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Unit HISTOGRAM

Image enhancement, particularly through histogram equalization, improves image contrast by adjusting intensity values. The process involves computing the histogram, normalizing it, and transforming the image based on these values. Histogram equalization is widely used in medical imaging to enhance the quality of grayscale images like X-rays and MRIs.

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7 views3 pages

Unit HISTOGRAM

Image enhancement, particularly through histogram equalization, improves image contrast by adjusting intensity values. The process involves computing the histogram, normalizing it, and transforming the image based on these values. Histogram equalization is widely used in medical imaging to enhance the quality of grayscale images like X-rays and MRIs.

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gg3385
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© © All Rights Reserved
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UNIT-II

2. Write brief introduction about Image Enhancement and histogram Equalization. Write the steps to
obtain Histogram Equalization. Perform Histogram Equalization on the 8*8, eight- level
grayscale image described in Table (1).

Pixel distribution of the image

Image Enhancement:
Definition:Image enhancement can be done by Histogram equalization.
 Histogram equalization is a technique for adjusting image intensities to enhance contrast.
 This method usually increases the global contrast of many images, especially when the usable data
of the image is represented by close contrast values.
Needs of Image Enhancement:
 Image enhancement refers to the process of highlighting certain information of an image, as well
as weakening or removing any unnecessary information according to specific needs.
 For example, eliminating noise, revealing blurred details, and adjusting levels to highlight features of
an image.
Enhancement methods in image processing:
 Histogram equalization.
 Noise removal using a Wiener filter.
 Linear contrast adjustment.
 Median filtering.
 Unsharp mask filtering.
Advantage of image enhancement:
 Enhancements are used to make it easier for visual interpretation and understanding of imagery.
 The advantage of digital imagery is that it allows us to manipulate the digital pixel values in an
image.
Histogram :
 The Histogram of a digital image with intensity levels in the range [0, L-1] is a discrete function h(rk
)=nk , where rk is the k th intensity value nk is the number of pixels in the image with intensity value
rk .
 k varies from 0 to L-1. L is the total number of Gray levels.
Normalized Histogram:
 Normalized Histogram divide the number of pixels of each gray value (also called as intensity) by
the total number of pixels in the given image.
 1/23/2019 3 Normalized histogram ( ) : the number of pixels in the image of size M N with intensity
kkkknprM
Histogram Equalization:
Histogram Equalization is a computer image processing technique used to improve contrast in images .

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 It accomplishes this by effectively spreading out the most frequent intensity values, i.e. stretching out
the intensity range of the image.
Histogram Processing:
 Histogram may be viewed graphically as plot of nk versus rk or p(rk ) versus rk
 (p(rk )=nk /M*N if the values are normalized
 where rk - intensity value k • p(rk ) – probability of intensity value k
 M*N – dimension of the input image
 k=0,1,2,3,…………..L-1
 p(rk ) is an estimate of the probability of occurrences of intensity value rk in an image • Sum of all
components of a normalized Histogram is equal to 1.
 Histograms are the basis for numerous spatial domain processing techniques.
 Histogram manipulation can be used for
 Image Enhancement
 Image Compression
 Image Segmentation
Histogram Equalization:
 Histogram Equalization is an intensity transformation method, which performs image enhancement.
 We can develop a transformation function that can automatically achieves high dynamic range, based
only on the information available in the histogram.
 The transformation (or mapping) function T(rk ) is called H.E or Histogram linearized
transformation.
 In Histogram Equalization, the Histogram statistics are used to obtain the high dynamic range of gray
levels in an image.
 H.E is a point processing technique.

Intensity level of Histogram Equalization:


 In an image processing context, the histogram of an image normally refers to a histogram of the pixel
intensity values. This histogram is a graph showing the number of pixels in an image at each
different intensity value found in that image.

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Discrete histogram equalization:
 Histogram equalization is a technique for adjusting image intensities to enhance contrast.
 Let f be a given image represented as a mr by mc matrix of integer pixel intensities ranging. from 0
to L − 1. L is the number of possible intensity values, often 256.
Steps in histogram equalization:
 Compute the histogram of the image.
 Calculate the normalized sum of histogram.
 Transform the input image to an output image.
Application of histogram equalization:
 Histogram equalization is a straightforward image-processing technique often used to achieve better
quality images in black and white color scales in medical applications such as digital X-rays, MRIs,
and CT scans.

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