters are classified into linear and non-linear types, with smoothing filters used for blurring and noise reduction, and sharpening filters aimed at enhancing edges. Key examples include mean filters for smoothing and derivative filters for sharpening, each defined by their mathematical operations on pixel values.

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4 views2 pages

Spatial Filtering - 1

Spatial filtering techniques manipulate image pixels using a mask that centers on specific pixels. Filters are classified into linear and non-linear types, with smoothing filters used for blurring and noise reduction, and sharpening filters aimed at enhancing edges. Key examples include mean filters for smoothing and derivative filters for sharpening, each defined by their mathematical operations on pixel values.

Uploaded by

gg3385
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Spatial Filtering

Spatial Filtering technique is used directly on pixels of an image. Mask is usually considered
to be added in size so that it has specific center pixel. This mask is moved on the image such
that the center of the mask traverses all image pixels.

Classification on the basis of Linearity

There are two types:

1. Linear Spatial Filter


2. Non-linear Spatial Filter

General Classification:

Smoothing Spatial Filter

Smoothing filter is used for blurring and noise reduction in the image. Blurring is pre-
processing steps for removal of small details and Noise Reduction is accomplished by
blurring.

Types of Smoothing Spatial Filter

1. Linear Filter (Mean Filter)


2. Order Statistics (Non-linear) filter

These are explained as following below.

1. Mean Filter: Linear spatial filter is simply the average of the pixels contained in the
neighborhood of the filter mask. The idea is replacing the value of every pixel in an
image by the average of the grey levels in the neighborhood define by the filter
mask. Below are the types of mean filter:

 Averaging filter: It is used in reduction of the detail in image. All coefficients


are equal.

 Weighted averaging filter: In this, pixels are multiplied by different


coefficients. Center pixel is multiplied by a higher value than average filter.

2. Order Statistics Filter: It is based on the ordering the pixels contained in the image
area encompassed by the filter. It replaces the value of the center pixel with the
value determined by the ranking result. Edges are better preserved in this filtering.
Below are the types of order statistics filter:

 Minimum filter: 0th percentile filter is the minimum filter. The value of the
center is replaced by the smallest value in the window.

 Maximum filter: 100th percentile filter is the maximum filter. The value of the
center is replaced by the largest value in the window.
 Median filter: Each pixel in the image is considered. First neighboring pixels
are sorted and original values of the pixel is replaced by the median of the
list.

Sharpening Spatial Filter

It is also known as derivative filter. The purpose of the sharpening spatial filter is just the
opposite of the smoothing spatial filter. Its main focus in on the removal of blurring and
highlight the edges. It is based on the first and second order derivative.

First Order Derivative:

 Must be zero in flat segments.

 Must be non zero at the onset of a grey level step.

 Must be non zero along ramps.

First order derivative in 1-D is given by:

f' = f(x+1) - f(x)

Second Order Derivative:

 Must be zero in flat areas.

 Must be non zero at the onset and end of a ramp.

 Must be zero along ramps.

Second order derivative in 1-D is given by:

f'' = f(x+1) + f(x-1) - 2f(x)

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