SCIENCE (52)

PHYSICS

SCIENCE Paper - 1

Aims: 3. To develop instrumental, communication,

deductive and problem-solving skills.
1. To acquire knowledge and understanding of the
terms, facts, concepts, definitions, laws, principles 4. To discover that there is a living and growing
and processes of Physics. physics relevant to the modern age in which we
live.
2. To develop skills in practical aspects of handling
apparatus, recording observations and in drawing
diagrams, graphs, etc.

CLASS IX

There will be one paper of two hours duration screw gauge for length, volume by
carrying 80 marks and Internal Assessment of displacement using a measuring cylinder, stop
practical work carrying 20 marks. watch and simple pendulum for time, equal
arm beam balance for comparison of masses).
The paper will be divided into two sections, Section I
(40 marks) and Section II (40 marks). This section should be taught along with
Section I (compulsory) will contain short answer demonstration or laboratory experiments.
questions on the entire syllabus. Measurement of length using metre rule,
Section II will contain six questions. Candidates will Vernier calipers and micrometer screw
be required to answer any four of these six questions. gauge. They have increasing accuracy and
Note: Unless otherwise specified, only S I. Units are decreasing least-count; zero error, zero
to be used while teaching and learning, as well as for correction (excluding negative zero error in
answering questions. Vernier calipers), pitch of the screw and
least-count (LC); no numerical problems on
1. Measurements and Experimentation
calipers and screw gauge. Volume units, m3,
(i) Estimation by orders of magnitude of size cm3, litre and milliliter; their mutual
(length, area and volume), mass and time.
relations. Measurement of volume of
Order of magnitude as statement of irregular solid bodies both heavier and
magnitude in powers of ten; familiarity with
the orders of magnitude of some common lighter than water including those soluble in
sizes (length, area and volume), masses and water, by displacement of water or other
time intervals e.g. idea of, mass of atoms, liquids in a measuring cylinder. Measurement
bottle of water, planets, diameter of atom, of time using stopwatch; simple pendulum;
length of football field, inter stellar distances, time period, frequency, experiment for the
pulse rate, age of earth etc.
measurement of T, graph of length l vs. T2
(ii) International System of Units, the required SI only; slope of the graph. Formula T=2.. l g
units with correct symbols are given at the
[no derivation]. Only simple numerical
end of this syllabus. Other commonly used
system of units - fps and cgs. problems. Beam balance; simple introduction;
(iii) Measurements using common instruments conditions for balance to be true (without
(metre rule, Vernier calipers and micrometer proof). Faulty balance is not included.
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 (iv) Presentation of data in tabular and graphical Numerical problems combining F = p /t =
form (straight line graphs only). ma and equations of motion. Units of force -
only cgs and SI (non gravitational).
Presentation of data in tabular form of two
types: headed columns (e.g. simple pendulum) (iii) Newton’s Third Law of Motion (qualitative
and numbered rows (e.g., volume discussion only); simple examples.
measurement). Graph — various steps in Statement with qualitative discussion;
plotting a graph, such as title, selection of examples of action - reaction pairs, say FBA
origin and axes, labeling of axes, scale, and FAB; action and reaction always act on
plotting the points, best-fit straight line, etc. different bodies. Numerical problems based
Meaning of slope and of straight-line graph. on second law.
[No numerical problems].
(iv) Gravitation,
2. Motion in one dimension Universal Law of Gravitation. ( Statement
Distance, speed, velocity, acceleration; graphs of and equation) and its importance. Gravity,
distance-time and speed-time; equations of acceleration due to gravity, free fall. Weight
uniformly accelerated motion with derivations. and mass, Weight as force of gravity
Rest and motion; [motion in two and three comparison of mass and weight; gravitational
dimensions not to be covered in Class IX]; units of force, simple numerical problems
distance and displacement; speed and velocity; (problems on variation of gravity excluded).
acceleration and retardation; distance-time and 4. Fluids
velocity-time graphs; meaning of slope of the
graphs; [Non-uniform acceleration excluded]. (i) Change of pressure with depth (including the
formula p=hg); Transmission of pressure in
Equations to be derived: v = u + at; liquids; atmospheric pressure.
S = ut + ½at2;; S = ½(u+v)t; v2 = u2 + 2aS.
p = hg;
Thrust and Pressure and their units; pressure
[Equation for Snth is not included].
derivation of p = hg and simple daily life
exerted by a liquid column
Simple numerical problems.
examples, (i) broadness of the base of a dam,
(ii) Diver’s suit etc. some consequences of p
= hg ; transmission of pressure in liquids;
3. Laws of Motion
(i) Newton’s First Law of Motion (qualitative Pascal's law; examples; atmospheric
discussion) to introduce the idea of inertia, pressure; laboratory demonstration; common
mass and force. manifestation (and consequences)..
Newton's first law; statement and qualitative Variations of pressure with altitude,
discussion; definitions of inertia and force qualitative only; mention applications such as

numerical problems on p= hg.

from first law, examples of inertia as weather forecasting and altimeter. Simple
illustration of first law. (Inertial mass not
included). (ii) Buoyancy, Archimedes’ Principle;
(ii) Newton’s Second Law of Motion (including floatation; relationship with density; relative
F=ma); weight and mass. density; determination of relative density of a
Detailed study of the second law. Linear solid.

p = (mv) = mv for mass remaining

momentum, p = mv; change in momentum Buoyancy, upthrust (FB); definition; different
cases, FB>, = or < weight W of the body
constant rate of change of momentum; immersed; characteristic properties of
 p/ t = mv /t = ma
upthrust; Archimedes’ principle; explanation
of cases where bodies with density  >, = or
p -p
or { 2 1 =
mv - mu m( v - u )
= = ma } ; < the density ' of the fluid in which it is
t t t immersed.

86
 Floatation: principle of floatation; (iv) Transfer of heat (simple treatment) by
experimental verification; relation between conduction, convection and radiation; thermal
the density of a floating body, density of the insulation; keeping warm and keeping cool;
liquid in which it is floating and the fraction vacuum flask; ventilation.

(1/2 = V2/V1); apparent weight of floating

of volume of the body immersed; Conduction: examples to illustrate good and
bad conductors and their uses; water is a bad
object; application to ship, submarine, conductor of heat. Convection; Phenomenon

RD=1/2=m1/m2 for volume same; RD and

iceberg, balloons, etc. Relative density in liquids and gases; some consequences
including land breeze and sea breeze.
Archimedes’ principle; RD = W1/(W1-W2). Radiation; detection by blackened bulb
Experimental determination of RD of a solid thermometer.
denser/lighter than water. [RD of a liquid Applications: simple common uses; thermal
using Archimedes’ Principle and RD using insulation, simple examples of house
specific gravity bottle are not included]. insulation, personal insulation; insulation of
The hydrometer: common hydrometer for RD household appliances, laboratories. Vacuum
flask. Global warming – melting polar ice
of liquid heavier/lighter than water -
caps - polar ice caps reflects solar radiation
qualitative only; common practical
back whereas sea water absorbs it. Increase
applications, such as lactometer and battery in CO2 content in the atmosphere enhances
hydrometer. Simple numerical problems green house effect.
involving Archimedes’ principle, buoyancy
and floatation. (v) Energy flow and its importance:
5. Heat Understanding the flow of energy as
Linear and linking it with the laws of
(i) Concepts of heat and temperature.
Thermodynamics- ‘Energy is neither
Heat as energy, SI unit – joule, created nor destroyed’ and ‘No Energy
transfer is 100% efficient. (Only a general
1 cal = 4.186 J exactly. understanding is required ex- energy flow
(ii) Expansion of solids, liquids and gases is linear but nutrients flow is cyclic. no
(qualitative discussion only); uses and numerical testing will be done on this
consequences of expansion (simple topic).
examples); anomalous expansion of water.
(vi) Practices for conservation of resources –
Expansion of solids, and cubical expansion of search for alternatives, promotion of
liquids and gases; real and apparent renewable resource.
expansion of liquids; simple examples of the Advantages and disadvantages of renewable
uses of expansion of solids; steel rims, resources when compared to non-renewable
riveting; disadvantages of expansion; resources. Study of the functioning of biogas,
examples - railway tracks, joints in solar, wind and hydro power.
metal pipes and electric cables. Anomalous
expansion of water; graphs showing variation 6. Light
of volume and density of water with (i) Reflection of light; image formed by a plane

numerical problems with α, β,  in solids.

temperature in the 0 to 10 0C range. Simple mirror regular and irregular reflection;
images formed by a pair of parallel and
perpendicular plane mirrors; simple periscope.
(iii) Thermometers
Regular and irregular reflection; laws of
Temperature scales – Celsius, Fahrenheit, reflection; experimental verification; images
Kelvin and their relation. Simple problems of (a) point object and (b) extended object
based on conversion between these scales. formed in by a plane mirror - using ray
[Problems on faulty thermometer not diagrams and their characteristics; lateral
included]. inversion; characteristics of images formed in
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 a pair of mirrors, (a) parallel and (b) Historical introduction; charging by friction;
perpendicular to each other; uses of plane examples; different types of charges on comb
mirrors; simple periscope with ray diagram and glass rod: attraction, repulsion; simple
with two plane mirrors. orbital model of atom with examples of H, He
(ii) Spherical mirrors; characteristics of image and another atom; positive and negative ions;
formed by these mirrors. Uses of concave and charge on electrons as quantum of electric
convex mirror. (Only simple direct ray charge, Q = n.e; explanation of charge on
diagrams are required). a body in terms of transfer of electron and its
Brief introduction to spherical mirrors - detection, lightning; lightning conductor -
concave and convex mirrors, center and action; prevention and control of damage due
radius of curvature, pole and principal axis, to lightning.
focus and focal length; f = R/2 with proof;
[No numerical problems].
simple ray diagram for the formation of
images in (a) concave mirror, when a small (ii) Simple electric circuit using an electric cell
linear object is placed on the principal axis at and a bulb to introduce the idea of current
very large distance (u>> R), at the center of (including its relationship to charge); potential
curvature, between C and F, at F, between F difference; insulators and conductors; closed
and P. (b) convex mirror a small linear object and open circuits; direction of current
is placed on the principal axis in front of the (electron flow and conventional); resistance in
mirror. series and parallel.
7. Sound Current Electricity: brief introduction of
(i) Nature of Sound waves. Requirement of a sources of direct current - cells, accumulators
medium for sound waves to travel; (construction, working and equations
propagation and speed in different media; excluded); Electric current as the rate of flow
comparison with speed of light. of electric charge (direction of current -
Introduction about sound and its production conventional and electronic), symbols used in

frequency (v), wavelength (), velocity (V),

from vibrations; sound propagation, terms – circuit diagrams. Detection of current by
relation V = v. and medium [qualitative ideas
Galvanometer or ammeter (functioning of the
meters not to be introduced). Idea of electric
only]; bell jar experiment. Speed of sound in
different media; some values; values of v in circuit by using cell, key, resistance
air, water and steel as examples including vo at wire/resistance box/rheostat, qualitatively.;
0oC in air as standard value. [No derivation, elementary idea about work done in
no numerical problems]; comparison of speed transferring charge through a conductor
of sound with speed of light; consequences of wire; potential difference V = W/q; resistance
the large difference in these speeds in air;
R from Ohm’s law V/I = R; Insulators and
thunder and lightning.
conductors.
(ii) Range of hearing; ultrasound, a few
applications.
(No derivation of formula, calculation or
Elementary ideas and simple applications numerical problems).
only. Frequency ranges for (i) hearing and
(ii) speaking. Difference between ultrasonic
Governmental initiatives of not building large
and supersonic.
dams for generating hydro electric power
8. Electricity and Magnetism which leads to less land being submerged and
(i) Static electricity – electric charge; charging less displacement of people. Improving
by friction; simple orbital model of the atom; efficiency of existing technologies and
detection of charge (pith ball and introducing new eco-friendly technologies.
electroscope); sparking; lightning conductors.

88
 Social initiatives: Creating awareness and cylinder (average of three sets) - may be a metal
building trends of sensitive use of resources rod of length 2 to 3 cm and diameter 1 to 2 cm.
and products, e.g. reduced use of electricity. 2. Determine the zero error, zero correction, pitch
and least count of the given screw gauge and
(iii) Properties of a bar magnet; induced measure the mean radius of the given wire, taking
magnetism; lines of magnetic field, Magnetic three sets of readings in perpendicular directions.
field of earth. Neutral points in magnetic 3. Measure the length, breadth and thickness of a
fields. glass block using a metre rule (each reading
correct to a mm), taking the mean of three
Magnetism: properties of a bar magnet; readings in each case. Calculate the volume of the
magnetism induced by bar magnets on block in cm3 and m3. Determine the mass
(not weight) of the block using any convenient
magnetic materials; induction precedes
balance in g and kg. Calculate the density of glass
attraction; lines of magnetic field and their in cgs and SI units using mass and volume in the
properties; evidences of existence of earth’s respective units. Obtain the relation between the
magnetic field, magnetic compass. Plotting two density units.
uniform magnetic field of earth and non- 4. Measure the volume of a metal bob (the one used
uniform field of a bar magnet placed along in simple pendulum experiments) from the
magnetic north-south; neutral point; readings of water level in a measuring cylinder
properties of magnetic field lines. using displacement method. Also calculate the
same volume from the radius measured using
[No problems or formula].
Vernier callipers. Comment on the accuracies.
5. Obtain five sets of readings of the time taken for
20 oscillations of a simple pendulum of lengths
INTERNAL ASSESSMENT OF about 70, 80, 90, 100 and 110 cm; calculate the
PRACTICAL WORK time periods (T) and their squares (T2) for each
length (l). Plot a graph of l vs. T2. Draw the best
Candidates will be asked to carry out experiments for - fit straight - line graph. Also, obtain its slope.
which instructions are given. The experiments may be Calculate the value of g in the laboratory.
based on topics that are not included in the syllabus It is 42 x slope.
but theoretical knowledge will not be required. A 6. Make a test tube hydrometer using a test tube,
candidate will be expected to be able to follow simple lead shots, and a strip of graph paper. Determine
instructions, to take suitable readings and to present the RD of any two liquids.
these readings in a systematic form. He/she may be 7. Take a beaker of water. Place it on the wire gauze
required to exhibit his/her data graphically. on a tripod stand. Suspend two thermometers -
Candidates will be expected to appreciate and use the one with Celsius and the other with Fahrenheit
concepts of least count, significant figures and scale. Record the thermometer readings at 5 to 7
elementary error handling. different temperatures. You may start with ice-
A set of 6 to 10 experiments may be designed as given cold water, then allow it to warm up and then heat
below or as found most suitable by the teacher. it slowly taking temperature (at regular intervals)
Students should be encouraged to record their as high as possible. Plot a graph of TF vs. TC.
observations systematically in a neat tabular form - in Obtain the slope. Compare with the theoretical
columns with column heads including units or in value. Read the intercept on TF axis for TC = 0.
numbered rows as necessary. The final result or 8. Using a plane mirror strip mounted vertically on a
conclusion may be recorded for each experiment. board, obtain the reflected rays for three rays
Some of the experiments may be demonstrated (with incident at different angles. Measure the angles of
the help of students) if these cannot be given to each incidence and angles of reflection. See if these
student as lab experiments. angles are equal.
1. Determine the least count of the Vernier callipers 9. Place three object pins at different distances on a
and measure the length and diameter of a small line perpendicular to a plane mirror fixed
vertically on a board. Obtain two reflected rays
89
 (for each pin) fixing two pins in line with the as in the first experiment. Now connect the
image. Obtain the positions of the images in each second bulb across the first bulb. The two bulbs
case by extending backwards (using dashed lines), are connected in parallel. Observe the brightness
the lines representing reflected rays. Measure the of any one bulb. Compare with previous results.
object distances and image distances in the three Draw your own conclusions regarding the current
cases. Tabulate. Are they equal? Generalize the and resistance in the three cases.
result.
12. Plot the magnetic field lines of earth (without any
10. Obtain the focal length of a concave mirror magnet nearby) using a small compass needle. On
(a) by distant object method, focusing its real another sheet of paper place a bar magnet with its
image on a screen or wall and (b) by one needle axis parallel to the magnetic lines of the earth, i.e.
method removing parallax or focusing the image along the magnetic meridian or magnetic north
of the illuminated wire gauze attached to a ray south. Plot the magnetic field in the region around
box. One could also improvise with a candle and the magnet. Identify the regions where the
a screen. Enter your observations in numbered combined magnetic field of the magnet and the
rows. earth is (a) strongest, (b) very weak but not zero,
and (c) zero. Why is neutral point, so called?
11. Connect a suitable dc source (two dry cells or an
acid cell), a key and a bulb (may be a small one 13. Using a spring balance obtain the weight
used in torches) in series. Close the circuit by (in N) of a metal ball in air and then completely
inserting the plug in the key. Observe the bulb as immersed in water in a measuring cylinder. Note
it lights up. Now open the circuit, connect the volume of the ball from the volume of the
another identical bulb in between the first bulb water displaced. Calculate the upthrust from the
and the cell so that the two bulbs are in series. first two weights. Also calculate the mass and
Close the key. Observe the lighted bulbs. How then weight of the water displaced by the bob
does the light from any one bulb compare with M=V., W=mg). Use the above result to verify
that in the first case when you had only one bulb? Archimedes principle.
Disconnect the second bulb. Reconnect the circuit

90
 CLASS X

There will be one paper of two hours duration (iii) Uniform circular motion.
carrying 80 marks and Internal Assessment of As example of constant speed, though
practical work carrying 20 marks. acceleration (force) is present. Basic idea of
The paper will be divided into two sections, Section I centrifugal and centripetal force (qualitative
(40 marks) and Section II (40 marks). only).
Section I (compulsory) will contain short answer (iv) Machines as force multipliers; load, effort,
questions on the entire syllabus. mechanical advantage, velocity ratio and
efficiency; simple treatment of levers,
Section II will contain six questions. Candidates will inclined plane and pulley systems showing the
be required to answer any four of these six questions. utility of each type of machine.
Note: Unless otherwise specified, only S. I. Units are Functions and uses of simple machines:
to be used while teaching and learning, as well as for Terms- effort E, load L, mechanical
answering questions. advantage MA = L/E, velocity ratio

efficiency (), relation between  and MA,VR;

VR = VE/VL = dE / dL , input (Wi), output (Wo),

for all practical machines  <1; MA < VR.

1. Force, Work, Energy and Power
(i) Contact and non-contact forces; cgs & SI
units. Lever: principle. First, second and third class
Examples of contact forces (frictional force, of levers; examples: MA and VR in each case.
normal reaction force, tension force as Examples of each of these classes of levers as
applied through strings and force exerted found in the human body.
during collision) and non-contact forces Pulley system; simple fixed, single movable,
(gravitational, electric and magnetic).
and tackle; MA, VR and  in each case.
combination of movable pulleys, block
General properties of non-contact forces. cgs
and SI units of force and their relation,
Gravitational unit. [No derivation details.] Gear (toothed wheel)
- practical applications in watches, vehicles,
[No numerical problems] uphill, downhill motion, (no numerical).
(ii) Turning forces concept; moment of a force; Inclined plane: MA, VR and . [derivation not
forces in equilibrium; centre of gravity; required]. Utility of each type of machine.
(discussions using simple examples and Simple numerical problems.
simple direct problems).
(v) Work, energy, power and their relation with
Elementary introduction of translation and
Definition of work. W  FS cos; special
force.
rotation; moment (turning effect) of a force,

cases of  = 00, 900. W= mgh. Definition of

also called torque and its cgs and SI units;
common examples - door, steering wheel,
bicycle pedal, etc.; clockwise and anti- energy, energy as work done. Various units of
clockwise moments; conditions for a body to work and energy and their relation with SI
be in equilibrium ( translational and units.[erg, calorie, kW h and eV]. Definition
rotational); principle of moment and its of Power, P=W/t; SI and cgs units; other
verification using a metre rule suspended by units, kilowatt (kW), megawatt (MW) and
two spring balances with slotted weights gigawatt (GW); and horse power
hanging from it; simple numerical problems; (1hp=746W) [Simple numerical problems on
Centre of gravity (qualitative only) with work, power and energy].
examples of some regular bodies and
irregular lamina (students should be (vi) Different types of energy (e.g., chemical
encouraged to try it out). energy, Mechanical energy, heat energy,
electrical energy, nuclear energy, sound
energy, light energy).
91
 change in speed (V) and wavelength ();
frequency () remains constant; the direction
Mechanical energy: potential energy (U)
gravitational, due to change in configuration,
examples; kinetic energy K= ½ mv2 changes (except for i = 0). Values of speed of
(derive); forms of kinetic energy;
refractive index n = c/V., V = . Values of n
light (c) in vacuum, air, water and glass;
translational , rotational and vibrational -
only simple examples. [Numerical problems
on K and U only in case of translational for common substances; laws of refraction;
motion ]; qualitative discussions of electrical, experimental verification; refraction through
chemical, heat, nuclear, light and sound glass block; lateral displacement; multiple

through a glass prism; relation i1+i2 = A+

energy, conversion from one form to another; images in thick glass plate/mirror; refraction

and r1+r2 = A (without proof); i -  graph.

common examples.

Unique min with, i1 = i2 and r1 = r2 - refracted

(vii) Energy sources.
Solar, wind, water and nuclear energy (only
qualitative discussion of steps to produce ray parallel to the base. No geometrical proof
electricity). Renewable versus non-renewable - only recognition from ray diagrams; simple
sources (elementary ideas with example). applications: real and apparent depth of
Renewable energy: biogas, solar energy, objects in water; apparent bending of a stick
wind energy, energy from falling of water, under water. (no calculations but
run-of-the river schemes, energy from waste, approximate ray diagrams required); Simple
tidal energy, etc. Issues of economic viability numerical problems].
and ability to meet demands.
(ii) Total internal reflection: Critical angle;
Non-renewable energy – coal, oil, natural
examples in triangular glass prisms;
gas. Inequitable use of energy in urban and
comparison with reflection from a plane
rural areas. Use of hydroelectrical powers
for light and tube wells. mirror (qualitative only).
Energy degradation - In all energy Transmission of light from a denser medium
transformations some energy is lost to (say glass) to a rarer medium (air) at different
surroundings which is not useful for any angles of incidence; critical angle (c) n =
productive work (day to day examples). 1/sin c. essential conditions for total internal
(viii) Principle of Conservation of energy. reflection. Total internal reflection in a
triangular glass prism; ray diagram, different
Statement: Total energy of an isolated system cases - angles of prism (60º,60º,60º),
remains constant; OR energy can be
prism to obtain  = 90º and 180º (ray
(60º,30º,90º), (45º,45º,90º); use of right angle
converted from one form to another but it
cannot be created or destroyed. Theoretical
diagram); comparison of total internal
verification that U + K = constant for a freely
reflection from a prism and reflection from a
falling body. Application of this law to simple
plane mirror. [No numerical problems].
pendulum (qualitative only); simple numerical
problems. (iii) Lenses (converging and diverging) including
characteristics of the images formed
2. Light (using ray diagrams only); magnifying glass;
(i) Refraction of light through a glass block and a location of images using ray diagrams and
thereby determining magnification
triangular prism qualitative treatment of
(sign convention and problems using the lens
simple applications such as real and apparent
formulae are excluded).
depth of objects in water and apparent
bending of sticks in water. Types of lenses (converging and diverging),
convex, concave, (sketch of shapes only);
Change of medium causes partial reflection detailed study of refraction of light in
and refraction. The refracted beam has a equi-convex and equi-concave spherical
92
 lenses only through ray diagrams; action of a (iii) Loudness, pitch and quality of sound:
lens as a set of prisms; technical terms; Characteristics of sound; loudness and
centre of curvature, radii of curvature, intensity; subjective and objective nature of
principal axis, foci, focal plane and focal these properties; sound level in db
length. Experimental determination of ƒ of (as unit only); noise pollution; pitch and
convex lens by distant object method, and by frequency examples; quality and waveforms
auxiliary plane mirror; ray diagrams and examples. [No numerical problems].
simple description; formation of images -
principal rays or construction rays; location 4. Electricity and Magnetism
of images from ray diagram for various (i) Ohm’s Law; concepts of emf, potential
positions of a small linear object on the difference, resistance; resistances in series and
principal axis; characteristics of images. parallel; simple direct problems using
When the object is at focus, image is formed combinations of resistors in circuits.
at infinity and can be seen. Ray diagrams only
Review of Class IX topics as introduction.
[relation between u, v and f and problems not
Concepts of pd (V), current (I) and resistance
included]. Magnifying glass or simple
(R) and Charge (Q) by comparison with
microscopes: location of image and gravitational (free fall), hydrostatic (water
magnification from ray diagram only flow), heat (conduction) and electric current
[formula and problems not included]. through a resistor, compare V with h and Q
(iv) Using a triangular prism to produce a visible with mg (force) in mgh, pd as work done /
spectrum from white light; Electromagnetic charge. Ohm's law: statement, V=IR; SI units;
spectrum. Scattering of light. experimental verification; graph of V vs I and
resistance from slope; ohmic and non-ohmic
Deviation produced by a triangular prism; resistors, super conductors, electromotive
dependence on colour (wavelength) of light; force (emf); combination of resistances in
dispersion and spectrum; electromagnetic
series and parallel and derivations of
spectrum: broad classification and
approximate ranges of wavelength; properties expressions for equivalent resistance. Simple
common to all types; simple properties and direct problems using the above relations.
uses of each type. Simple application of Avoid complicated network of resistors.
scattering of light e.g. blue colour of the sky. (ii) Electrical power and energy.
[No numerical problems].
Electrical energy; examples of heater, motor,
3. Sound lamp, loudspeaker, etc. Electrical power;
measurement of electrical energy, W = QV =
(i) Reflection of Sound Waves; echoes: their use; VIt from the definition of pd. Combining with
simple numerical problems on echoes. ohm’s law W = VIt = I2 Rt = (V2/R)t and
Production of echoes, condition for formation electrical power P = (W/t) = VI = I2R = V2/R.
Units: SI and commercial; Power rating of
of echoes; simple numerical problems; use of
common appliances, household consumption
echoes by bats, dolphins, fishermen, medical.
of electric energy; calculation of total energy
SONAR.
consumed by electrical appliances; W = Pt
(ii) Forced, natural vibrations, resonance (through (kilowatt x hour = kW h), simple numerical
examples). problems.
Examples of natural and forced vibrations - (iii) Household circuits – main circuit; switches;
qualitative discussion; resonance, a special fuses; earthing; safety precautions; three-pin
case of forced vibration; examples - plugs; colour coding of wires.
sympathetic vibration of pendulums, machine
parts, stretched string, sound box of musical House wiring system, (Power distribution);
instrument - guitar, only brief qualitative main circuit (3 wires-live, neutral, earth)
description. with fuse, main switch; and its advantages -
93
 circuit diagram; two-way switch, staircase Mutual relations, values of C for some
wiring, need for earthing, fuse, 3-pin plug and common substances. Principle of method of
socket; Conventional location of live, neutral mixtures including mathematical statement.
and earth points in 3 pin plugs and sockets. Natural phenomena involving sp. heat;
Safety precautions, conventional colour consequences of high sp. heat of water.
Simple numerical problems.
coding of wires. [No numerical problems].
(ii) Latent heat; loss and gain of heat involving
change of state for fusion only.
(iv) Magnetic effect of a current (principles only, Change of phase (state); heating curve for
laws not required); electromagnetic induction water; latent heat; sp latent heat of fusion;
(elementary); transformer. some values; unit J/kg or cal/g. Mutual
Oersted’s experiment on the magnetic effect relation between these units of latent heat.
of electric current; magnetic field (B) and Mathematical expressions for heat loss and
field lines due to current in a straight wire heat gain involving latent heat. Simple
(qualitative only), right hand (clasp) rule - numerical problems. Common physical
thumb along current, curved fingers point phenomena involving latent heat of fusion.
along the B field or the other way; magnetic
field due to a current in a loop; clockwise (iii) Greenhouse effect and global warming.
current - south pole and anticlockwise current Meaning and impact on the life on earth;
- north pole; electromagnet; simple projections for the future; what needs to be
construction of I-shaped and U-shaped (horse done.
shoe type) electromagnets; their uses;
comparisons with a permanent magnet; the 6. Modern Physics
dc electric motor- simple sketch of main parts
(i) Thermionic emission; simple qualitative
(coil, magnet, split ring commutators and
brushes); brief description and type of energy treatment of a hot cathode ray tube.
transfer: Simple introduction to Simple introduction - electrons in metals,
electromagnetic induction; frequency of ac, conduction electrons; thermionic emission;
ac generator, similar treatment as of dc work functions and its value in eV for a few
motor; advantage of ac over dc. The common substances; [application and use of
transformer; primary and secondary coils diode or triode not included]. Hot cathode ray
with turns ratio NS /NP >1or< 1 for step up or tube; principle - thermionic emission,
step down transformer. Representative deflection of charged particles (electrons) by
diagrams (not symbolic). [No numerical electric fields and florescence produced by
problems]. electrons; simple sketch (labeled) showing
electron gun, anode, deflection plates and
5. Heat screen with vacuum tube, low tension (LT)
(i) Specific heat capacities; Principle of method connected to filament and high tension (HT)
of mixtures; problems on specific heat between anode and cathode; qualitative
capacity using heat loss and gain and the explanation of working, mention two uses. [No
method of mixtures. numerical problems].
Review concepts of heat and temperature (ii) Radioactivity and changes in the nucleus;
from Class IX text. Thermal (heat) capacity
C' = Q/T. Note that the change in
background radiation and safety precautions.
temperature has the same magnitude in oC Brief introduction (qualitative only) of the
and kelvin. (T = 1 oC = 1K). Unit of C’: SI nucleus, nuclear structure, atomic number (Z),

disintegration. ,  and  - their nature and

unit, J/K = J/oC ; old unit (still used) cal/oC = mass number (A). Radioactivity as spontaneous
cal/K; Sp. heat capacity defined as heat

example each of  and  decay with equations

capacity per unit mass or heat energy per unit properties; changes within the nucleus. One
mass per unit degree change of temperature.
C = Q/mT; and Q = mc.T. Units; J/kg.K showing changes in Z and A. Uses of
(SI) = J/kg. oC also cal/g. oC = cal/g.K.
94
 radioactivity - radio isotopes. Harmful effects. Derived quantity Unit
Safety precautions. Background radiation. Name Symbol
Radiation: X-rays; radioactive fallout from
Force newton N
nuclear plants and other sources.
Pressure pascal Pa
Nuclear: working on safe disposal of waste.
Safety measures to be strictly reinforced. Energy, Work joule J
[No Numerical problems]. Power watt W
Frequency hertz Hz
A NOTE ON SI UNITS Electric charge coulomb C
SI units (Systeme International d’Unites) were Electric resistance ohm 
adopted internationally in 1968. Electromotive force volt V
Fundamental units When the unit is named after a person, the symbol has
a capital letter.
The system has seven fundamental (or basic) units,
one for each of the fundamental quantities. Standard prefixes
Fundamental quantity Unit Decimal multiples and submultiples are attached to
Name Symbol units when appropriate, as below:
Mass kilogram kg
Multiple Prefix Symbol
Length metre m
109 giga G
Time second s 6
10 mega M
Electric current ampere A 3
10 kilo k
Temperature kelvin K -1
10 deci d
Luminous intensity candela cd
10-2 centi c
Amount of substance mole mol -3
10 milli m
Derived units 10 -6
micro 
These are obtained from the fundamental units by 10 -9
nano n
multiplication or division; no numerical factors are -12
10 pico p
involved. Some derived units with complex names
-15
are: 0 femto f
Derived Unit INTERNAL ASSESSMENT OF
quantity PRACTICAL WORK
Name Symbol
Volume cubic metre m3
Candidates will be asked to carry out experiments for
Density kilogram per cubic metre kg.m-3 which instructions will be given. The experiments
Velocity metre per second m.s-1 may be based on topics that are not included in the
syllabus but theoretical knowledge will not be
Acceleration metre per second squared m. s-2 required. A candidate will be expected to be able to
follow simple instructions, to take suitable readings
Momentum kilogram metre per kg.m.s-1
and to present these readings in a systematic form.
second
He/she may be required to exhibit his/her data
Some derived units are given special names due to graphically. Candidates will be expected to appreciate
their complexity when expressed in terms of the and use the concepts of least count, significant figures
and elementary error handling.
fundamental units, as below:
95
Note: Teachers may design their own set of 7. For a triangular prism, trace the course of rays

.Repeat for four different angles of incidence

experiments, preferably related to the theory passing through it, measure angles i1, i2, A and
syllabus. A comprehensive list is suggested
below. (say i1=400 , 500, 600 and 700). Verify i1+ i2=A+
1. Lever - There are many possibilities with a meter and A = r1 + r2 .
rule as a lever with a load (known or unknown) 8. For a ray of light incident normally (i1=0) on one

the angle . Explain briefly. Do this for prisms

suspended from a point near one end (say left), the face of a prism, trace course of the ray. Measure
lever itself pivoted on a knife edge, use slotted
weights suspended from the other (right) side for with A=600, 450 and 900.
effort. 9. Calculate the sp. heat of the material of the given
Determine the mass of a metre rule using a spring calorimeter, from the temperature readings and
balance or by balancing it on a knife edge at some masses of cold water, warm water and its mixture
taken in the calorimeter.
point away from the middle and a 50g weight on
the other side. Next pivot (F) the metre rule at the 10. Determination of sp. heat of a metal by method of
40cm, 50cm and 60cm mark, each time mixtures.
suspending a load L or the left end and effort E 11. Determination of specific latent heat of ice.
near the right end. Adjust E and or its position so 12. Using as simple electric circuit, verify Ohm’s law.
that the rule is balanced. Tabulate the position of Draw a graph, and obtain the slope.
L, F and E and the magnitudes of L and E and the
13. Set up model of household wiring including ring
distances of load arm and effort arm. Calculate
main circuit. Study the function of switches and
MA=L/E and VR = effort arm/load arm. It
fuses.
will be found that MA <VR in one case, MA=VR
in another and MA>VR in the third case. Try to Teachers may feel free to alter or add to the above list.
explain why this is so. Also try to calculate the The students may perform about 10 experiments.
real load and real effort in these cases. Some experiments may be demonstrated.
2. Inclined Plane - Use a roller (to minimize friction) EVALUATION
as the load. Determine the effort required to roll it
up an inclined plane with uniform speed. Apply The practical work/project work are to be evaluated
effort at the end of a string tied to the roller, by the subject teacher and by an External Examiner.
passing over a pulley and a scale pan attached. (The External Examiner may be a teacher nominated
Calculate the MA=L/E and VR=1/sin = l/h by the Head of the school, who could be from the
obtained from measurements of the inclined faculty, but not teaching the subject in the relevant
plane. Repeat for two other angles of inclination. section/class. For example, a teacher of Physics of
Why is MA<VR? Class VIII may be deputed to be an External Examiner
for Class X, Physics projects.)
3. Determine the VR and MA of a given pulley
system. The Internal Examiner and the External Examiner will
assess the practical work/project work independently.
4. Trace the course of different rays of light
refracting through a rectangular glass slab at Award of marks (20 Marks)
different angles of incidence, measure the angles Subject Teacher (Internal Examiner) 10 marks
of incidence, refraction and emergence. Also External Examiner 10 marks
measure the lateral displacement.
The total marks obtained out of 20 are to be sent to the
5. Determine the focal length of a convex lens by (a) Council by the Head of the school.
the distant object method and (b) using a needle
and a plane mirror. The Head of the school will be responsible for the
entry of marks on the mark sheets provided by the
6. Determine the focal length of a convex lens by Council.
using two pins and formula f = uv/(u+v).

96